Iwashi phezu ezibiyele sika Spassky Tower: Indaba nezithombe

iwashi Umhlaba-edumile Spasskaya koMbhoshongo Russian Federation yenhloko-dolobha yabonakala kudala, njengoba kushiwo-mlando, e 1404. Noma kunjalo, kuye kwamiswa okokuqala hhayi ngomhla ka-Kremlin umbhoshongo, futhi kwase kuseduze ukuba Cathedral of the Annunciation, khona kanye emagcekeni ezigodlo ngaleso kakhulu Vasily Dmitrievich. Igama master owenza kubo, kuze kube phakade sihleli emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke leyo minyaka: "uhlelo chasnik - Prince ngokwayo, iwashi setha-Serb indela noLazaru."

umlando ezibiyele Clock

Igama elithi "Chime" lapho bekhuluma isiFulentshi ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi 'zamanje ". Sonke kusuka ebuntwaneni ezibiyele abadumile Chime, impi lapho sigubha Unyaka omusha, banomlando emangalisayo. Bangabaholi umbhoshongo iwashi, okuyinto, sibonga iqoqo izinsimbi ubukele ihlaba umkhosi othile Ihubo zomculo impi. Lokhu umbhoshongo iwashi Kushalazela Red Square futhi travel kwesango, okuyinto ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle wamavukelambuso, ezizibheka njengezingcwele.

Kuphela 1658 Spassky umbhoshongo lethiwa, ngaphambi lalibizwa Florovsky wayengomunye walabo kwemibhoshongo we ezibiyele 20, njengoba elakhiwa ngo 1491 umculi yayo Italian and umklami Antonio solari. Ngokusho kwamaphepha zomlando, iwashi phezu Spasskaya Tower isifakiwe ku XVI kumklami ekhulwini amakhosi lowo nyaka wathola inkokhelo ezinhle futhi agqokise ezine egcekeni sendwangu.

Iwashi ngokugcwele wathola e 1585. Iqiniso ukuthi yayikhona ngaphambi, futhi kubonisa obunye ubufakazi: kubonakala ngesikhathi amasango amathathu we ezibiyele umbhoshongo izakhiwo - Spassky (Florovsky), uZiqu-zintathu, Imfihlo - babhaliswa inkonzo 'Breviary. " Ekuqaleni XVII ekhulwini phezu ezibiyele kwemibhoshongo (ngaphandle Nikolskaya) babe ematendeni, futhi ngibonga kule umbhoshongo eziyishumi-Spasskaya baba zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha amamitha 60. Kumklami e 1614 baba Nikifor Nikitin, wayenomthwalo wokusingatha noma ukugcinwa kanye ukulungisa ngesikhathi esifanele indlela yokukhanda. Siyazi futhi ukuthi silwa iwashi, wangena labhidlika ngokuphelele, kwakuthiwe edayiswa 1624 Spassky Monastery Yaroslavl isisindo.

Christopher indlela Gollueya

Iwashi le-Spasskaya koMbhoshongo eMoscow ezibiyele ngesikhathi kwakungamadodana bakudala kakhulu, ngaphezu, abhekana kakhulu kusuka imililo njalo, bese eMoscow, wamema abadumile kumklami IsiZulu Christopher Gollueya. Wamsiza Russian ngensimbi - Zhdanov, nendodana yakhe nomzukulu Alex Shumila. Ngo 1626, iwashi phezu Spasskaya Tower eshile lakhiwe kabusha Galloway.

umculi Russian Bazhenov Ogurtsov e 1636 qamba them inkundla bobukhosi, elaba liwumhlobiso wawo wonke Ensemble yezakhiwo Kremlin. Amahora asetshenziwe ku kukhiqizwe Vologda abalimi - Ubaba nendodana Virachevy futhi liqondise inqubo Galloway. Ukuze "perechasya" caster Kirillom Samoylovym 13 izinsimbi kwaphonswa.

Ngaleso sikhathi, iholo master English kwaba ruble 64 ngonyaka. Old iwashi indlela lathengiswa ruble angu-48. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi watchmakers eMoscow wajabulela ngenhlonipho enkulu amalungelo, base zikhokhelwa imali enkulu, lwaziswa ngokukhethekile yilabo abaye balandela iwashi umbhoshongo. Ukuze abasebenzi, selidaliwe ngisho isitatimende ekhethekile okuyizilimi elalibhalwe ngazo ukuthi Spasskaya Tower kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba aphuze, ukudlala amakhadi, ukuthengisa ugwayi, iwayini nokunye. D.

incazelo amahora

Ngokusho ababephila sikhathi, kwaba iwashi idolobha elihle ezensimbi. Ngenxa yobuhle balo nokuhlala idivayisi base ezidumile emhlabeni wonke, futhi izwi labo yizicukuthwane lezwakala ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 amamayela. I-dial ukuthi ngesineke okwesibhakabhaka. Ingxenye esemqoka kanye central kwebanga yaqhubeka umile, kuyilapho Ohlangothini olungaphandle e ububanzi 1 imitha, liphenduka. Iwashi babe Slavic incwadi zamagama isisindo kwaba amahora 3, 400 kg.

Ezibiyele Clock sasibalwa emini nasebusuku wabonisa izinombolo Slavic kanye namagama (ithusi camera ngegolide), futhi idlala umculo. Kunalokho imicibisholo kwaba ilanga ugongolo eside exhunywe engxenyeni engenhla Ukudayela main ezinkulu. I disk waba yizinqamu 17 alinganayo, okwakumele ngama esiphezulu usuku ehlobo. Mid disk laligcwele koqweqwe lwawo okwesibhakabhaka, futhi kuso ayahlakazeka isiliva negolide izinkanyezi ilanga nenyanga izithombe. Dials (ngenhloso ububanzi 5 m) ineminyaka emibili. Omunye elibheke ezibiyele, omunye waya China Town.

Peter mina

Ngu ekupheleni iwashi XVII ekhulwini phezu ezibiyele sika Spassky Tower senziwa kanye Christopher Gollueem yaphela indaba yalo ngokuphelele, bese ngo 1704 kusuka Holland on Sea, uPetru mina kuletha entsha. Balethwa kusukela Arkhangelsk ukuba amathathu ezinqoleni, e-Treasury ngalolu daba kwabelwe ezingaphezu kuka 42.000 Efimkov (esiliva uhlamvu lwemali Western Europe). Lonke izwe kulesi sikhathi ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso sigaba countdown olulodwa nsuku zonke. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, iwashi elikhulu nge Ukudayela yamahora angu-12 sifakwe Spasskaya Tower. Kwathatha Ekim Garnov kanye ngokoqobo Abambalwa abaye kuyalungiswa futhi wasungula indlela izinsuku ezingu-20.

CAP master

Nokho, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, futhi lezi amawashi agugile, futhi ngemva lomlilo omkhulu 1737, futhi bonke eziye zonakaliswa. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi inhlokodolobha kwaba kakade Petersburg, futhi ngoba ukulungiswa ayengeyona ezisheshayo.

Lapho esihlalweni sobukhosi uCatherine II, waba nesithakazelo kule ezibiyele Chime. Kamuva Berlin kumklami Fatts (CAP) uzosusa iwashi Chime isiNgisi kakhulu, etholakala Palace of Izici. Phakathi neminyaka emithathu, ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, bayoba ukufaka Ivan Polyansky - master isiRashiya, umsebenzi liyophelela 1770. Njengoba inkosi main uphumile phesheya, kuyobe phezu ezibiyele kwakuzwakala ingoma O du lieber Augustin ( «Oh du lieber Augustin"). Lokhu kunjalo kuphela umlando iwashi, lapho kudlalwa ingoma angaphandle.

izikhathi Napoleon

Lapho bexoshwa eMoscow, amabutho sikaNapoleon, phezu ezibiyele sika Spassky Tower iwashi kwavele ahlolwe kahle emzimbeni, futhi wathola ukuthi iwashi zabo indlela akusebenzi. Khona umninindlu Yakov Lebedev ngo-February, ngenyanga ka-1813 wanikela ukukulungisa imali yabo. Wayephathiswe kunjalo, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kwadingeka ngisayine ukuthi akakhulumi ukuhoxisa ngokugcwele mshini wezenzo. Futhi eminyakeni engu-2 kamuva izimpondo zewashi egijima futhi, Lebedev waklonyeliswa isihloko wenkosi kumklami Spassky amahora.

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka embalwa, omunye umzamo senziwa ukuhlanza mshini, ngaphandle kokuma ngentuthuko Chime, kodwa elokhu ehluleka. Khona-ke ukuze kulungiswe kwakuqashwa inkampani Butenop abazalwane. Ngo-1850 i-washi adiliza indlela ngokudayisa, izingxenye agugile esikhundleni. Ngalesi sikhathi, waphonswa embhedeni entsha, isisindo sakhe kwaba amathani 25. Phakathi ukukhishwa lo msebenzi inkampani wathola imali nenani ruble 12 000. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-March 1852, wonke umsebenzi zaphela, futhi okokuqala Chime phezu kombhoshongo waqala akhiphe imiculo "Preobrazhensky Mashi" futhi "Mnandi INkosi yethu."

Kubuyekeziwe amahora wasebenza iminyaka engu-25, futhi ngo-ruble 1878 300 ukulungisa kubo wathatha Master W. Freimuth owaba kumklami elilandelayo ezibiyele imibhoshongo. Ekuqaleni, kwakudingekile ukuba Chime kudlalwa Kumholi wokuhlabelela "Nkulunkulu Londoloza Tsar!" Kodwa uMbusi uNicholas mina akuvumelekile ukuba benze kanjalo, abafisa umsindo yimuphi umculo, ngaphandle eculweni. Ngo-1913 nje kokubuyisela full-scale kwenziwa ngenxa esenzeka ngalo Romanov lwamakhosi. Inkampani Butenop abafowethu baqhubeka bekhonza mshini.

revolution

Yafika izikhathi ezinzima we Okthoba Revolution, futhi ngo-1917 impi ngokuqondile hit ebusweni zonakala iwashi edume. Ehlobo lango-1918, lapho eMoscow yaba inhloko-dolobha aphinde, V. I. Lenin wayala uhulumeni ukuth ukulungisa Chime.

Masters wabheka isikhathi eside, wonke umuntu wayesaba ukuthatha umsebenzi. Famous iwashi brand (inkampani Khulula futhi Roginskii) bacela izizumbulu, ngaleso sikhathi ayikwazanga ukwaba mbuso kubalwa. Bese ukulungisa kubo wathatha ezibiyele umakhenikha N. I. Berens. Wayazi ngokuqondene nendlela lo mshini eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba uyise kanye wayesebenzela inkampani ngaphambi kokukhonza Chime. Futhi siza kuye kule ndaba bavumelana Cheremnyh umculi JM, kunguye isikolo efanayo umculo "Wena wawa yisisulu" futhi "International" ngesicelo umholi yesigaba sabasebenzi.

Bese nge ebizayo pendulum entsha amamitha mayelana nengxenye ubude sidalwe walinganisa 32 kg. Imisebenzi sokubuyiselwa zaphela ngo-September 1918. Khona-ke Muscovites okokuqala wezwa beat iwashi phezu Spasskaya Tower. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngo-1932, i-Chime futhi zidinga ukulungisa. Masters ekhiqizwa nobuso obudala (ikhophi esiqondile eyodwa ubudala) kanye kabusha eyayibhalwe abarimi, izinombolo nemicibisholo kuso walihamba 28 khilogremu igolide.

Stalin

Ngesiqondiso uStalin wazama ukulungisa nemini ukuze ingoma has a entsha liculo Soviet Aleksandrova ubuqambi, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngo-1991, waphinde wafuna kufezwe lo msebenzi, kodwa kwacaca ukuthi, lokhu kwakunganele izinsimbi ezintathu. Ngo-1996, ngemva kweminyaka engu-58 tischiny, ezibiyele Chime Ihubo kudlalwa lapho kunikezelwa uMongameli Russian B. N. Eltsina ( "Patriotic Iculo" futhi "Inkazimulo" M. I. Glinki).

Ukubuyiselwa zokugcina senzeka ngo-1999, wahlala izinyanga eziyisithupha. Imicibisholo eyayibhalwe futhi, ukubuyisela ukubukeka yonke futhi esikhundleni "Patriotic Iculo" iwashi ekugcineni wamshaya lokho bahlabelela iculo lesizwe we Russian Federation.

Ezibiyele Clock: isithombe kanye Ubukhulu

Amahora hlala izibuya okhethekile Spassky Tower: kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya 10. indlela yabo eyinhloko itholakala ku igumbi ekhethekile phansi 9th. actuated izinsimbi ezintathu isisindo kusuka mayelana 160 kuya 224 kg wayo. Musical indlela siqukethe iqoqo izinsimbi (bonke setha esekelwe ibanga elithile) futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-software isilinda kabani ubukhulu ifinyelela amamitha amabili, ke uzungeza kanye isisindo giant enesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu angu-200.

Emqulwini izikhonkwane actuated insimbi, ngalinye linesisindo 500 kg. Izinsimbi ubeke eceleni seshumi. By endleleni, omunye wabo ethi ukuthi kwakungasizi Klavdiy Fremi e-Amsterdam ehlobo lika-1628.

Kunzima ukukucabanga usayizi wonke zedivayisi, kuyinto kuphela Ukudayela has a ububanzi of 6.12 m. Khona-ke, kuyinto ubude izandla umzuzu we iwashi phezu Spasskaya Tower? Futhi ziyini izilinganiso ihora? Ake ucabange. Ngokusekelwe yokuthi ukubaluleka iyiphi yalezi izakhi kumele singeqi nengxenye ububanzi we Ukudayela, omunye ungacabanga ukuthi nemicibisholo enkulu kuyoba cishe kumamitha angu-3. A amancane, ngokulandelana, uyoba kancane kancane. Manje ake sibheke idatha esemthethweni. Ngakho, lolu thi ku umbhoshongo iwashi Spassky ubude kuyinto 3.27 m, ihora kuya cm engaphansi kuka-30 -. 2.97 m iwashi ifektri kabili ngosuku. Nokunyuka isisindo motor, shaft ngamunye ikhula ngesisindo yensimbi ingots nesisindo 200 kg, isisindo babo yanda ubusika.

Ukuqapha kanye nokugcinwa

Nsuku zonke, lo mshini iwashi is phansi izivivinyo zokuvimbela futhi kanye ngenyanga - ku imininingwane. Iwashi phezu Spasskaya duty kumklami kufakazelwa elinesisindo futhi ilawulwa amadivayisi ezikhethekile. Lonke indlela nivame kabili ngesonto, ihlobo nobusika ukusetshenziswa mnandi.

I indlela leli washi ezibiyele phezu Spasskaya Tower isebenza kahle cishe esikhathini esingangeminyaka eyikhulu nengxenye. Ohlangothini yensimbi wanquma ukuba azilobe ukuthi iwashi iguqulwe abazalwane Butenop eMoscow ngo 1851. Emini futhi phakathi kobusuku bayishaya liculo lesive isiRashiya, futhi phakathi - "Inkazimulo".

isiphetho

Abaningi banesithakazelo mbuzo: "Yimuphi umbhoshongo, ngaphezu uMsindisi, baye iwashi?" Esikhathini eMoscow ezibiyele kodwa Chime, futhi usethe liwashi lasesiteshini Grand ezibiyele Palace, uZiqu-zintathu, Borovitskaya imibhoshongo.

Chime Legendary futhi namanje ngiyolinganisa umlando ezweni elikhulu, ziye zaba uphawu ezinkulu Russian esikhulu nesinamandla.