Front Sasentshonalanga kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala: lokulwa

Nokho lingasuswa Kusolwa ngokuqiniseka ngaphambi kwempi ukuthi Western Front uyakususa eziningi izimpilo. Lapha, sisuke ngokuthinta impucuko ezimbili ezinkulu - French nesiJalimane. Ngo-1871, Bismarck ayithatha Napoleon III, Alsace kanye Lorraine. Isizukulwane esisha omakhelwane bemagange ukuba aziphindiselele ngokubulala.

ayehlasela German

Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo Schlieffen, amabutho aseJalimane kwakufanele ashaye buhlungu okusheshayo imbangi yakhe eyinhloko esifundeni - France. Ukuze iholele elula Paris, uhlela ukuba ziyombamba eBelgium Luxembourg. I ubukhulu ezincane kwakuhlezi Aug 2, 1914. Kwakuwusuku unhlangothi lokuqala lwenziwe kuso. phambi Western ivulekile. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, Belgium lalihlaselwa abala uvumele amasosha umqali ngokusebenzisa insimu yalo.

Le mpi ayisihluthulelo ezinsukwini zokuqala empini kubhekwa ukuvinjezelwa inqaba Liege. Wayengumngane Iphuzu eliyinhloko Ukunqamula emfuleni amasi. Ukusebenza lempi ezenzeka kusukela ngo-August 5 kuya 16. Abavikeli (36.000 angamarizevu) kakade unazo walo nhlobo izinqaba 12 nezibhamu 400. Maaskaya abahlaseli sebutho cishe 2 izikhathi ephakeme (cishe izinkulungwane 60 amasosha nezikhulu).

Lo muzi kubhekwa i inqaba ungenakunqotshwa, kodwa wawela ngokushesha nje amaJalimane wakhulela lokuvimbezela wezikhali (12 Agasti). Ngemva kokuwa Liège, August 20 enhloko-dolobha yaleli zwe - Brussels, futhi ngo-August 23 - Namur. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibutho French wazama ukuba bahlasele futhi sithole isizinda kuleli Alsace kanye Lorraine. Umphumela ukuvinjezelwa kwaba ukuqaliswa ukuqala ngokushesha amabutho aseJalimane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngemva lokulwa Agasti, kwaba sobala ukuthi ekuqiniseni uhlelo uhlobo oludala akakwazi ukulawula amabutho ahlome izikhali ezintsha - XX leminyaka.

Belgium Little ngokushesha uyasala, kanye izimpi bayiswa Ngokuvumelana France yaseNdiya, lapho yahlala eWestern Front. 1914 - liphinde uchungechunge izimpi ekupheleni Agasti (operation Ardennes, Battle of Charleroi futhi Mons). Inombolo ephelele amasosha nhlangothi zombili kudlulwe 2 million. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi French Army 5th wasiza ukwahlukana eziningana amabutho laseBrithani Septhemba 5 Kaiser bafika eMfuleni Marne.

Battle of the Marne

Ngokuqinisekile amacebo Berlin Command ngiseParis esikuyo. Lokhu umgomo kwakubonakala ukuyifinyelela, ngoba amayunithi ngabanye base bekhona kakade ibanga kwamakhilomitha angu-40 enhloko-dolobha French ekuqaleni kuka-September. On the Front Western ngo-1914 yabonakala ziqhubekele impumelelo elingagunyaziwe we Kaiser futhi Jikelele Abasebenzi yakhe.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi amabutho Entente waya esiphikisayo kuhlasela. Impi bandlale phezu endaweni enkulu. Esikhathini esasibucayi ukusiza French efika Moroccan Division. Kwafika amasosha, hhayi kuphela kwi-ojantshi, kodwa ngisho ngosizo itekisi. Kwakuwusuku ngqa emlandweni lapho impi njengoba bezithuthi elisetshenziswa inqwaba. Ukuxhumana kwe-ibutho laseJalimane ngelulwa yonkana Belgium kanye umthamo wemvula e Manpower kumisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okufanayo 5th French Army wafohla izivikelo isitha waya ngaphambili langemuva, lapho amasosha amaningi aseJalimane waphonsa e yaseMpumalanga Prussia, lapho Russia wavula North-Western Front. Ukubona lesi simo, Jikelele Alexander von Kluck ngaphambilini ashona.

Amasosha we Triple Alliance wathola negalelo elinamandla ngokwengqondo. Kwabahlali kwabasebenzi kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi lesi siboshwa wathatha amasosha ingalali. Nokho, eFrance naseNgilandi asikwazanga ukusizakala ukunqoba kwakhe. Ukushushiswa kwaba evilaphayo kanye kancane. OMfelandawonye yehlulekile Zinqume izitha ebalekayo zigcwalise lezo zikhala ngesikhathi bezama ukuzivikela.

Ngo-October, ekulweni asebenzayo uyiswa enyakatho, eduze nogu. Elihamba nhlangothi zombili wazama ukundlula flank wesitha. Impumelelo bekulokhu variable, kuze kube sekupheleni konyaka akekho owakwazi uyogalela juqu. Ngobusuku obandulela uKhisimusi, uqhekeko unofficially wavuma sekubekwe. Esimweni ngasinye uthola igama "kuthula Christmas".

emseleni impi

Ngemva izenzakalo Marne Front Sasentshonalanga kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala esashintsha isimo salo le ngxabano. Manje nabaphikisi igxilile ezikhundleni zawo, futhi impi banda baba positional kulo 1915. Blitzkrieg cebo wayeke achamusela Berlin kuhlulekile.

imizamo okungatheni kweenqhema phambili waphenduka inhlekelele. Ngakho, ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo eChampagne oMfelandawonye elahlekile abantu engengaphansi kwengu-50 eziyinkulungwane, ukukhula uhhafu kuphela ikhilomitha. Ngokusho efanayo simo Battle of Neuve Chapelle isigodi, baseBrithani baye balahlekelwa amasosha angaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane, ukukhula amakhilomitha 2 kuphela. Front Sasentshonalanga kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala selande laze laba kunazo zonke emlandweni we-grinder inyama.

Ungase kanye qhubeka amaJalimane. Ngo April nango-May kwakukhona impi Ypres, okuyinto eyaba kabuhlungu ezidumile sibonga ukusetshenziswa nesisi esinobuthi. Lengakalungiselelwa salokhu zishintshile elihamba kushabalele, ukulahlekelwa ezinkulungwane. Ngemva Esigamekweni sokuqala enkundleni yempi ngokushesha balethwa buso, okuyinto baye basiza ukusinda ukuphinda kusetshenziswe isikhali igesi ye ibutho lamaJalimane. ukulahlekelwa Ubude at Ypres Entente babe abantu abayizinkulungwane 70 (eMbusweni German - isigamu). impumelelo okuhlaselayo bekulokhu kulinganiselwe naphezu abalimala mass, emgqeni sokuzivikela akaze aphule.

Ukulwa waqhubeka Western Front Artois. Lapha, i-oMfelandawonye wazama ukuthuthukisa kuhlasela kabili - entwasahlobo and ekwindla. Bobabili imisebenzi zehlulekile, hhayi okungenani ngokusebenzisa izibhamu kwamaNazi.

Battle of Verdun

entwasahlobo ezayo 1916 eNtshonalanga Uphambi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwamhlangabeza emikhulu ezempi endaweni kwedolobha Verdun. Ngokungafani imisebenzi odlule, isici plan olandelayo kuhlasela ojenene German ibalwa icebo emincane ezweni. Ngalesi sikhathi - emva uchungechunge izimpi olunegazi - ibutho laseJalimane nje azange abe imithombo eyanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe bazihambisa ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu, njengoba kwakunjalo, isibonelo, kwi Marne ngo-1914.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela ukuhlaselwa kwaqala amabhomu owabhubhisa leli izikhundla ezinezivikelo eziqinile yezihloko Third Republic. Ngemva esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa wabhubhisa uthango elihamba matasa kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu izikhali ezintsha like flamethrowers yasetshenziswa. Nge kokuqala yabalingisi kwezinhloko zamaviyo Triple Alliance yazuza isinyathelo zamasu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Russia baqhubeka behlukumeza Northwest yabo Front. okuhlaselayo Lake naroch waqala ngesikhathi ibambene Verdun izenzakalo. Ibutho Russian wenza feint endaweni yesimanje Minsk esifundeni, ngemva kwalokho umyalo kwamaNazi wanquma ukudlulisela ingxenye amabutho ayo empumalanga, njengoba atholakala Berlin, kwaqala okuhlaselayo jikelele. Kwaba iphutha, ngoba igalelo zako ezisemqoka wamshaya Russia bebheke-Austria-Hungary (Brusilov okuhlambalazayo).

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa isibonelo yadalwa. nezimpi aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga kanyekanye isiphelile ibutho Kaiser sika. Ngo-October, ngemva eziningi ukwehluleka lendawo French wafika imigqa bagubha ngo-February kuya ekuqaleni okuhlaselayo isitha. Ayikho imiphumela amasu akazange afinyelele eJalimane. Inani ukulahlekelwa nhlangothi zombili Usufike abangaphezu kuka-600 eziyinkulungwane (zabulala abantu abangaba ngu ayizinkulungwane 300).

The Battle of the Somme

Ngo-July 1916, lapho Battle of Verdun yayiqhubeka, le oMfelandawonye waqala uxhumano yabo kuhlasela kwenye phambi. Ukusebenza kwi Somme kwaqala zenkulumo wezikhali, lapho lwenziwe ngesonto. Ngemva kokubhujiswa nalehleliwe ingqalasizinda isitha, ukuhamba kwayo ekuqaleni elihamba phansi.

Njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, ngo-1916 eNtshonalanga Front u onyakaziswa izimpi eside futhi eyayizothatha isikhathi eside. Nokho, izenzakalo Somme abangu zikhunjulwe emlandweni izici eziningana. Okokuqala, zaqale esetshenziswa lapho amathangi. Bakhandwa kusungulwe British kanye ezahlukene ukungapheleli lobuchwepheshe: ngawathanda laphinde labhidlika futhi babe eziphukile. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele umkhiqizo imbangela entsha sina umtselela losengcondvweni ku elihamba isitha. horror Active zihlakazeke lapho ifomu eyodwa nje art Outlandish. Le mpumelelo wanikeza umfutho sina ekuthuthukiseni ethangini. Okwesibili, inzuzo yabo iye yaqinisekisa inhlolovo zasemoyeni, okuyinto lwenziwe ukuze survey izikhundla isitha.

Ukulwa kwakwenzekani futhi ngikhandlekile wathatha imvelo eside. Ngo-September, kwaba sobala ukuthi amabutho fresh eJalimane ahlale. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinsukwini zokuqala autumn oMfelandawonye isihambile ezijulile izikhundla isitha ngesikhathi amashumi amaningana amakhilomitha. Septhemba 25, babehilelekile ukuphakama, waba ukubaluleka yamasu esifundeni.

Western phambi neMpi Yezwe sophe izingxenye German okuyinto baye balwa nabo eziningana wedwa. Balahlekelwa izikhundla ezibalulekile futhi uvikelwe. Somme futhi Verdun kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi oMfelandawonye athumba sethubeni elihle, manje useyakwazi sigcizelele impi Kaiser futhi udondolo lwakhe.

umugqa Hindenburg

Imicimbi Vector ishintshile - emuva waligingqa Front Western. Umhlaba ongene esigabeni esisha. Ibutho imperial likhishwa ngokuba Hindenburg umugqa. Kwakuyisikhathi simiso izinqaba ngokwezinga elikhulu. Waqala ukwakha ngisho phakathi nezenzakalo Somme ngokuhambisana imiyalelo Paul von Hindenburg, behlonipha okwakungeyakhe okuthiwa. Field Marshal wayiswa France enkundleni yemidlalo Eastern zemisebenzi, lapho ngempumelelo zalwa eMbusweni Russian. izixazululo zayo ukusekela ezinye sibalo lempi - Erich Ludendorff, ezasekela yamaNazi kuphakamisa ikhanda layo esikhathini esizayo.

Line esakhiwe kuyo yonke 1916-1917 ebusika. It lahlukaniswa laba imigqa 5, Uthole amagama abalingiswa nendumezulu German. Western phambi neMpi Yezwe 1 ngokuvamile zikhunjulwe amakhilomitha emiseleni ayecashe kuyo futhi ngocingo oluhlabayo. Ibutho ekugcineni wathuthela e ngo-February 1917. I baleka ubephelezelwa ukubhujiswa emadolobheni, imigwaqo kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda (umhlaba elihangukile).

Nivelle okuhlaselayo

I wokuqala nomkhulu kunabo bonke khumbula kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala? Western Front - iwuphawu meaninglessness zezisulu womuntu. "Slice kanye dice Nivelle" waba omunye kwezinhlekelele ezinkulu emlandweni lengxabano.

Ngo ukusebenza ku ohlangothini Entente yahanjelwa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4, kuyilapho iJalimane kwadingeka 2.7 million kuphela. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi wekhasi kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama-Jalimane nokujikijela wathumba isosha French ababenolwazi naye uhlelo wokusebenza ngokubhala. Ngakho, yaba uyazi kokuhlasela esizohlasela diversionary, ukulungiselela eBrithani. Ngenxa yalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwehliselwe zero.

okuhlaselayo Ngokusobala yizinkulumo, kanye oMfelandawonye asikwazanga ifohle izivikelo wesitha. Ukulahlekelwa nhlangothi zombili kudlulwe kwengxenye yesigidi. Ngemva ukwehluleka eFrance waqala iziteleka nokunganeliseki phakathi kwabantu.

Libuye Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kulokhu kuhlasela elidumile iqhaza ibutho Russian. Russian Expeditionary Force kwamiswa ngokukhethekile sokuba lezi zimpahla ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana. Ngemva ukulahlekelwa abaningi ngo-Ephreli-May 1917-ke yahlakazeka nasemasosheni aseleko ngathunyelwa ekamu eduze Limoges. Ekwindla ka amasosha kumi izwe wavukela, futhi ngemva Okthoba Revolution kwagqashuka umuntu ibuyele empini, abanye babelungisa ukudla izitshalo at the ezingemuva, kanti eyesithathu waya Algeria futhi aseBalkan. Esikhathini esizayo, izikhulu eziningi ziye ebuyela ezweni lawo futhi wafa kulwiwa.

Pashendeyl futhi Cambrai

Summer 1917 kwaphawulwa Okwesithathu Battle of Ypres, okuyinto yaziwa ngebizo edolobhaneni Pashendeyl. Ngalesi sikhathi, umyalo waseBrithani wanquma ukunciphisa zephule Western Front. Umhlaba ophoqelelwe kokukhumbula amakoloni eziningi izinsiza Empire. Kulapha alwa eziningi zaseCanada, e-Australia, eNew Zealand kanye naseNingizimu Afrika. Expeditionary Force wathola ukulahlekelwa kuqala mass ngenxa ukusetshenziswa nesitha esisha isikhali igesi. Kwakuyisikhathi igesi lwesinaphi noma lwesinaphi, eyashayisa izitho zokuphefumula, amaseli babhujiswa, siyabhubha umzimba carbohydrate emzimbeni. Ward of Field Marshal Douglas Haig wafa ngezinkulungwane.

Umthelela nemibandela zemvelo. emaxhaphozini Local bangcwatshwa ngaphansi kwemvula enamandla, futhi kwadingeka ukuba udabule udaka obukhulu. AmaNgisi elahlekile ingqikithi abantu abayizinkulungwane 500 wabulala futhi elimele. Inqubekela kwakunokwenzeka kuphela amakhilomitha ambalwa. Akekho owayazi ukuthi ukuphela kuyofika nini 1 Umhlaba. Western Front baqhubeka ukumvuthela.

Esinye isinyathelo esibalulekile eBritish - okuhlaselayo at Cambrai (November-December 1917), lapho kuze kube manje engakaze ibonwe impumelelo amathangi yasetshenziswa. Bakwazi ukuthola ngokusebenzisa umugqa Hindenburg. Nokho, ohlangothini reverse inhlanhla ukuthi emuva elihamba futhi yalokho njengoba, elula ukuxhumana. Isitha bakusebenzisa lokhu, ukuba balwe abanekhono futhi iveze British ezikhundleni zabo zokuqala.

Ukuqedelwa yomkhankaso

Njengoba ngo-1914, Front aseNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba izinyanga lokugcina impi cishe akuzange kushintshe isikhundla salo. Isimo yaqhubeka iba ngcono kuphela kuze kube ngomzuzu lapho amandla amaBolshevik yasungulwa ngo-Russia, uLenin banquma ukuyeka "impi lingabacindezeli". Nokho, emhlabeni lihlehliselwe izikhathi eziningana ngenxa Simoni lokho kunikezwa, eliholwa Trotsky, ngemva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo esilandelayo amaJalimane inkontileka namanje sasayinwa ngoMashi 3, 1918 e Brest. Ngemva kwalokho, kusukela empumalanga ezisheshayo ukwahlukana 44 bathunyelwa.

Futhi ngo-March 21 waqala lo okuthiwa spring okuhlaselayo, owawungumnyaka zokugcina azame yibutho uWilhelm II ukuphoqelela phakathi nempi. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi imisebenzi eminingana ukuthi ukuphoqa River Marne. Nokho, ngemva owela yakwazi ukuthuthela amakhilomitha 6 kuphela, bese ngo July, oMfelandawonye umkhankaso juqu esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo, ngokuthi usuku engamakhulu. Phakathi Amiens futhi Saint Miyelsky ziboya abangu zilandelana iqedwe phakathi Aug 8 Novemba 11. Ngo-September, yaqala nokujikijela jikelele sika evela eNorth Sea ukuze Verdun.

Ekuqaleni kwezomnotho kanye EJalimane, nenhlekelele zezenhlalakahle. amasosha Demoralized umaluju ngobuningi. Ukunqotshwa ukuthi zaba zimbi ngenxa yokuthi i-United States bajoyine oMfelandawonye. ukwehlukana American ababeqeqeshwe kahle futhi egcwele amandla, njengoba kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababengenayo i ngakolunye uhlangothi imisele, okuyinto iphuma emuva ngu-80 amakhilomitha. Ngo-November, owayelwa kakade eBelgium. Izinombolo 11 Berlin kwakukhona inguqula-mbuso, abhubhise amandla uWilliam. Uhulumeni omusha yasayina ukuxolelana. Impi wanqamuka.

Imiphumela

Ngokusemthethweni impi iphela kuphela Juni 28, 1919, lapho lesi sivumelwano olufanele esayinwe Palace SaseVersailles. Iziphathimandla Berlin baye bathembisa ukhokhe lokumiswa omkhulu, ukuze nginikela okweshumi kukho endaweni wezwe, demilitarization. Kwaphela iminyaka embalwa umnotho wezwe wangena shí nezinxushunxushu. Mark yehliswa.

Zingaki izimpilo wathatha kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala? Western Front saba yindawo eyinhloko izimpi kulo lonke iminyaka yezimpi. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukufa esinabantu abayizigidi eziningana, abaningi abalimele, contusion noma ngendlela yokusangana. Ukusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezintsha kwezikhali njengoba neze ukumehlisa ukuphila komuntu. Ubuchwepheshe obusha yazuza biko. Western Front, igalelo kuqala okwabe nje ukuba kubi njengalokho kuhlasela emva kweminyaka 4, wahlala non-ukuphulukiswa isibanda emlandweni-Europe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpi olunegazi senzeka kwezinye izifunda, babengenazo ukubaluleka ngemacebo. Kwaba emhlabathini wase-Belgian futhi French ibutho lamaJalimane babhekana ukulahlekelwa ezimbi kakhulu.

Lezi zenzakalo zazibonakala isiko: izincwadi Remarque, Junger, Aldington nabanye. Nasi ukhoporali abasha-Adolf Hitler. isizukulwane sakhe sasihlonishwa waba munyu umphumela badlale empini. Lokhu kwabangela ukwanda yokucwaswa chauvinistic ku Weimar Republic, amaNazi athatha izintambo futhi ukugqashuka kwempi yezwe yesibili.