Dionisiy (umdwebi). NoDiyonisiyu imifanekiso. Ukudala, Biography

Ngo imidwebo eminingi YaseMoscow Cathedral of kweNyuka amehlo nge okwakhe yabo Umfanekiso "Eziyisikhombisa elele Basha wase-Efesu", "Wokudumisa izazi", "Abangamashumi Amane Martyrs of Sebaste": "Dumisani uNkulunkulu", kanye izibalo yabangcwele ku odongeni predaltarnoy lombhishobhi. Zonke lezi imisebenzi isici kakhulu ukuba eyenziwe komdwebi, ukuzivala amehlo wakhe nje elandela WaseByzantium njengeziyingxenye yohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli abadwebi. Kukhona kuyabonakala ibhulashi wizadi. Yebo, nemidwebo zadalwa esikhathini lapho Europe wayehlala futhi esebenza Raphael, Durer, Botticelli futhi uLeonardo, njengoba art isonto eRussia ubengazi Yempucuko. Kodwa noDiyonisiyu endlini umdwebi - uMdali imidwebo elimangalisayo kweNyuka Cathedral eMoscow - phela zeqe "embhedeni Procrustean" yohlu lwezincwadi. sibalo sakhe akafile static, zingabantu ngomusa, nge ngalé side, ayandiza. Ngakho-ke, a baxgeki abaningi bezinye izizwe kanye ngokuthi lokhu icon-umdwebi "mannerist Russian".

Umdwebi nenkathi

Ukuze ukuqonde ngokwengeziwe umsebenzi noDiyonisiyu, kubalulekile ukufunda kancane kwenkathi ayephila kuso. nenshisekelo Universal kanyekanye akhuze emhlabeni Orthodox saleso sikhathi elinde Apocalypse. Sekupheleni kwezwe owayezofika, phezu ziqinisekiso abefundisi, ngo-1492. Esikhathini ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe Russia futhi wathatha ushintsho olukhulu. Ngo 1480 yena wahlulwa phezu Ugra, okuyinto kwasho kokuwa ijoka amaMongol. Prince of eMoscow ashaqe ezweni Pskov, Novgorod futhi Tver. Ivan Iii Sinqume ukudala isimo eyodwa. Inkantolo onobhala waqala ngokuthini uhlu lozalo umndeni wasebukhosini WaseByzantium Basileus Palaeologus lo mbusi wamaRoma Awugustu. usayizi Ngakho nesizotha futhi umhlobiso bamabandla eMoscow ayisekho aneliseke Ivan III. Waqala ukwakhiwa emikhulu ukuze ujike eMoscow ibe "Okwesithathu Rome". Kulesi simo, abaklami abadwebi babe kakhulu ziphoqa.

NoDiyonisiyu-umdwebi: Biography

Ngokungafani amandulela omkhulu, Feofana Greka futhi Andrei Rublev, wizadi wafunda kahle. NoDiyonisiyu yokuphila ucishe zaziwe abacwaningi. Yiqiniso, izinsuku zokuzalwa nokufa ye-master kunalokho ezingacacile. Kukholakala ukuthi wazalwa emhlabeni 1440 futhi wafa kuka 1502 futhi kungakapheli iminyaka 1525. Wazalwa emndenini engumshumayeli, kodwa ocebile ngokwanele ukuba umthume ukuqeqesha izikebhe izografnomu. Eyokuqala eyaziwa ababephila ngesikhathi wizadi - yokudweba ku Church of the kukaJesu the Virgin Pafnutyevo-Borovsky sezindela. Nokho, umculi osemusha wasebenza khona eminyakeni 1467-1477 ngaphansi kokuqondisa uthisha wakhe, senkosi Mitrofan, nobani akukho okunye okwaziwayo. Mhlawumbe, uma imidwebo ebonisa ukuzimela umfundi ithalente, ngakho ngo-1481 wamenywa ukuba eMoscow ukusebenza kweNyuka Cathedral. Ngemva ukufeza leli oda, umculi wathola isihloko ezisemthethweni "master preizyaschny." NoDiyonisiyu babephinde basebenze eziningi zezindela enyakatho. Waba namadodana angamashumi amathathu - U-Andrew, uVladimir futhi uTheodosius, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi waya ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi baba abadwebi.

umsebenzi Early

Njengoba sekushiwo, noDiyonisiyu njengengxenye nombimbi zokudala Mitrofan ezimpini umhlobiso Cathedral of the kukaJesu Our Lady e Pafnutyevo-Borovsky sezindela eduze Kaluga. Abagxeki bathi kulezi imisebenzi, ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ifa Andreya Rubleva. Labo lama sibalo, okumsulwa, Ukwakheka obunobunye ejabule kanye nemibala egqamile egqamile. Moscow Prince Ivan, ngibona nemidwebo "izindela Dionysios futhi Mitrofan," abamenyiwe umdwebi abasha e Moscow, abasebenza yasezindongeni ka kweNyuka Cathedral. Ngakho, ithalenta hambisa kwaqashelwa futhi angibusise iziphathimandla eziphakeme.

isikhathi Moscow

Ngemva nokudliwa emasimini akwamanye amazwe Prince Ivan Iii iqala ukwakha amasonto ababhishobhi, zokunika ezibiyele usayizi dolobha. Kodwa-Church of the Assumption ayisethelwe: ke elimiswe Pskov abaklami Krivtsov futhi Myshkin, kodwa, njengoba nje nathi siwamukele ngokuvamile wekungahlangani; eliphezulu zokwakha antshontsha, okubangela ukwakhiwa cishe siphelile ngiyaquleka. Inkosi benquma ukumema abanye abaklami bezakhiwo lesinye isizwe, futhi wabhala kusuka Italy odumile Bolognese wezakhiwo Fioravanti Aristotle. Waqala umsebenzi 1475. Nombimbi futhi noDiyonisiyu, ezazihlanganisa, ngaphezu master, abanye "ihhashi, pop Thimothewu Yarets yebo", akhonjwe kusengaphambili ruble 100. Lapho nemidwebo abangu zaveza futhi inkosi iza boyars ukuthatha umsebenzi, indlela ukubhala Umlobi womlando kusho esankondlo ukuqhathanisa, basuke "ngibona mnogochudnye yasezindongeni, wacabanga bona, njengomuntu nokuma ezulwini ...".

I iconostasis we Dormition Monastery ku ezibiyele

Cooperation nombimbi kwezobuciko eholwa noDiyonisiyu neziphathimandla eMoscow akagcinanga lapho. Ngo 1481, ngesikhathi isimemo Metropolitan Bassion abaculi sebeqala ukusebenza iconostasis sesonto efanayo. Kanye nemidwebo ye noDiyonisiyu, okusebenza ebhodini lokhuni ngamafutha eyayingashaqisa umbukeli ukuvumelana umbala. Kodwa uma lo mdwebo ku-ezimanzi usimende umbala Palette ubukeka Akumangalisi obucayi, angenisa ukukhanya, okusikhumbuza emifanekiso, izithonjana zokungcebeleka yomculi ukuze i inqubo innovative "umbala isithuthukisi" okungokwalo "kokuxazulula". Uyawavimbela smear elilodwa ithoni kunelinye, kungani isithombe siba ivolumu, le iqhubu. I kwesango lase-altare-umdwebi noDiyonisiyu kugcwalise ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu - Deesis. imisebenzi emibili - empilweni lo basemasontweni uPetru no-Alexis - izibonelo prime yomsebenzi wakhe. Ngo 1482, umdwebi futhi "abuyiselwe" phakathi umthombo umlilo codec Xvid isithonjana WaseByzantium ka UnguNina KaNkulunkulu "Hodegetria" I-Ascension Monastery eMoscow.

Imisebenzi abasindile noDiyonisiyu enhloko-dolobha

Uma izithonjana wizadi ngokuyinhloko adluliselwe Assumption Cathedral Museum nemibukiso, le nemidwebo usengakwazi kubonwe ezindongeni amasonto Kremlin. Ulondoloze yasezindongeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili okuyinhloko. Phakathi "Wokudumisa izazi" okubhekiselwe kuwo ngenhla: "Dumisani uNkulunkulu" nezinye umsebenzi kufanele sinake mural "Alexius laseRoma." Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sithombe iyinhlangano self-portrait umdwebi. Asinakuwushalazela izithonjana noDiyonisiyu, esibonisa ekwaHlulelweni Kugcine. Ubhale ekhaya okulindele lokuphela kwezwe ngo-1492, lo mdwebo ugcwele ukungezwani kwangaphakathi. Kodwa Ukwakheka multi-egqinsiwe, naphezu kushuba ukuminyana kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe, kubonakala kalula futhi kamnandi. Ukwesabeka usuthathelwa enjabulo: izithombe ayevumela zezingelosi, amademoni abanyathela izingcezu abamnyama.

Umsebenzi ezigodlweni enyakatho

Ngemva impumelelo eMoscow noDiyonisiyu-umdwebi ukuthi wethiwa "master preizyaschnogo." Futhi Paterikon Volokolamsk sezindela ukuthi ukusho ngaphandle kwesihloko "Izazi". Yebo, futhi eminye imithombo ebhalwe agcwele izinkomba laudatory ukuze ithalente lakhe kanye nezobunhloli. Ngokusobala, nguye ezahlukweni indatshana yakhe evelele isibalo somphakathi kwaleso sikhathi, umbhali Iosif Volotsky. Ngemva 1486 master, mhlawumbe ne nabalingani efanayo epulazini, zaveza ibandla kweNyuka Our Lady of St Joseph ka Volokolamsk Monastery eduze eMoscow. Kodwa iningi ngokucace wabonakaliswa lokusungula noDiyonisiyu emva 1500, lapho abasebenza North kanye iVolga zezindela. Ekupheleni impilo ye-master wayesebenza namadodana akhe amabili futhi, mhlawumbe, nabanye abafundi bakhe. Ngeshwa, abaningi imisebenzi noDiyonisiyu, siyatshelwa zemihla kuphela. Yena ngesineke St Paul Obnorsk uMsindisi Priluki, uCyril-Belozersky Monastery. It is eyaziwa ngokuthi inkosi zibe iconostasis kamenny sezindela eduze Vologda.

Ferapontov sezindela

Lokhu sezindela othobekile, ise Vologda Region (District of Kirillov), kufanele kushiwo ngokuqondile. Lapha, Cathedral of the kukaJesu the Virgin, noDiyonisiyu-umdwebi wasebenza namadodana akhe e-1502. Iseluleki kudala omuhle ngendlela engavamile kanye art Ensemble kwezithombe kanye nemidwebo. Lena ingoma yangempela UnguNina KaNkulunkulu ngemibala - a onesizotha, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bejabule futhi egqamile. Ubuswa white, igolide kanye nemibala oluhlaza, ukugudlisela olubucayi. Ngokuvamile, izithombe ukukhiqiza isimo senjabulo kaKhisimusi nje, ukuletha ithemba ukuthethelelwa uNkulunkulu futhi umbuso ozayo ezulwini. Kuyini Umdwebo kumangalise kangaka Ferapontov Monastery? Ngesikhathi sezindela kamuva angakaze imali eyanele ubhale yonke nemidwebo esivuna fashion entsha. Ngakho-ke, lapha kuphela singabona wizadi sangempela, angashintshiwe.

Inani noDiyonisiyu iconography Russian

UNESCO abazinikezele 2002-noDiyonisiyu iconographer. Inani umsebenzi lokhu okuyinhloko ayikwazi overestimated. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko umqondo somanduleli lakhe elikhazimulayo, Andrei Rublev futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wasungula eziningi izici ezivelele kuphela kuye. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhuphuke umbala kanye nokusetshenziswa obuningi esimhlophe emva noDiyonisiyu zaqala ukusetshenziswa futhi amanye amakhosi. Kuyaphawuleka futhi umfanekiso yindlela yakhe bobunjwa nemilenze ngenhloso side ukuthi art oye wamlethela udumo mannerist. Nemidwebo nezimpawu noDiyonisiyu isimanga iphethini elithile, umbala angenisa ukukhanya, plasticity nokuphelela kwayo.