Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi eRussia: amafomu, Dynamics, umlando

ukuthuthukiswa zezenhlalo nezombusazwe iRussia ngo 1894-1904 ngenxa ukwakheka Ukucabanga okusha kumphakathi wonkana. Esikhundleni evamile "Nkulunkulu Londoloza Tsar!" Emigwaqweni laduma obala "Phansi nge autocracy!" Konke lokhu kuye kwaholela ekugcineni enhlekeleleni, eyayintula ayikho into konke kuwo wonke umlando eyinkulungwane isimo sethu. Kwenzekeni? Uzungu phezulu, kusekelwa izici zangaphandle, noma ngempela yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kuye kwaholela ekutheni abantu yafuna ushintsho?

Kungani ngesikhathi izimbali eliphezulu kakhulu umnotho, isayensi, isiko, imfundo, kwezolimo nasezimbonini ezweni, umbusi waba "Igazi senkosi"? Yiqiniso, umlando ayinakho kwemizwelo subjunctive. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngabe ngempela uNicholas II "wesahlulelo womele igazi lezizwe," njengoba abantu bangesikhathi sakhe ngokuthi, akabanga revolution, ngenkathi abasebenzi we Putilov kwemboni, ikhubazeke wonke umkhiqizo lempi yedolobha lezimboni main kuleli zwe phakathi neMpi Yezwe II ngabe wadutshulwa ngokuthi "amambuka njengezitha zezwe lokhokho" . Kwaba okufanayo emva kwempi, ngesikhathi wabahlali amaKhomanisi ngo amandla. Kodwa ngo-1884, akekho ayikwazanga wazile. Olunye ulwazi mayelana nentuthuko yomphakathi ngaleso sikhathi, Kuzobuye kuxoxwa.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Ukushintsha ingqondo zomphakathi zaqala Okthoba 20, 1894. Ngalolu suku, washona uMbusi u-Alexander III, wathola komakhelwane bakubonga futhi inzalo isidlaliso "wezinguquko." Weza sobukhosi indodana yakhe uNicholas II - omunye izibalo eyindida kunazo zonke emlandweni wethu kanye Ivan le Kubi futhi Iosifom Stalinym. Kodwa, ngokungafani nazo, umbusi futhi ayikwazanga hang ilebuli "ungumbulali 'futhi' wesahlulelo", nakuba lokhu sekwenziwe, cishe bengcono kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke mlando Soviet. Kwakuwusuku lokugcina Russian Tsar ekuqaleni ukukhula ezinkulukazi isivinini Dynamics yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle maqondana kokugumbuqelwa autocracy. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Biography Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

UNicholas II wazalwa Meyi 6, 1868. Ngalolu suku, amaKristu ngihloniphe ongcwele Ukuhlupheka kukaJobe. UMbusi wakholwa - ke kuwuphawu lokuthi uthi wahlulelwe nosizi empilweni. Ngakho kwenzekani ngemva kwalokho - yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kuye kwaholela yokuthi yokuzondwa autocracy abantu ekhulwini odlule safinyelela emvuthwandaba futhi lokhu kwaphumela ekwaziweni nemiphumela engelapheki. I eminyaka ubudala intukuthelo wabantu wawa ncamashi ngalolo inkosi, ukuthi mkhulu kunabo bonke okhokho babo ekhathalele inhlalakahle kwabantu bakubo. Yiqiniso, nale umbono, abaningi azophikisana, kodwa njengoba besho, ukuthi bangaki abantu, imicabango yabantu abaningi kangaka.

UNicholas II kwaba kahle abafundile, wayazi izilimi eziningana zakwamanye amazwe ngokuphelele, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi isiRussia.

osopolitiki Liberal hung kumalebula wakhe umuntu obuthakathaka sengingene owayengenandaba izinqumo ezizimele futhi bekulokhu bedle abesifazane: okokuqala unina bese umkakhe. Solutions, ngokombono wabo, ukuthatha umeluleki ngubani welulekana umbusi wokugcina. AmaKhomanisi babembiza ngokuthi 'engumashiqela olunegazi ", okwaholela Russia enhlekeleleni.

Wonke amalebula zifune ukunikeza izizathu eziningi, futhi ukukhumbula olunegazi 1921 nge mass kusondele Cheka, futhi inkathi yokucindezelwa kaStalin. "Engumashiqela Bloody" ngisho esingu labo phakathi neMpi Yezwe II yoniwa ukulethwa isinkwa kanye nezinhlamvu ukuze phambili ekupheleni 1916, amasosha Russian wabulawa indlala yokuntuleka izinhlamvu ophoqelelwe ukuya ku kuhlasela ngezandla ku izibhamu. Yiqiniso, amasosha abavamile babengakuqondi izimbangela okwenzekayo kweqiniso, futhi basakaza inkulumo-ze okunekhono yashesha odabeni lwabo bonke ububi obukulo lapho sibhekene umbusi wokugcina waseRoma Russian.

Nor was uNicholas II no-indoda ababuthakathaka sengingene ngubani uqobo wathatha izinqumo eziningi zezombusazwe ngokuphambene ukubukwa abambalwa ezizungezile, onxiwankulu, iziqongo izikhulu nezikhonzi umndeni. Kodwa kwakungafanele "whims nje ngomashiqela kuyinto engasho lutho," futhi ukubhekana nezinkinga ezingathi sína kwezixuku. Owokugcina abeluleki wabiza kuphela lowo wabelane ngombono wakhe, yingakho kahle osopolitiki ovulekile.

Januwari 17, 1895, uNicholas II wamemezela mayelana ukuphepha autocracy futhi oludala, okuyinto ngokuzenzakalelayo predetermined ukuqhubeka lizwe. isizinda Revolutionary ngemva kwala mazwi waqala ukuthatha ukuma ngesivinini engakaze ibonwe, uma othile yalo ehleliwe ngamabomu ngaphandle.

ukuthuthukiswa zezenhlalo nezombusazwe Russia ngonyaka 1894-1904: umzabalazo kule echelons ephakeme kwamandla

Kuyiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwaba kuphela phakathi kwabantu abavamile. yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngisho phakathi abaholi eliphezulu kwezombusazwe isimo baye basungula umehluko endleleni yentuthuko yeRussia. Umzabalazo kwaphakade Liberals Western, Abantu abadlala ngothando ababona amazwe aseYurophu futhi American emthethweni yokushisekela izwe, wawuzama ukwenza Russia ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela, futhi esebenzisa isihluku ngalesi sikhathi. Ngeshwa, ukungabi nalo "kusho osemqoka" nokuqonda ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ezombusazwe nezenhlalo kuleli zwe okumele ngihambe ngayo kuzona umfelandawonye West, kodwa ukuvikela izithakazelo yasekhaya, bekulokhu emlandweni wethu njalo. Namuhla isikhathi ayikashintshi isimo. Sikhona noma alwa kuleli zwe abafuna bahlukile, ukuze uzovalwa kusukela emhlabeni wonke, noma nesandla esivulekile, belungele ukunikeza wonke isandla emazweni angaphandle.

UNicholas II waphishekela umgomo isimiso "kusho osemqoka" ezamenza isitha zokuqala futhi wesibili. Iqiniso ukuthi umbusi isanda lweli umfelandawonye West ekuvikeleni umsebenzi yasekhaya, wathi umzabalazo yasekhaya zezombusazwe phakathi kwamabutho amabili, kokubili babo labetibambile somphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu.

baseNtshonalanga

Eyokuqala babe Liberals Western, eliholwa nguNgqongqoshe wezeziMali S. Yu. Vitte. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukuthuthukiswa wezwe umnotho .. Imboni, ezolimo, njll kwetimboni izwe, ngokusho kombiko Witte, kufanele kuyithinte kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa setepolitiki. It kuzokuvumela ukuxazulula imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Ukuze buthelela imali ikhambi izinkinga zezenhlalo.
• Thuthukisa ezolimo ngezithukuthuku kangcono futhi ashibhile kuqhathaniswa amazwe, amathuluzi.
• Ukuze wakhe owakho isigaba esisha - onxiwankulu, okungase ziqhathaniswa izikhulu bendabuko, ezisebenza isimiso 'ukuhlukanisa phakathi bese sekubuswa ".

emthethweni

Ehola amabutho olandelanayo kwaba uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhakathi V K. Pleve, ngubani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wabulawa kwamaphekula, kanye nezinye Patriot oshisekayo, owenza sokuthuthukiswa Russia kunazo zonke - P. A. Stolypina. ukubukeka Strange kanye neqiniso lokuthi noyedwa abenzi inqubomgomo pro-Western akazange ahlupheke ku "ingashiswa olunegazi" Abavukeli kwamaphekula e-XIX sekwephuzile - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka XX, okuyinto kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso ehlukile isimo Russian nge sengqondo ayo namasiko.

Pleven kunenkolelo yokuthi umnotho nakwezepolitiki ayikwazi kuthonywa abantu "beya" izinsizwa ezingoFakazi "elinegciwane" imibono pro-Western, alien ezweni lethu. Russia - izwe nge Vector lentuthuko. Reform, yebo, uma kunesidingo, kodwa akudingeki ukuba aphule tikhungo tetenhlalo, okuyinto savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Ukwanda eziphikisanayo

Revolution, njengoba sazi, uzibophezele izandla abasha. Russia iyathinteka kulokhu. I imibhikisho kuqala 1899 yaqala phakathi abafundi bafuna kwesokudla ukubuyela ukuzimela emanyuvesi. Kodwa "umbuso olunegazi" akubi mass ukudutshulwa ababhikishi, akekho kaSigonyela, futhi phakathi abagqugquzeli. Iziphathimandla nje wathumela izishoshovu eziningana empini, kanye "umfundi ukuvukela" ngokushesha ucime.

Nokho, ngo-1901, yena elambulala nguNgqongqoshe wezeMfundo N. P. Bogolepov wangaphambili umfundi P. Karpovich. Lokhu kokubulawa isikhulu esiphezulu emva kwekhefu elide ngokuhlasela kwamaphekula lalibonisa iqiniso ukuthi yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kuholela izinguquko ezinkulu.

Ngo-1902 kwaqubuka ukuvukela izifundazwe zaseningizimu lizwe phakathi abalimi. Bona bebengeneme yokuntuleka umhlaba. Izinkulungwane isixuku ehlaselwa endlini kulendawo ', azivuni, azibekeleli ezinqolobaneni ukudla, emafektri, bethulula kubo.

Ukubuyisela oda bakhangwa ibutho, okuyinto nhlobo ukusebenzisa izikhali. Lokhu kubonisa ikhono neziphathimandla ukuqondisa oda futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo libonisa "olunegazi" umbuso. Isilinganiso sina kuphela ifakiwe ku abangobhongoza, ngubani abangu ngaphansi bashaywe yomphakathi. Ayikho ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu, nokubulawa aye alotshwa kulo izincwadi zomlando. Ukuze uqhathanise, ngifuna ukukhumbula izenzakalo okwenzeka eminyakeni engu-20 kamuva esifundazweni Tambov. Kukhona kwaba nesiteleka mass ngokumelene amaBolshevik ukuphanga ukudla. Uhulumeni waseSoviet ngaphambilini ukusebenzisa izikhali zamakhemikhali ngokumelene abalimi, ababekwa ecasha emahlathini, nemindeni yabo beveza uhlobo ekamu lokuhlushwa, okuyinto waxosha abesifazane nezingane. Abesilisa kwakudingeka zishintshe intengo ukuphila kwawo engozini ukuze awakhulule.

Izibhelu e Finland

Kwaba udlubulunda, nasesikhathini borderlands kazwelonke. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni entry aseFinland eRussia ngo-1899, uhulumeni bafeza izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• Kunomkhawulo Ukudla kazwelonke.
• Ibe ukuphathwa Amarekhodi ngesiRashiya.
• Bona yahlakazeka ibutho kazwelonke.

Konke lokhu sivele ukhulume nobulukhuni intando zezombusazwe Nicholas II, kusukela ngaphambi kokuba ngisho nababusi siqine kakhulu akayanga zinyathelo. Yiqiniso, le Finns bebengeneme, kodwa ake sithi ingxenye isimo uhlobo yokuzimela, lapho imali isabelomali ukuthuthukiswa, kodwa ibutho lalo, imithetho, uhulumeni, engesiyo kuncike isikhungo, zonke wamaphepha olusemthethweni kwenziwa ngolimi kazwelonke. Finland kwakungelona ikoloni of the Empire, isiRashiya, njengoba kufana ukumangalela isizwe zendawo ezimele iyunithi indawo, wajabulela ukuvikelwa nomthombo wokusekela ngokwezimali Centre.

ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe Russia 1894-1904 ngenxa ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa amandla amasha, okuyinto izodlala indima enkulu emlandweni wethu - beqembu RSDLP.

Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP)

Ngo-March 1902 ngathatha Congress party e Minsk esuka kubantu 9, 8 babo baboshwa ukuthi debunks inganekwane ukungakwazi abomthetho ukuhlonza bakhi. Imithombo abasho lutho mayelana nokuthi kungani hhayi abopha isihambeli lesishiyagalolunye lokho ayeyikho.

II Congress ngo-July-August 1903, eminyakeni engu-2 ngaphambi inguquko yokuqala Russian ngo-1905, kude Russia - eLondon Brussels. It bamukela lesi simiso futhi Uhlelo iqembu.

Uhlelo okungenani RSDLP

Modern amaqembu aphikisayo ngisho esabe ukucabanga ngalokho imisebenzi byliu Party RSDLP. • Linanincane lesikhatsi:

1. Kokugumbuqelwa autocracy nokumiswa republic yeningi.
2. suffrage Universal kanye ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi.
3. Ilungelo wezizwe lekutimela nokulingana.
4. uhulumeni wendawo Wide.
5. -Awa lasiphohlongo nemini ngokushikashikeka nokukhandleka.
6. Ukuqedwa lokuhlengwa izinkokhelo, kubuye imali kulabo abaye zonke ikhokhwe.

Uhlelo esiphezulu we RSDLP

Uhlelo ibihamba ngokuvamile izwe revolution yesigaba sabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuthi iqembu lakhe lifuna ukuqala impi yezwe emhlabeni, okungenani, it proclaimed. ushintsho okunodlame akuyona nje amandla, futhi i-oda kwezenhlalo, ayikwazi izuzwe izindlela ezinokuthula.

Amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nezimiso, izinhlelo, imigomo - indlela entsha yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle eRussia ngaleso sikhathi.

izihambeli RSDLP kuya Okwesibili Congress uhlukanise kwaba amakamu amabili:

1. BeziNguquko, eholwa L. Martov (Yu Tsederbaum), izitha inguquko. Zazithi okwesikhathi ophucukile, indlela yokuphila ngokuthula, ukukhiqiza amandla, kanye sokulindelwe esekelwe onxiwankulu ukulandela umgomo walo zezombusazwe.
2. Radicals - wamemezela ukuketula uhulumeni ngakulahla nganoma iyiphi indlela, kuhlanganise, ngokuhamba inguquko. Bancika sabasebenzi (ekilasini ukusebenza).

Radicals eholwa V I. Leninym iwine iningi izihlalo izikhundla ehola iqembu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, baziwa ngokuthi amaBolshevik. Ngemva kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa party, futhi waziwa ngokuthi RSDLP (b), futhi ngemva kwesikhashana - the CPSU (b) (Zonke-Russian iCommunist Party of amaBolshevik).

Party Social-Revolutionary Party (AKP)

Ngokusemthethweni, le AKP laphasisa umthetho-sisekelo walo ngo-December 1905 - Januwari 1906, lapho ukuthuthukiswa setepolitiki Russia ishintshile emva kwempi futhi Manifesto ku ukusungulwa the Duma State. Kodwa-Social abavukeli, njengoba ibutho zezombusazwe sekukhona kusekude ukufika lapho. Yibo labo ihlelwe ukwesaba mass esimelene nohulumeni sikhathi.

Ohlelweni lwayo, i-Social Abavukeli wamemezela ushintsho enobudlova kwamandla, kodwa, ngokungafani abanye, elibekwe ku abantukazana njengoba yisandla inguquko.

Ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi eRussia: iziphetho jikelele

Abantu abaningi bebuza ukuthi kungani isayensi izama ukuthola eyishumi kusukela 1894-1904 GG. kubhekwe eceleni, ngoba uNicholas II waqhubeka amandla? Phendula ukuthi umlando yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle 1894-1904 GG. It kwandulelwe inguquko yokuqala Russian ngo-1905, ngemva kwalokho Russia baba amakhosi ohlanga Duma. Manifesto ka-October 17, 1905 wasungula igunya elisha - State Duma. Yiqiniso, imithetho yokutholwa babengenalo amandla ngaphandle kwemvume kombusi, kodwa umthelela wawo wezombangazwe wawumkhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaleso sikhathi owayese laseRussia aqala ukubeka ibhomu liqhume kamuva ngo-1917 eziyoholela kokugumbuqelwa autocracy futhi kulwiwa.