Impucuko yokuqala kakhulu Emhlabeni

Njengoba sekuzoqala abantu engxenyeni eseningizimu eMesophothamiya, okuyinto zangenkathi classical iBabylonia, uhlala impucuko yokuqala kakhulu eMhlabeni. Manje insimu ka-Iraq yanamuhla, osuka Baghdad kuya ePersian Gulf, endaweni isamba angaba yizinkulungwane 26 sq. M. km.

Indawo has a ezomile kakhulu futhi wavutha nenhlabathi yokushiswa nemihlatshelo badlula, nizkoplodorodnymi. River ethafeni, elingenalo amatshe namaminerali, emaxhaphozini, embozwe sasemhlangeni, ukungabi okuphelele izinkuni - onjalo kwakuyiNkosi ezweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule. Kodwa abantu abahlala kule ndawo futhi eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengoba Sumerians, yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela onesimo juqu futhi engumthengisi, ngomqondo ongaphezu kovamile. Waphenduka ethafeni ezingaphili ibe engadini ukuqhakaza futhi wadala lokho kamuva yayiyobizwa ngokuthi nje kuphela ngekutsi "impucuko yokuqala eMhlabeni."

Umsuka Sumerians

ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana umsuka Sumerians khona. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi-mlando nezingqapheli archeologists Kunzima ukusho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi 'babengabantwana kwezakhamuzi zokuqala eMesophothamiya, noma beza kuleli zwe ngaphandle. Samuntu yesibili kubhekwa njengento kungenzeka kakhulu. abameleli bobabili basolwa ngokudlala of the ngempucuko yasendulo zazivela Zagros Izintaba, ithafa Iranian , noma naseNdiya. Sumerians ngokwabo ngemvelaphi yabo azange abhale lutho. Ngo-1964 yena waba ngowokuqala wasikisela kokucabangela le nkinga kusukela izici ezihlukahlukene: ngokolimi,, ngobuzwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ukufuna iqiniso ekugcineni shí yezilimi ekutholeni izixhumanisi zofuzo nesi, ngokuvumelana ezicezile okwamanje.

Sumerians, okuyinto yasungulwa ngo impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni, ngokwabo ngakho ungalokothi okuthiwa. Empeleni, leli gama libhekisela insimu, eningizimu yase-Aramu Naharayimi, ngolimi Akkad. Sumerians bazibize ngokuthi "namaqhubu".

Ulimi Sumerians

Izazi zolimi ichaze ulimi nesi njengoba agglutinative. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi lapho kumiswa amafomu nemikhiqizo kuyinto ngokungeza affixes ngalokuvakalako. ulimi nesi ngokuyinhloko amazwi monosyllabic, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ayemangaki - ngemsindvo lofanako, kodwa kuhluke incazelo. Ngo zakudala ngokososayensi, kukhona abantu kungathi izinkulungwane ezintathu. Kulokhu amagama angaphezu kuka-100 isetshenziselwa izikhathi 1-2 kuphela, futhi kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe of 23.

Njengoba sekushiwo, omunye izici eziyinhloko zolimi - ngokuchichima ipholisemi omabizwafane. Cishe, kwakukhona uhlelo ocebile amathoni nemisindo laryngeal, okuyinto okunzima ukufunda ishadi Izibhebhe zobumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impucuko yokuqala Emhlabeni kwadingeka zezigodi ezimbili. ulimi Literary (Eme-gir) iye ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, abapristi wathi lwesigodi imfihlo (Eme-sal), ngofuzo okhokho babo futhi cishe ngabe ngingazange ithoni.

NgesiSumerian kwaba umlamuleli futhi iye yasetshenziswa kuyo yonke insimu aseningizimu yeMesophothamiya. Ngakho-ke, akungenxa esiphathiswa is zinhlanga omele yalaba bantu lasendulo.

lokubhala

Ukusungulwa lokubhala nesi uhlala impikiswano. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi banakho luphelele futhi uguqulwe-cuneiform. Bona ngempela ubuciko bokubhala futhi zihlanganisa ukubonakala kwakhe ekuqaleni kokudaliweyo impucuko yabo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni ngomlando wokutlola akuyona ubumba esetshenziswa, kanye nezinye izinto, wabhubhisa kalula. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluningi kulahleka.

Impucuko yokuqala kakhulu emhlabeni phambi kwesihlalo sokwahlulela sikaKristu, ukuba bangakhethi, idale ohlelweni lwaso yekubhala. Inqubo lwalulude futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Abadwebi basendulo nensephe ukuboniswa - kuyikhono noma umyalezo? Uma wakwenza edwaleni, ezindaweni lapho eziningi izilwane, kuyoba umyalezo egcwele akanye nalo. Ithi: "Kukhona okuningi nezinyamazane", ngakho-ke kuyoba ukuzingela okuhle. Umlayezo kungabandakanya kahle imidwebo ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyafaneleka ngokungeza bengonyama, kakade uyaxwayisa: ". Kukhona okuningi nezimvubu, kodwa kukhona ingozi" Lesi sigaba mlando kubhekwa isinyathelo sokuqala yekwakha lokubhala. Kancane kancane siguqulwe izibalo, lula futhi waqala ukugqoka uhlamvu kwendikimba. Esithombeni ungabona kanjani lolu shintsho iphutha. Abantu baye baqaphela ukuthi kulula ukwenza zobumba okuvelayo umhlanga induku, hhayi ukudweba. Gone konke babanjwa.

I lasendulo Sumerians - impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni, eyathandwa emibhalweni yabo. Cuneiform lalinabashumayeli izinhlamvu ambalwa, le esetshenziswa kakhulu kwaba 300. Iningi babo baba amagugu kuthi akufane. Cuneiform baseMesophothamiya babesebenzisa imifanekiso cishe 3000 iminyaka.

abantu yenkolo

Umsebenzi kela onkulunkulu abaningi nesi ingafaniswa Assembly, inhloko owawungumnyaka ophakeme "inkosi". umhlangano okunjalo laphinda zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu. The main wabo njengoba "Onkulunkulu Omkhulu" eyaziwa, futhi lalinabashumayeli onkulunkulu 50. Okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana izethulo yamaSumer ukuba amfake isiphetho ngabantu.

Ngokusho izinganekwane abantu lasendulo, umuntu wadalwa ubumba, exutshwe igazi onkulunkulu. Umkhathi sakhiwe emihlabeni emibili (engenhla nengezansi) ahlukaniswe umhlaba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi Ngalezo zinsuku kwakungekho inganekwane nesi of kukaZamcolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi sezwa enkondlweni liyakhuluma ngokuphela kwasekelwa izwe, iziqephu ngazinye zazo eduze kakhulu aphambana nge shrine eyinhloko Christian - iBhayibheli. Ngokwesibonelo, kulandzelana kwetigameko, ngokukhethekile, ukudalwa komuntu ngosuku lwesithupha. Olwenziwe a eshubile mayelana ezifana inkolo isixhumanisi yobuqaba nobuKristu.

isiko

Isiko nesi ingenye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi siphila phakathi ezinye izizwe abahlala eMesophothamiya. Ngu enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC , ke yayina kakhulu. Abantu ababephila phakathi Ubudala yethusi, imatasa Izinkomo zizalela nezolimo, izindawo zokudoba. Kancane kancane esikhundleni ngezolimo kuphela zenza: zobumba athuthukile, ekubunjweni, ihlanganisa futhi itshe ahlabayo umkhakha.

Izici nobuntu izakhiwo yilezi: ukwakhiwa phezu kwendunduma yenhlabathi yokufakelwa, ukusatshalaliswa emhlabeni amakamelo egcekeni, ahlukaniswe udonga nge niches mpo kanye nokwethulwa umbala. Ezimbili zasendulo kunazo yesiteleka ukwakhiwa nenqwaba ayizinkulungwane 4. BC. e. - amathempeli e Uruk.

Abavubukuli baye bathola eziningi zobuciko: ukubaza, izithombe izinsalela kwezindonga zamatshe, izitsha, imikhiqizo metal. Bonke zenziwa ngobuciko obukhulu. Lokho kukhona isigqoko omkhulu wegolide (bheka isithombe)! Omunye ezisunguliwe ezithakazelisa kakhulu Sumerians - ukubhala. Zifanekisela abantu, izilwane, izigcawu kusuka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Early isikhathi Dynastic: Isigaba 1

Lokhu kwenzeka uma i-cuneiform real lase usumisiwe, - iminyaka 2750-2600 BC. e. Le nkathi libhekene khona inani elikhulu lizisho, maphakathi okwakuwuphawu ukuphathwa ezinkulu ethempelini. Ngaphandle kukhona bolshesemeynye umphakathi. The main umsebenzi wokudala ukubeka okuthiwa amakhasimende ethempelini ngubani baye bancishwa ilungelo ubunikazi. Kube kakade ubuholi ngokomoya futhi ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi - the ngabaholi bezempi abapristi, ngokufanele, nethimba yabo.

abantu lasendulo kwakunepulatifomu ingqondo okungavamile netalenta ezithile evelele. Ngalezo zinsuku, abantu aye sinisele umqondo yokuhlola kungenzeka ukuqoqa futhi ukuqondisa ithrekhi Amanzi anodaka Ewufrathe neTigrisi. Uthuthukisa inhlabathi emasimini izingadi eziphilayo, zenza aye anda umkhiqizo walo. Kodwa umsebenzi emikhulu iyaziwa adinga angisebenzi ezinkulu. Impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni wayejwayelene ubugqila, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba semthethweni.

Kuyaziwa ukhona 14 emadolobheni nesi ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaningi futhi bechuma, futhi inkolo kwaba eNippur, lapho kwakukhona khona ithempeli likaJehova unkulunkulu oyinhloko - Enlil.

Early isikhathi Dynastic: Stage 2

Le nkathi (2600-2500 GG. BC. E.) Ingabe libhekene izingxabano zempi. Century waqala kokunqotshwa kwe-umbusi womuzi kaKishi, okuyinto mhlawumbe kwaholela ayehlasela Elamu - abakhileyo isimo lasendulo endaweni-Iran yanamuhla. Eningizimu, ubuhlobo wamasosha waletha ndawonye eziningi emadolobheni-nomes. Kunomkhuba endzaweni yinye amandla.

Early isikhathi Dynastic: Isigaba 3

In esigabeni wesithathu Early isikhathi Dynastic, eminyakeni engu-500 ngemva kwesikhathi lapho impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni (ngokuvumelana ezizathwini of abavubukuli), ukukhula nokuthuthuka lizisho, futhi lenqwaba kukhona emphakathini, ukukhula eziphikisanayo nomphakathi. Kulesi sisekelo, zaba zimbi emzabalazweni zababusi Polynomials. A empini lashintshwa elinye iqembu ekuphishekeleni hegemony wonke umuzi. Kokunye drevneshumerskih epics eyaqala 2600 BC. E., Wathi nokuhlanganiswa Sumer ngaphansi kwegunya Gilgamesh - inkosi yakwa Uruk. iningi isimo incotjwa inkosi yase-Akkad Ngemva kwenye iminyaka engamakhulu amabili.

Ukuthola Amandla waseBhabhiloni Empire ugxile Sumer ukuba phakathi nenkulungwane yesibili BC. e., njengoba ulimi nesi ilahlekelwe isimo ngaphambili kukhulunywa. Nokho, ngisho iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa wahlala njengomuntu etemibhalo. Lesi isikhathi eseduze lapho impucuko nesi baphela njengesizwe ukwakheka zezombusazwe ngalokulingene.

Isikhathi esining impela ungathola ulwazi mayelana ukuthi Atlantis wasenganekwaneni - lena impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni. Atlanta, ohlala kulo, kukhona okhokho abantu yesimanje. Nokho, iningi emhlabeni yesayensi libiza lesi limane nje endabeni eqanjiwe, indaba enhle yokuthi. Ngempela, minyaka yonke ulwazi mayelana izwekazi ongaqondakali ozuza imininingwane entsha, kodwa akanayo azowalekelela amaqiniso angokomlando noma abavubukuli.

Kule ndaba, umbono kakhudlwana futhi umsindo ngaphezulu ukuthi impucuko yokuqala emhlabeni kwakuvela ngekhulu lesine BC, futhi kwaba Sumerians.