Iyini isiteleka samabhange? Isijeziso sebhange: ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze ukuze ubeke imali

Ngo-2013 - 2014, amabhange amaningi aseRussia, iBhange Elikhulu liphelile ilayisensi. Lokhu akubanga nje ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabokufaka imali, kodwa futhi hit nezinye izinhlangano zezikweletu. Amakhasimende aqala ukuhoxisa izimali ngisho namabhange azinzile. Khona-ke ngokokuqala ngqa igama elithi "sanation" lizwakala kakhulu. Iyiphi inqubo yokonga isikhungo sesikweletu nguhulumeni? Kulesi sihloko uzofunda ukuthi yikuphi ukuhlanzwa kwamabhange.

Incazelo

Iqoqo lezinqubo ezihlose ukubuyiselwa isimo sezimali - ukuvuselelwa kwebhange. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Uma kungenzeka ukugwema ukuchithwa kweziko lesikhwama sezimali, abaphathi bebhange bayodluliselwa kwi- Deposit Insurance Agency (DIA). Ukuhlanzwa kwezingcingo kuzuzisa amakhasimende asebefake idiphozi, njengoba ikuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze zonke izimali ezibekiwe. Uma ibhange likhishwa ilayisensi, i-DIA ingabuyisela kuphela ingxenye yenani lediphozi. Kodwa uma kukhona umtshali-zimali ozothenga lonke isikhungo sezikweletu, izinhlangano zomthetho nazo zizozuza, ngoba zingaqhubeka zihlinzekwa enhlanganweni. Umnikazi omusha usebenzisa lonke uhla lwezinyathelo zokulungisa kabusha izinkokhelo futhi ulahlwe izimpahla ezingekho emthethweni. Yilokho okushiwo ama-sanation amabhange. Kodwa akuvamile kakhulu. Uma imbobo ebhalansi ibhalana nomthamo wezimpahla, akukho lutho oluzokwenziwa.

Ukulungiswa kabusha kuyenzeka uma:

- Ibhange liphawuleka emnothweni wezwe noma esifundeni esithile ("Ukuqinisana" esifundeni saseSamara);

- isikhungo sesikweletu sizinzile, kodwa sibhekene nokuntuleka okwesikhashana kwezimali ngenxa yokwesaba (i-Gazenergobank).

Isinqumo senziwa yi-CBR. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Diphodi Yomshwalense We-Deposit (DIA) yenza ukuphathwa kwesikhashana kwebhange kuze kube yilapho izimpahla zayo zidluliselwa kwenye isikhungo sezimali. Kuzokwabiwa futhi izimali zokubuyisela i-solvency nokukhokha izibopho. Ngezinye izikhathi i-DIA ilawula ukubuyisela ibhange elikhathazekile yedwa. Kodwa ngokuvamile uvame ukubheka abatshalizimali. Kumele kube isikhungo esinokwethenjelwa sezezimali ngesipiliyoni esihle sokuphulukisa esikhathini esidlule. Ibhange elitholakaliyo lilonke lingathola imali evela emithonjeni emithathu: kusuka ku-Central Bank, i-DIA kanye nomtshali-zimali wangasese. Yilokho okushiwo ama-sanation amabhange.

Izici ezithandekayo

Inqubo yokuvuselela isiza abantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano zomthetho ukugcina imali ngokugcwele. Uma kwenzeka ukubhujiswa, amabhizinisi alahlekelwa konke okulondolozwayo, kanye nezakhamuzi ezivamile uzothola kuphela ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-700. Ukuhlanzeka kwemvelo kukuvumela ukuba ubuyisele ngokugcwele imisebenzi yesikhungo sezimali. Imali eyengeziwe yenza kube lula ukugcina imisebenzi futhi ngokushesha ukuqeda izinkinga zamanje.

Iyini inzuzo yomtshalili?

Umbuso uvikela amabhange abalulekile noma wesifundazwe kuphela. Ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi nokwandisa ukuthembela kumtshali-zimali ezivela ezikhungweni zendawo kuqondiswa kakhulu ukuhlanzeka kwebhange. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Ukushintshanisa izimali ezitshaliwe, isikhungo sezimali sithola ingxenye yenhloko, umkhiqizo womkhiqizo wenhlangano, amandla okuqala kwengqalasizinda kanye nesisekelo samakhasimende. Yonke le datha umtshali-zimali uzokwazi ukusebenzisa ukusebenzisana neminye imisebenzi yayo.

Inqubo

Isizathu sokuvuselelwa kuyithuba langempela lokubuyiselwa kwe-solvency yasebhange. Inqubo yokulondoloza kumele ingadluli iminyaka engu-1.5. Uma kungakapheli iminyaka emithathu olunye uhlelo lokusebenza luhanjiswe kulesi sikweletu, ibhange alikwazi ukuphinde lihanjiswe esitokisini.

Ngemuva kokuthi isicelo sesanelisiwe, inkantolo yokubambisana imemezela ithenda yokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokutakula. Izikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko zokubuyisela i-solvency yasebhange: ukukhokha okubuyisiwe kwezimpahla ezikhishwe, ngokunciphisa%, ukukhishwa kwemali emisha, ukuhlinzekwa kwemali eyengeziwe, ukukhuliswa kwemali mboleko eyatholwa ngaphambilini, njll. Ilungelo elikhethekile lokubamba iqhaza ekuvuseleleni abanikezeli, umnikazi webhange kanye nabasebenzi bayo.

Ukuthuthwa kwendle kweBhange: okumele ukwenze ukuze ubeke imali

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi phakathi nezinqubo zokubuyisela isimo sezimali senhlangano, zonke izimali zamakhasimende zizogcinwa. Ibhange lithola inzuzo eyengeziwe, okufanele ihloswe ekuqedeni zonke izinkinga zamanje zamanzi. Ekuqaleni ezikoleni, abafundi abaqinile banisiza ababuthakathaka. Manje umkhuba ofanayo usetshenziswa emkhakheni webhange. Ngakho-ke, into ebaluleke kunazo zonke kuleso simo akukhona ukwesaba. Ngisho noma abaphathi bethi "kukhulula" okwesikhashana zonke izimali, abatshalizimali bazokwazi ukubuyisela imali, kodwa kuzothatha isikhathi esithile.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo "yokuhlanzeka" kanye "nokuqedwa". Esimweni sesibili, ukukhokhwa kwezimali zezakhamuzi ezilinganiselwa ku-700 000 rubles kuqinisekiswe yi-DIA. Ngokomthetho onomshwalense we-Individual Deposits namaBhange aseRussia, izinkokhelo kufanele ziqale izinsuku ezingu-14 emva kokuhoxiswa kwelayisensi yasebhange. Kodwa ngokusebenza, isikhathi sizodlula okuningi. Futhi iphuzu lapha akulona ukuthi i-DIA ayikwazi ukubuyela ngokushesha idiphozi nesithakazelo esikhulu esithembisiwe. Isikhathi esiningi sizosetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni isimo sezezimali nasekuqoqeni irejista yabasimali.

Amabhizinisi kanye ne-IP ngeke bakwazi ukubuyisela imali yabo. Ngokomthetho we-Federal Law on Insolvency of Credit Institutions, lezo zimangalo zaneliseka ngemuva kokukhokha izibopho kubantu ngabanye, i-DIA kanye neBhange Elikhulu, uma inhlangano yezezimali isenayo imali. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kukhona umtshali-zimali ongakwazi ukubuyisela ukuxazululwa kwenhlangano.

Nakuba ngonyaka odlule amalayisense ebhange amaningi ahoxisiwe, i-Agency isenayo imali yesamba. Uma imali iphela, iBhange Elikhulu lizohlinzeka ngemali eyengeziwe, okwakhiphe ngaphambilini imali yesizwe. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ruble kungabanjwa kanzima kubanikazi bezimali zemali zangaphandle. Isamba se-deposit yabo ebangelwa inzalo siyodlula ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-700. Abanikazi be-ruble deposits, nakuba bazokwazi ukubuyisela imali yabo, kepha ngaleso sikhathi bazobe bencishiswe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu, ungaluleka lokhu okulandelayo: ngezindleko zokuqala zokuqhathanisa kwezimali, xhumana nehhovisi lasebhange ngesicelo sokuthi "uphule" idiphozi yakho ezingxenyeni eziningana. Ngcono nakakhulu - ukuhlela kabusha ingxenye yenkampani kwisihlobo. Ekufezeni umthengi we-cashless awukwazi ukunqabela, ngoba empeleni awuwuthathi imali kusuka ebhange.

Yini eyokwenzeka ngokulandelayo?

Lapho sekuqedile uhlelo lokuhlelwa kabusha, umtshali-zimali omusha uzimisele ngokuzikhethela ukuthi kufanele agcine umkhiqizo, imodeli yebhizinisi kanye neqembu labasebenzi noma athuthukise konke kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokuvame ukushintsha. I-Central Bank ayikwazi ukuthonya lesi sinqumo nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Ukuvuselelwa kwamabhange 2014

Ngonyaka ophumayo, ukwesaba okukhulu kwakuyizindaba mayelana nokwethulwa kokuphathwa kwesikhashana kunomunye wezikhungo zemali ezindala kunazo zonke ezweni. Sikhuluma ngeJSC "iBaltic Bank" (iSt. Petersburg). Ukuhlanzeka kwesikhungo sezimali kwaqala ngo-Agasti 2014. Ukuze kubuyiselwe imali, iBenki Ephakathi yanikezwa kuqala ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-10. I-DIA ibanjwe ithenda ukuze iqhaza kwinqubo yokuvuselela isikhungo sesikweletu "iBaltic Bank". Ukuthuthwa kwendle kuqhubekile izinyanga ezinhlanu. Umtshali-zimali omusha we-Alfa-Bank uhola inqubo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakhasimende amaningi asevele athole ushintsho oluhle emisebenzini yenhlangano. Imodeli yebhizinisi nebhizinisi ayiguqukanga. Kodwa amakhasimende manje angakwazi ukuhoxisa izimali ezivela ku-5000 Alfa ATM ngaphandle kwekhomishana. Inethiwekhi yamahhovisi ngeke ivuselelwe ngokushesha. Ukuphathwa kwaqinisekisa nokuthi amanani ezivumelwano zokubambisa nokubolekisa imali azohlala engashintshi kuze kube sekupheleni kokusebenza kwazo. Ngaphambili, i-Alfa-Bank yabamba iqhaza ekubuyiseleni kweNorthern Treasury. Le nhlangano yezezimali emva kokubuyiselwa kwayo yavalwa futhi yahlanganiswa nomtshali-zimali. Isikhathi esifanayo kulindeleke "iBaltic Bank". Ukuhlanzeka kuzokwenziwa ngezindleko zezimali zesabelomali ngenani lika-57 billion, okuyinto umtshali-zimali athola ngayo ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esingu-0.51%.

Izindaba zakamuva

11/18/2014 kwaziwa ukuthi i-DIA ithathe imisebenzi yomphathi wesikhashana ekuphathweni kweqembu elikhulayo. Ngaphandle kwenhlangano yezikweletu yegama elifanayo, lihlanganisa nezinye izikhungo ezine: Kedr, Akkobank, SKA, Tveruniversalbank. Ngo-Okthoba 2014, iBhange Elikhulu laqala ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezimali sebhizinisi, imiphumela eyabonisa isidingo sokusungula izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukukhokha. Manje, i-DIA ihlakulela izinhlelo zokubuyiselwa kwezikhungo zemali ezinhlanu. Okusho ukuthi, yisiphi isitifiketi seqembu lasebhange.

Isifinyezo

Uma ibhange lidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni wezwe noma ibhekene nokuntuleka okwesikhashana kwezimali, iBhange Elikhulu lingayenza inqubo yokuthuthukisa inhlangano. Kulokhu, i-DIA ithatha indima yomqondisi wesikhashana. Ngokuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kwezezimali, umncintiswano wabatshalizimali ushicilelwe, okungavuselela ukuxazululwa kwenhlangano. Yilokho okushiwo ama-sanation amabhange.