Voivod Shein: Biography emfushane futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Spring ekuseni, ngo-Ephreli 28, 1634 eMoscow abantu ezinomsindo zathuthelekela Red Square. Ngisho lapha, enhloko-dolobha, elijwayele nokubulawa khumbulani umcimbi oluzayo kuye kwabangela isasasa okwandile - akukho lwamancoko, kuhlinzekwe izikafula Kwakudingeka ngidonse main umbusi bobukhosi Shein, futhi kanye naye kanye nomsizi wakhe Artem Izmailov nendodana yakhe Basil. Yini eye yaholela ukuba lesikafula lezi izolo njengoba ayezungezwe abantu ehloniphekile?

umgibeli Young - indlalifa Emkhayeni lasendulo

Mayelana kuphi futhi lapho ezalelwa umbusi Shein Mihail Borisovich, ulwazi engakaze walondoloza, kodwa, ngokuvumelana abanye abacwaningi esithambekele ukukholelwa ukuthi lesi senzakalo senzeka ngasekupheleni 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XVI. Siyazi futhi ukuthi ungaphandle kwazo yena owehla evela ujenga ezicukuthwaneni Shein, kukhulunywa zazo zitholakala encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla, kusukela ekhulwini XIV.

indlela yakho kuya phezulu sabaphathi wenkantolo Governor Shein waqala njengoba Squire phakathi nokubusa Boris Godunov Serpukhov umlandeli ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umkhankaso wakhe kuquqaba lwesiTatar Khan Giray Gaza. Waqinisa isikhundla sakhe ngokushada indodakazi omunye izihlobo abaseduze yenkosi - Maria Godunov. Lozalo, ngakho nge autocrat, evele wakhuphukela isitebhisi, futhi ngokushesha ngathola isikhundla esihlonipheke kakhulu kulabo izikhathi Chashnik, okungukuthi, esemthethweni, wayephethe iwayini zenkosi.

Ukuqala kokungenela Polish

Kusukela imiphongolo iwayini kwezilwandle abasha wohlanga olukhulu Mikhail Shein idabukile ezempi ezenzeka mayelana nesigameko sokuhlasela 1604 ibutho Polish Lithuanian ne ukuvela ngaphakathi Russia nomkhohlisi Amanga Dmitry I. Ukubamba iqhaza ku-Battle of Novgorod-Seversky, umboze yena enkazimulweni, kokuthi ilondolozwe kusuka okuseduze ukufa induna amabutho Russian ePrince fedor Mstislavovich. Ngenxa yalesi feat kuKesari pha him yezikhulu futhi ubeke Umkhuzi main ethumba kusukela emzini wesitha.

Izenzakalo ezalandela zenzeka ngendlela yokuthi, ngenxa yokufa Borisa Godunova nokudluliselwa mass nabaningi abakhileyo emadolobheni angomakhelwane nemizana ohlangothini Lzhedmitriya mina Shein futhi waphoqeleka ukuba bafunge ukuthi bayoqhubeka bezithoba umkhohlisi, futhi kuphela wokugoqa okuseduze zokugcina wamsindisa kulesi sifungo ophoqelelwe.

izimpi okusha nomunye aphoyintimenti

A indima ebalulekile kakhulu eyadlalwa umbusi Shein futhi abacindezela kokubhikisha kwango-Ivan Bolotnikov, kwagqashuka phakathi nokubusa Ivana Shuyskogo. Njengengxenye amabutho wathumela ukuba ngahlule ihlongandlebe, ukushiya indlela isixuku kuphela igazi lakhe nokubhujiswa, wahlanganyela zonke yezimpi ezinkulu mkhankaso. Wayesebenza kahle ithuba ukulwa nangaphansi Yelets, futhi Pakhra emfuleni, futhi izindonga ezibiyele, lapho ehola ibutho Smolensk gentry. Kube umbusi abasha phakathi squad, bavimbezela Tula, okuyinto isibe nenqaba lokugcina bolotnikovtsev.

Lapho 1607 kwakukhona usongo ukuthunjwa Smolensk amaviyo Polish King Sigismund, esinqumweni imeya yenkosi yena wamiswa Shein. Smolensk Defense limelela umsebenzi obalulekile amasu, wayelele endleleni isitha eMoscow. Kule ndaba, umbusi waya nomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu.

Indlelanchubo yekusebentisa we ibutho elinenzondo

Ilindele indlela lesitha, okuyinto, ngokusho idatha atholakalayo, kulindeleke ezindongeni edolobheni ekuqaleni September 1609, umbusi Shein olwenziwa umsebenzi omkhulu wokulungiselela kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa umuzi. Ikakhulukazi, kuma-oda wakhe waba egqinsiwe izinqaba odongeni, elamiswa ngaphezulu ngaphansi Boris Godunov, futhi wadala ezengeziwe imigqa eziningana yangaphakathi zokuzivikela. Ukuze ukuphuca ikhono isitha ukusizakala indawo yayo Zadneprovsky ngatshala, zonke izakhiwo zawo eziphambili ayebashisile, nezakhamuzi amamitha angaphezu kuka-600 ukubeka ngaphakathi kwenqaba.

Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba wasondela ibutho Smolensk Sigismund sika, okuyinto baba yizinkulungwane 12.5. Abantu. Bakhandwa umelana ayizinkulungwane 5.5. Abavikeli womuzi. Yaqala le ubuqhawe engenakuqhathaniswa zokuzivikela yayo ngaphandle komuzi, eyathatha izinyanga 20. Ekuphetheni mlando eziningi zamasosha, kwaba isibonelo eziningi ezintsha kanye ampofu umkhuba Russian lamaqhinga wezindlela.

Ummeli, okwaphela behluliwe

Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma okubizwa ngokuthi impi komhlaba zalwa ebondeni edolobheni, lapho bemba ngaphansi kwezindonga inqaba nemipheme okwami wakwambula libukelwa phansi, okubangela ukulahleka eside kuya nabasePoland. Wehla emlandweni zikhombisa kuhlukunyezwa eziningi ngofaka amabutho elihlaselayo. Futhi entsha ngesikhathi wasebenzisa iqhinga, akhiwa umbusi Shein.

Nokho, Kuvikela Smolensk, ne inyanga ngayinye Kwakuwumsebenzi namanje nzima, ngoba usizo ngaphandle ovinjezelwe ayitholanga, kanye nemithombo yabo siqu usezofika ekupheleni. Ngenxa yalokho, entwasahlobo ka-1611, lapho izinkulungwane 5.5. I abavikeli kwasala abantu abangu-200 kuphela, nabasePoland wathatha idolobha.

Isiboshwa kanye nokubuya okulandelayo eMoscow

Ezinye izakhamuzi, bebalekela izitha, wazivalela endlini dolobha main - Monomakh Cathedral, futhi bafa ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu eyayiphansi kwakhe umagazini powder. Ombusi Sheina nabasePoland uthathiwe ethunyelwe Poland, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ejele, kuze kube isiphelo sesimiso ukuxolelana Deulino, omunye izimo zazo kwaba ukushintshana iziboshwa.

Phakathi ababuya wayebuye umbusi Shein. Ama ifotho, baveze ngomfanekiso wakhe phezu isithombe umculi odumile Russian Yuri Melkova (ibekwe ekuqaleni isihloko), uma bengenayo abathi kube wafana portrait ke, noma kunjalo, lidlulisela umfanekiso waso emehlweni abantu, owabona kuye welungelo lawobaba, efana iqhawe yeqhawe. Impi awukapheli, futhi amathemba izolo eyisithunjwa okukhulu.

Nalapha ngaphansi izindonga Smolensk

E-Moscow, umbusi Shein wajabulela kwenhlonipho emhlabeni futhi indawo Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Wayethunywe ukuba ahole ama-oda umphenyi, kodwa lo mbusi ngayo yonke inhliziyo yami idabukile wezempi, futhi 1632, lapho umnqamulajuqu iphelelwe yisikhathi Deulino kuthula, uMbusi wathunyelwa ukumkhulula Smolensk ekhumbulekayo ngakho.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi asesandleni sakhe sasikude ibutho kuno amabutho abavikeli, umsebenzi kwakungenakwenzeka bomantji. Abacwaningi wahlanganyela ekutadisheni iziqephu okukhulu emlandweni isiRashiya, abeke phambili izinguqulo eziningana echaza ngalesi sigameko.

omunye kokunqotshwa

Ngokusho kwabaningi babo, isizathu ukwehluleka kwaba yokuhamba kancane lobugebengu izikhulu zempi obhekene supply kuya ovinjezelwe Smolensk umkayo enamandla nezinqama lapho nemabutfo babekwazi ukungena emzini. Abanye bathi kubhekisela isiphazamiso njalo ngokuhamba ezempi ezingasebenzi kulo mkhakha Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich futhi wavuma ukuba iphutha. Kukhona Abasekeli version owawuthi, iwayini kakhulu isezandleni umbusi Shein.

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa okwamanje esihle yokukhululwa edolobheni, iye uphuthelwe, futhi ngokushesha beza emzini izinkulungwane eziningi ibutho of Sigismund III ophoqelelwe, amaRoma awuthatha ukuba bambuze ukuthi okwesikhathi kuthula. Etholwe futhi bavunyelwe Shein amasosha yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe ukuba ubalekele ezindongeni Smolensk, kodwa izimo ezilulazayo ngabo.

Life azifinyezwanga phezu lesikafula

E-Moscow, wanqoba umbusi kulindeleke ezingaphezu kuka reception abandayo. Sola ngokwehluleka wezempi siye saphathiswa kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi izolo eziyizintandokazi wabekwa icala lokuzama ukuvukela uMbuso, esekelwe amahemuhemu, kusolakala ukuthi lapho zivalelwe Polish, yena bazithoba eNkosini Sigismund III. Kodwa izazi abaningi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu kwaba isifiso Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich sisole kuncike umbusi kuye amaphutha akhe e kokuhola ukusebenza lempi. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa wabiza ithimba Boyar umsebenzi ophuthumayo wamgwebela ukufa.

Izindaba umbusi Shein icala ukulahlekelwa kuzona ngakuwo phansi izindonga Smolensk, waba ziqondakala umphakathi wesimanje kuyadida kakhulu. Iningi lezinsizwa ezingu-lempi owalwela iphansi kwesandla sika-Shein lokuqala, uveze amaqiniso njengoba enjalo abathukuthele wasabisa umhlalaphansi unaphakade kusuka ibutho, kepha kwakukhona nalabo ukuthi ngokulambisa izibambe glee. Ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo yahaqwa inkosi. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa isisulu usongo awa kanye ohlonishwayo zonke umbusi Shein, Biography emfushane lapho kwakheka isisekelo indaba yethu.