I-Rio 2016: ungazibulala yini ngamanzi okuphuza?

Imidlalo yama-Olimpiki yasehlobo, ngo-2016, ezobanjelwa eRio de Janeiro, yaba yingxoxo yezingxoxo ezihlambalaza ngaphambi kokuba iqale. Omunye udinga ukukhumbula kuphela ukwesaba okuhlobene nesifo se-Zika, ama-scandals ne-doping, ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe eBrazil, izinga eliphezulu lobugebengu kanye nengqalasizinda embi. Futhi maduzane impikiswano mayelana nesimo sokuhlanzeka kwemithombo yamanzi yedolobha iye yaqala.

"Amathisipuni amathathu amanzi"

Abezindaba bezwe baqala ukukhuluma ngokuthi "amathisipuni amathathu kuphela" aqukethe amanzi aseMirasi aseRio ayokwakha ngisho nabadlali abaphilile ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, izivakashi nabagijimi akunconywa ukuthi basebenzise amanzi asebenzayo noma badonse kuwo.

Kodwa yini ngempela ingozi, yiziphi izifo ongazithola? Umjoqo omncane noma omncane, noma izifo ezishisayo ezishisayo?

Ukwesaba kwamanje kwavela ngemuva kokuba i-Associated Press ishicilele umbiko wocwaningo lwezinyanga ezingu-16 emifuleni yaseRio, ezoba yindawo yomzabalazo wabaningi bama-Olympic - abasolwandle, abagibeli nabashukumi. Kanye nalokhu, kuye kwacwaningwa amanzi olwandle, njengoba kunezinkulungwane zezinkampani ezivakashelwe ukuvakashela emigodini engavamile yaseRio de Janeiro.

Ingozi yokuqala: i-adenovirus

Esinye sezifunda eziyingozi kakhulu yisigodi se Rodrigo de Freitas, lapho kuzoba khona ukuhlolwa kokuhamba nokuhamba. Isampula, esithathwe khona ngoMashi 2015 esifundweni, yabonisa ukuthi kwelinye ilitha lamanzi kukhona ama-adenovirus angu-1.74 billion. Ukuqhathanisa: kuphela ilitha elilodwa kuya kweyodwa elibhekwa njengento engaphephile.

Ama-adenovirus angaba nemithwalo yezifo ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-gastroenteritis, i-conjunctivitis, izifo zokuphefumula, i-cystitis nokuhlukumeza isikhumba. Ngenxa yobulungiswa, kufanele kuthiwe ngesikhathi esifushane lesi sifo esibi kakhulu, kodwa kunamacala ambalwa lapho umuntu ophilile efa khona.

Izifo eziningi zingenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa noma amasonto ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi kwezinye izimo, ukutheleleka kwe-adenovirus kungabangela ubuchopho obude obude emagatsheni. Kungenzeka ukuthi sonke sihlangana nama-adenovirus izikhathi eziningi empilweni, kodwa kuvinjelwe amasosha omzimba wethu, noma kubangela izinkinga ngamathumbu noma ukukhwehlela.

Ama-pathogens abulalayo

Ngeshwa, kunezinye izifo eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini okudoba okuthiwa ngokweqile kungabangela ukulimala kwangempela. Lezi zihlanganisa ikholera, isisu, isifo se-hepatitis A, umkhuhlane we-typhoid. Zonke zazo zingasongela impilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo somuntu siphila.

Kungani ama-coliform ayingozi?

Abacwaningi baphinde bahlola amanzi aseRio ukuze kugcinwe amabhaktheriya e-coliform kuwo. Lawa ma-bacteria ahlala etholakala emanzini ezilwane ezifudumele, ngakho-ke ungathemba ukuthi abuningi kuwo emanzini okuthuthwa kwamanzi aseRio.

Ama-sampuli amanzi athathwa ngoJuni 2016 emabhishi aseCopacabana nase-Ipanema, eqinisweni, abonisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwamagciwane e-coliform. Kulolu lwamanzi olwandle, ososayensi bathola kuphela kusuka ku-31 kuya ku-85 kuwo wonke ama-milliliters ayikhulu. Ngokwezilinganiso zaseMelika, ama coliform angu-400 ama-milliliters angu-100 amanzi angabhekwa njengesixazululo esiphephile sokugeza. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nezinyanga ezingu-13 zokuhlolwa, lo mbonakaliso wavuswa, nakuba abacwaningi bengacacanga ukuthi kungakanani.

Usongo lwe-rotavirus

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbiko uthi amabhishi aseRio aqukethe inani eliyingozi lama-rotavirus. Amanzi aseCopacabana nase-Ipanema aqukethe ama-7.22 wezigidi kanye nama-32.7 million amayunithi ngetitha, ngokulandelana.

I-Rotavirus yiyona imbangela evame kakhulu yezifo ezinzima zamathumbu ezinganeni. Izimpawu zokutheleleka zingabandakanya isifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, ukuhlukunyezwa kwesisu nomkhuhlane. I-World Health Organization kumsebenzi wayo wamuva uthi izingane ezingu-215 000 ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu zafa kulezi zingculazi ngo-2013 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kubantu abadala, lokhu kutholakala kulula, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho noma kungabangeli izimpawu.

Yini ngempela ekusongela emanzini aseRio?

Ngakho-ke, "amathisipuni amathathu emanzini" amakhompi ayamemeza angabangela ngempela lesi sifo, kodwa mhlawumbe hhayi njengesabekayo njengoba kusho abezindaba. Ngokuphambene nokusongelwa kwezifo ezishisayo, inkinga yangempela yamanzi yi-adenovirus, ukutheleleka okubangela, nakuba kungenzima kakhulu, kodwa isimo esibucayi.

Uma sikhuluma ngezinga le-adenovirus, abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi leli phesenti eliphakeme kakhulu. Leli zinga legciwane le-pathogenic alitholakali kumazwe athile athuthukile, ngoba ahlaziyeka amagciwane emzimbeni. Inani elinjalo le-adenovirus emanzini lingabangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo uma kungena engena emzimbeni ngomlomo noma ekhaleni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqashelwe ukuthi izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe kanye nabagijimi, ikakhulukazi labo abahlala ngaphandle kwamazwe aseNingizimu Melika, banezifo eziwumzimba ezibuthakathaka ezikhungweni zezinambuzane, uma kuqhathaniswa nabakhileyo eRio, ababezungezwe kusukela besencane.

Noma kunjalo, izifo eziyingozi zezifo, njengekholera, isisu, isifo se-typhoid nesifo so-hepatitis A, asivamile kakhulu. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ayikho ingozi. Noma kunjalo, umphumela omkhulu wokungena emzimbeni wakho ama-sips amaningana amanzi azoba yisifo esibi kakhulu esiswini noma umkhuhlane, okwamanje ude nombuso omuhle uma unethemba lokushaya amarekhodi womhlaba.