Kungani abaseTurkey ungathandi Armenia? Genocide Armenia ka 1915

Ucabanga abaseTurkey wayeziqaphela Genocide Armenia? Cha, akekho uhlose sivuselelane inzondo yobuhlanga. Kulesi sihloko sizozama sithole ukuthi kwenzekani ku ezikude 1915.

zengqondo ezingakhi

Iningi lalabo abathatha uhlangothi emsebenzini noma ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ezibhekene Armenia unomona nokubumbana yabo. Abanye bathi kufanele zibe Armenia ophilayo endaweni encane ukuthi akekho oqonda ngolimi lwabo. Ngakho kubhekwe: yingakho abantu ihlelwe kahle.

ekuphikeni

Kungani abaseTurkey ungathandi Armenia? Kungani bayalibona kohlanga abantu? Ake sithole ukuthi kwenzekani ku eTurkey ngo-1915. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuba izwe langena kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, zonke izikhulu zomthetho, kanye namasosha Armenia baboshwa, kamuva esingu kanye namalunga abo umndeni (lakudala Eastern).

Zabulawa ezehlela wonke Armenia abadumile abahlala Istanbul. Ngemva kwalokho, le uyaca wesizwe, owayehlala izandla emhlabathini Turkish. Ezimpini elahlasela kulo lonke izwe, okuyinto kwase kubangele ukuba khona ukubulawa abantu abayingxenye yesigidi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingxenye yoMbuso WaseTurkey naseNtshonalanga Armenia wawuyingxenye indawo eyayihlala elilodwa Armenia sesigidi. Bonke babulawa. Ukubulawa kwenziwa ngaphansi isiqubulo esithi: "Ukuze abhubhise abantu kuyadingeka, kanye izingadi kanye nezitshalo akamthinti ke."

Gardens-Turks lugcinwa le Kurds, kamuva sahlala kula mazwe. Ngenxa Western Armenia iqede ukhona futhi uye waba yingxenye Kurdistan Turkish. Futhi Eastern savela zibe Armenia yesimanje.

Ngemva Ataturk - ungumsindisi izizwe nabantu ukhonkolo, athatha izintambo, yasungulwa yikhomishana ehilelekile uphenyo we Genocide Armenia. Ngokuhamba umsebenzi walo iziphetho ezilandelayo:

• Izakhamuzi Western Armenia wanqunywa, kodwa endaweni uhlala. Ngokusho kwezinkambiso zomhlaba komthetho, izwe okufanele libuyiswe.
• ETurkey, Armenia wahlala kancane (ubuningi ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili). Impi, futhi lokhu kubantu, nokukhohlisa ezingcolile aqondisa egazini laso uye sokucasuka skirmishes eziningi.
• Sibekezele abantu Turkish - abantu umphefumulo ububanzi, kweso ukukhohlwa namagqubu. Ngo yoMbuso WaseTurkey ngaleso sikhathi onobunye sezizwe ezihlukahlukene wakha umphakathi omusha amahle. Ngakho-ke akukho umbuzo kohlanga akukwazi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Turkey asivunyelwe ingasaphathwa ukhona Western Armenia. Ngaphansi komthetho-Turkish, izitatimende zomphakathi ngakho Kuyicala. Lokhu umbono iyona isikhundla olusemthethweni lwezwe kusukela esikhathini Ataturk kanye namuhla.

kohlanga-Armenian

Abaningi impendulo yombuzo kungani-Turks ungathandi Armenia cha. Lokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga yalungiswa zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-1915 ezindaweni wawuqondiswa ithiphu yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Ukuqothulwa eyenziwa ekudingiselweni nokubhujiswa ngokomzimba, kuhlanganise ukunyakaza izakhamuzi ngokuhlaselwa emkhathini, okuholela ekubhujisweni ngenakugwemeka.

Kungani Memorial Day e-Armenia ubhekwa idethi kubalulekile? Lo magazini Kuzoxoxwa, futhi manje ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe izenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu leyo minyaka. Genocide Armenia iphutha ngezigaba eziningana: nokunciphisa amasosha, ukudingiswa ukukhetha abantu ezindaweni umngcele, ukuxoshwa kwenqwaba nokuqothulwa kwabantu abakhe, ukwethulwa umthetho ku Izindawo. Ezinye izazi-mlando zihlanganisa naye izenzo Turkish ibutho eCaucasus ngo-1918, mayelana necala lokubulawa 1890s, ukubhuqwa laseSmirna.

Abahleli kubhekwe abaholi Young Turks Cemal, u-Enver futhi Talaat, kanye inhloko yabangamashumi "Special Inhlangano" Shakir Behaeddin. Ngo yoMbuso WaseTurkey, njengoba sekube nesicelo kubhujiswa lesi Pontian nakumaGreki Asiriya, kanye kohlanga abantu basendulo. Iningi Diaspora Armenia global kwamiswa kusukela Obalekela embusweni WaseTurkey zabantu.

Ngesikhathi, umlobi Raphael Lemkin kwahlongozwa igama elithi "kohlanga", okuyinto kuyinto yinye ekubulaleni abantu abaningi Armenia insimu Turkish namaJuda emazweni ethunjwa amaNazi aseJalimane. Ukubhujiswa Armenia - yesibili emlandweni ucwaningo esenzweni kohlanga kusukela Kwesizwe. Emazwini amemezela lilonke 24 Meyi 1915 emazweni Allied (eRussia, e-United Kingdom nase France) iyona uyaca ka okokuqala emibhalweni yaminyaka wayebhekwa njengomuntu kuyicala wokulwa esintwini.

izimo

Manje siyathola ukuthi kuthiwa isizinda esingokomlando ngalo ukuqothulwa kohlanga kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe abantu basendulo. uhlanga Armenia ukuvuthwa ukuze VI ekhulwini BC. e. emasimini Armenia futhi empumalanga yeTurkey, endaweni ehlanganisa Lake Van futhi iNtaba i-Ararati. Co. II BC leminyaka. e. Armenia ngaphansi kwegunya Artashes yinkosi mina united ukwakha isimo Omkhulu Armenia. Insimu ngobukhulu nelalinayo wokubusa yoMbusi Tigran II Elikhulu, lapho amandla akhe Cordon Nihlukanisiwe Ewufrathe, Palestine noLwandle eMedithera entshonalanga kuya oLwandle iCaspian empumalanga.

Ekuqaleni le IV. n. e. (Usuku Common - iminyaka 301), izwe (ngowokuqala emhlabeni) lamukele ngokusemthethweni bathatha ubuKristu njengokuya inkolo isimo. Izinhlamvu Armenia yadalwa 405 yizazi Mesrop Mashtots, futhi yabhalwa ngekhulu V ulimi olusha iBhayibheli.

ukusungulwa Orthodox kwaba isici kokunquma ezihlobene abantu Armenia ngemva kokushona kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, futhi Apostolic Church isibe isikhungo eziyinhloko zendalo ephilayo kazwelonke.

Ngo 428, i- Armenia Omkhulu iqede ukhona, futhi kuya VII leminyaka, emazweni ayo entshonalanga libuswa baseByzantium naseMpumalanga - namaPheresiya. Kusukela maphakathi VII leminyaka, ingxenye umxhwele kuleli zwe ephethwe Arabhu. umbuso Armenia ku 860s sekubusa Bagratuni Dynasty ngasibuyisela nobukhosi bawo. BaseByzantium e 1045 ethumba Ani - inhloko-dolobha yaleli lizwe. Prince Ruben mina e 1080 wasungula Armenia Kingdom laseKhilikhiya, Levon II futhi Prince e 1198 wathatha isihloko yinkosi.

AmaMamluk aseGibithe e 1375 ethumba laseKhilikhiya, namandla ezimele abasekho. ukungqubuzana Isonto Armenia, ongazange ufuna ukuyeka ubuKristu phakathi Ukuhlasela amaningi amaSulumane (the abasePheresiya, abaseTurkey Oguz kanye Seljuks, Arab Abbasid) ensimini ka-Armenia zomlando, ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe kwenqwaba izimpi elilimaza sezishiye ukwehla kwenani kubantu abakula mazwe.

I-Armenian nkinga Turkey

Futhi okwamanje: kungani-Turks ungathandi Armenia? Ukuhlala yoMbuso WaseTurkey, babengakwazi amaSulumane ngakhoke ayebhekwa dhimmis - izakhamuzi yesibili-class. Armenia ayekhokha intela enkulu, azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukuba baphathe izikhali. Lowo iguqulwe ukuze ubu-Orthodox babengenalungelo enkantolo ukuba unikeze ubufakazi.

Yiqiniso, kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo kungani-Turks ungathandi Armenia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi 70% abahlala kule WaseTurkey beshushiswa umbuso ka abantu babegqoka balimi abampofu. Nokho, indlela Muslim zobuqili yimpumelelo Armenia ithalente yentengiso ukusabalala umxhwele ngaso sonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, abameleli ubuzwe. Inzondo kwaqina mncintiswano izinsiza emkhakheni wezolimo kanye nezinkinga kungalungiswanga yezenhlalakahle emadolobheni.

Lezi zenzo thiya ukuthutheleka AmaSulumane kusukela eCaucasus - the abathutha (emva Turkish-Russian futhi neMpi Caucasian ka 1877-78) kanye lamazwe aseBalkan yokugcina yosuku. Ababaleki axoshwe amaKristu izindawo zabo, ngadabula okubi Orthodox wendawo. Izimangalo ka Armenia ku ukuphepha collective siqu futhi uwohloke parallel yesikhundla sabo endaweni WaseTurkey kwaholela ukuvela "indaba Armenia" njengengxenye inkinga ajwayelekile esempumalanga.

-Turks and Armenia - izizwe ezilwayo. Emkhakheni Erzurum e 1882 yasungulwa omunye izinhlangano lokuqala Armenia - "Agricultural Enterprise" ezenzelwe ukuvikela abantu abavela ukuphanga benziwa Kurds nezinye abayimizulane. Iqembu lokuqala zezombusazwe "Armenakan" yadalwa 1885. platform wakhe kuhilela yokufuna wendawo lokuzibusa labantu ngosizo ze imfundo, kanye nobuchwepheshe ezempi ukubhekana nesimo ukwesaba.

Ngo-1887, kwaba khona block yeningi social "Hnchakyan 'ababefuna ukusiza inguquko ukuze akhulule Turkish Armenia futhi ukudala geqe sezenhlalo. Ngo Tiflis e 1890 sasiqhutshelwa engqungqutheleni lolu mbimbi olukhulu - "Dashnaktsutyun", uhlelo lapho ubeka ukuzimela phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze imibuso Ottoman Empire, ukulingana nenkululeko yezakhamizi, futhi ingxenye yezenhlalakahle okukhulunywa ngayo kumila zindlani ongumlimi njengoba izakhi eziyisisekelo umphakathi omusha.

Kwemihlambi kule minyaka 1894-1896

Ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi Armenia waqala ngo-1894 futhi waqhubeka kwaze 1896. Kube massacre e Istanbul, Van futhi endaweni Sasun, elaba nobuqili intukuthelo Armenia sedentary. Kuzo zonke izifunda zombuso e-1895, amakhulu ezinkulungwane imiphefumulo ezibhujisiwe. Esikuqondayo negazi kakhulu kuyisinyathelo sesibili. Amaphesenti iqhaza ekuphathweni zokubulala zokuphaka namuhla isihloko mpikiswano uthukuthele.

Ulungiselela nokuqothulwa kwabantu Armenia

Mhlawumbe abaseTurkey nokuqothulwa kohlanga-Armenian baqala kwakudingeka bafune ubunikazi entsha emva Revolution "İttihat" eyaqala ngo-1908. Ottoman ubunye imperial laqedwa umthethosisekelo, okuyinto kufanisa amalungelo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba abakhileyo Izimbobo bayiphuca-Turks isimo unamandla amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu imibono yokungabi nandaba ukunikeza ku izimiso nolaka imfundiso Islamic kanye pan-Turkism. Izinto zashintsha yokuma emhlabeni Islamic kubukela phansi ukubukwa yizwe elingakholelwa kuNkulunkulu abaholi "İttihat" futhi ukuba khona ezweni elingumakhelwane Shiite yasePheresiya.

Imbongi kanye sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Gekalp Zia washayelwa izimiso owawuthi umbuso Ottoman nengxenye kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. WayeyiZwi ideologist ezinethonya kunazo we Young Turks. imibono yakhe asidlulisela Turan ezweni lonke, okwakuhilela lalihlala amaSulumane abakhuluma isi-Turkish. Wayekholelwa ukuthi endaweni Turan kwadingeka ukuba ihlanganise lonke uhla iqembu yobuhlanga Turkic. Lokhu cishe aqede netyurok hhayi kuphela ohulumeni kodwa futhi womphakathi. Kwaba Akwamukelekile ukuthi Armenia nezinye ezincane kazwelonke eTurkey.

Pan-Turkism iyona elula kunazo izakhamuzi eyinhloko umbuso, okuyinto, njengoba oyisisekelo iye yamukelwa cishe bonke abaholi "İttihat". Armenia azibonakalisa, okokuqala kunakho konke, sesimweni zenkolo. Mhlawumbe, ayenephutha, bekholelwa ukuthi Turkism ungcono Islam.

Phakathi Balkan War of 1912, abantu lingama enalokho kuthambekela ezimisweni Ottomanism, futhi amasosha Armenia (izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezingaphezu kuka-8000) baye bafeza indima ebaluleke eyayibalulekile ebuthweni lezempi Turkish. Iningi lamasosha, kusukela izindaba inxusa laseBrithani, wabonisa isibindi esingaphezu kwesivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhlogo Armenia "ARF" futhi "Hnchakyan" steel induku ngokombono anti-Ottoman.

kohlanga-Turkish of Armenia ungafuni ukubona. Futhi ifeza ungaqala kanjani? Ngo-1914, August 2, Turkey uye wangena esivumelwaneni imfihlo nge eJalimane. Omunye izimo zakhe kwaba ekuguquleni imingcele empumalanga. Lokhu ehilelekile okudingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe i-corridor okuholela izizwe Islamic eRussia, okuyinto salisikisela ukubhujiswa ukuvakasha Armenia ezigodlweni ngilunge. Le nqubomgomo kwamenyezelwa nabantu bonke ubuholi WaseTurkey emva engena impi ngo-1914, ngo-October 30. Ukwelashwa beyiqukethe ukuze kudambe confluence bonke abamele uhlanga Turkish.

A kwamahora ambalwa ngemuva ukusayinwa imfihlo German-Turkish sivumelwano lempi "İttihat" kumemezela ukugqugquzela jikelele, okwaphumela ucingo kwabesifazane cishe zonke enempilo ebuthweni lase-Armenia. Ngetulu kwaloko, ngemuva ukungena kweMpi Yezwe I, uMbuso WaseTurkey kwakuhilela yokulwa nezimpi eziningi. Lokhu kugasela yebutho Turkish ezweni asePheresiya iRussia anda endaweni udlame olubhekiswe Armenia.

Ukudingiswa lokuqala

AbaseTurkey, Armenia, 1915 ... Kwenzekani sikhathi engangeneki? Phakathi no-March 1915 amabutho Franco-British wawashaya iDardanelles. E-Istanbul waqala amalungiselelo ukuhambisa dolobha e Eskisehir futhi baphume yezakhamuzi zendawo. Umhlahlandlela WaseTurkey Armenia babemesaba ekubumbaneni nge kubangane bawo, ngakho uye wanquma xosha bonke abantu inzondo phakathi Eskisehir futhi Istanbul.

Ekupheleni kuka-March, "Special Inhlangano" waqala ukulungiselela ekubulaleni abantu abaningi abantu Erzurum. Waya amanxusa wesifundazwe olukhulu kakhulu "İttihat" okwakufanele afeze inkulumo-ze emelene-Armenia. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka futhi Reshid Bay. Nguye izindlela okunonya kakhulu, kuhlanganise ukuboshwa nokuhlushwa, bafunile isikhali Diyarbakir, bese baba omunye ababulali kudlangile kakhulu.

Ukudingiswa Armenia waqala ngo-Ephreli 8 emzini Zeitoun, ogama abakhileyo amakhulu eminyaka ukujabulele ukuzimela ngokwengxenye futhi babeyibo sebebhekene ngeziqu zamehlo neziphathimandla Turkish. kokudingiselwa kunikeza impendulo yombuzo othi main ezihlobene isikhathi sokulungiselela kohlanga. Ingxenye encane Armenia babedingisiwe kuwo umuzi Konya, etholakala eduze Iraq and Syria - izindawo lapho ngemva kwesikhashana kunaloyo lotfolwa ngibo bonkhe abantu evicted.

Lokubulala ephelezelwa negagasi ukuphanga. Somthengisi Mehmet Ali bafakaza bathi Jemal Azmi (umbusi Trebizond) kanye lokunyuka Mustafa eyabiwe imigexo kuwufanele 400,000 Turkish igolide esingamakhilogremu (mayelana 1.5 million US dollars). US inxusa e Aleppo kubikwe Washington ukuthi uMbuso WaseTurkey esebenza ukuphangwa uhlelo eyesabekayo.

Inxusa e Trabzon libike ukuthi nsuku zonke ubona isixuku kwezingane nabesifazane asebeneminyaka efanele Turkish uya amaphoyisa kanye ohlwitha konke angafeza. Wangitshela ukuthi le ndlu yayingakakulungeli Commissioner "İttihat" e Trabzon ngithuka amagugu negolide, etholwe ngenxa division of ngempango.

Ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1915 iningi Armenia ayehlala umbuso, wabulawa. Iziphathimandla zaseTurkey wazama ukufihla, kodwa ukuze uthole eYurophu, ababaleki kubika mayelana nokuqothulwa kwabantu bakhe. Ngo-1915, ngo-Ephreli 27, WAMAKATOLIKA Armenia ngokuthi ku Italy ne-United States ukuba angenele ukumisa ukubulawa. Ukubulawa Armenia Walahlwa amandla Allied, kodwa empini babebaningi abakwazanga ukusiza ukuhlupheka kwabantu.

ENgilandi, emva ukuhlolwa olusemthethweni yanyatheliswa encwadini documentary "Ukwelashwa Armenia e yoMbuso WaseTurkey", e-US naseYurophu, abantu baqala ukubuthana izimali lababaleki. Ukuqedwa Armenia entshonalanga nasenkabeni Anatolia baqhubeka ngemva Agasti 1915.

bakhi

Thina cishe wathola ukuthi kungani abaseTurkey wabulala Armenia. EBoston ngo-1919 emhlanganweni IX iCongress of the "Dashnaktsutyun", kwanqunywa ukuba abaqothule abaholi Young Turks, ngekubamba lichaza kwesibhicongo. Lokhu kuhlinza kwaba ukuqamba igama unkulunkulukazi yamaGreki asendulo lwempindiselo Nemesis. Iningi bakhi babe Armenia ngubani wakwazi ukubaleka kohlanga. Bona ngentshiseko wafisa ukuziphindiselela ngokushona kwabantu emindenini yabo.

"Ukusebenza Nemesis" esebenza ngempumelelo. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke izisulu zakhe waba omunye amalungu triumvirate Turkish of Talat Pasha futhi uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhakathi yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Talaat, kanye nalabanye baholi Young Turks, wabalekela eJalimane ngo-1918, kodwa iqedwe Berlin Teyliryanom Soghomon ngoMashi 1921.

Uhlangothi zomthetho

I uMbuso WaseTurkey kanye Republic of Armenia unesithakazelo ekuphikiseni kwawo umhlaba wonke. Declaration Ibuthelelo 24 Meyi 1915 emazweni Allied kuwubufakazi ukuthi.

Ukuqaphela ukuqothulwa kohlanga kuwumgomo ebalulekile izinhlangano Armenia lobbyist, futhi, ngaphandle ukuqashelwa, imemezela lokufuna yokulungisa umonakalo kanye nezicelo indawo ye-Turkey. Ukuze sifinyelele ukwamukelwa, lobbyists ukuheha ukubandakanywa kwabantu abanethonya futhi abasephalamende, izikhungo ezisungulwe Lapho esingatha le ndaba, ifaka ingcindezi kobuholi emazweni ahlukahlukene, kubika kabanzi lolu daba emphakathini. Cishe wonke amalungu abaHlakazekile Armenia siyinzalo oqondile izisulu zokuqothulwa kohlanga. Le nhlangano has izinsiza ezanele yemali ezingasetshenziswa singamelana nokucindezela Turkey.

Melika kathathu yokutholwa izinqumo phezu sokubulala abantu abaningi base-Armenia. Lokhu kuqothulwa saziwa yiPhalamende European, umfelandawonye yasephalamende amazwe aseNingizimu Melika, i-United Nations-Sub-Commission on the ukuzivikela ezifweni ukucwasa ezincane, i-Latin America ePhalamende.

Ukuhlonishwa ukubhujiswa kwabantu Armenia akuyona okumele abonwe lendawo ukubusa Turkish EU, kodwa ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi kuyodingeka ukuhlangabezana nalesi simo.

usuku olubalulekile

Day of Remembrance we izisulu Genocide Armenia e-Turkey, waqokwa yiPhalamende European ku 24 April 2015. Ngo-Armenia, lolu suku akulona usuku ibhizinisi futhi kubaluleke kakhulu. Njalo ngonyaka izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke ngincome inkumbulo yabantu abafileyo ngosuku esenzeka ngalo ukuxoshwa nezihlakaniphi Armenia Istanbul.