Dagestan lasendulo. Umuzi Dagestan lasendulo

I-Republic of Dagestan - ke ingenye Russian Federation. Akhiwe engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-North eCaucasus, ihlanganisa indawo ayizinkulungwane 50,3 amakhilomitha square. Kusukela eningizimu Dagestan emikhulu okusezingeni eliphezulu ehlukanisiwe Azerbaijan neGeorgia. Empumalanga it is wageza ngu yoLwandle iCaspian. Engxenyeni esenyakatho weRiphabhulikhi kukhona expanses enkulukazi emaqeleni anesihlabathi.

Dagestan Lasendulo (bheka ngezansi isithombe) - ezweni sezintaba, ogama ubuhle ezihlatshelelwa abadwebi abaningi, babhali, bahlatiyi, izimbongi.

indlela yakhe engavamile ukuphila, namathafa amahle, kanye ngabaculi ngobumba, imigexo kanye neminye imikhiqizo abangela ukumangala futhi baziswa zonke owaqala bahlangana Republic.

Dagestan amumethe nomlando wayo. Kuze kube manje, insimu yalo ingaphezu anesibhozo samawaka izikhumbuzo zomlando namasiko ivikelwe isimo. Futhi wonke umuntu owake uvakashele le republic eningizimu kakhulu isiRashiya, wahlatshwa umxhwele ubuhle bayo nengcebo ngamasiko asendulo.

quaternary

Iqala indaba Dagestan kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Eyokuqala umuntu yokupaka ku insimu yalo ixazululwe emuva le Stone Age, ngenkathi Paleolithic. Lokhu kungenziwa wachaza izimo ezikahle ezindawo ukuthi kuhluke kule ndawo. Ngakho, ngo- inkathi eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni, izindawo ezinkulu ze-Asia neYurophu babe glaciations zabhekana. ECaucasus, kwakukhona amabili kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ice ikhava okuqinile awuzange waphawula lapha. Lokhu kwaba lula ngumoya efudumele futhi omile ukuthi bakwazi ukungena ku-Asia Ephakathi. E Dagestan glaciation kwaba kuphela lamagquma hlangothi nakuloluya ezindaweni sezintaba eziphakeme.

Isici esihle ekuphileni kwabantu kule mikhakha kwaba iqiniso lokuthi eziningi zalezi kwathiwa ehlanganiswa kwamahlathi. I izikhala khulula zezihlahla, babe nedlelo esihle kakhulu imiphakathi okhuluphele izilwane zasendle.

Paleolithic aphansi

Ngenxa indawo yayo evumayo, eCaucasus ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi kuhlaliswa kwebantfu eminingi yasendulo. Ngisho ngenkathi Acheulean, ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, futhi sase sihlala e Dagestan.

Izitekhi yomuntu nezakudala wathola abavubukuli emngceleni emikhandlwini emibili - Kaytagskogo futhi Derbent. Lapha, esiqeshini Chumus-Init, wathola ishq omkhulu, futhi wenza kubo amathuluzi bakudala (scrapers, amathuluzi ukugawulwa, nokunye. D.).

Abantu bazinza Dagestan lasendulo, wahlanganyela kanye nokunye ukuhlangana. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa base kwezinhlobo ezivamile, kanye izithelo izithelo ezikhula endle.

Amathuluzi ezibaluleke kakhulu esikhathini Acheulean ngesandla itshe ngembazo. Zazisetshenziswa womshini lokhuni ukuzingela ngezibhamu, kanye uhlinza izidumbu zezilwane esizingelwayo nokucubungula ukususa izikhumba zazo.

abantu Acheulean wahlala babehlangana ngamaqembu amancane, sakwazi ukusebenzisa umlilo. Wakhonza ngabo umthombo ukushisa, ukupheka izakhiwo kanye isikhali okwesabisa away uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi.

Ephakathi Palaeolithic

Ngemva kwenkathi Acheulean kwafika Mousterian. Ngo nenkathi yalo (ayizinkulungwane 100-30. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule) ukuze uqhubeke inqubo yokukhokha indoda lasekuqaleni. Futhi uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa naseDagestan. Ubufakazi lokhu kuyizinto zasendulo senkathi elikude, emelela izinsalela emakamu evulekile. Zitholakale endaweni Makhachkala, ezintabeni, emathafeni, futhi eduze kwale ntaba echibini Kezenoi ekuseni, esisogwini komngcele Chechnya-Ingushetia. Migede isikhathi Mousterian atholakala e Dagestan ivelakancane.

Phakathi nale nkathi, izinguquko eziphawulekayo inqubo itshe ukusebenza. Cannon therefrom steel oluqanjwe esebenzisa elongate ipuleti ummese-like. Futhi, kule nkathi sekuyinto wayekwenza kabanzi ukuzingela usebenzisa izibaya. Le ndlela bavunyelwe ukukhiqiza ukudla okwengeziwe.

Konke lezi zinguquko ezingenhla okuqhubekayo eziye zehlela umsebenzi ezimbonini zabantu bakudala, njengoba kubonakala kula senhlalo. Kukholakala ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi yaqala ukubonakala nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula matriarchal clan inhlangano.

engenhla Palaeolithic

Le nkathi ezayo kungagcini isikhathi kusuka 30 kuya kwezingu-15. Eminyakeni eminingi edlule. It libhekene ukuqhubeka bakudala uhlelo ngokuhlanganyela.

ezikhumbuzo Dagestan lasendulo okuqondene naso lesi sikhathi, atholakala yokupaka eduze nedolobhana Chokh endaweni Gunibsky. Ngo izingqimba amasiko alo athole izinsalela umlilo, izigaxa ocher, amathambo isilwane, nokuningi. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho ezitholakala lapho kupakwa Silicon izikebhe. Lokhu kwaziswa ayengasetshenziselwa kuphela amagobolondo, kodwa futhi ekukhiqizeni kwabo.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, ososayensi baye baphetha ngokuthi abantu ekuseni ahlala Dagestan Elingenhla Paleolithic, ezingelwa mammoth. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa lezi zilwane zazitholakala esetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi ngezindlela eziqhubekayo Corral. Futhi ngenkathi ecacisiwe abantu bakudala baqala ukwenza izinto ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona yokugcina ukwakha clan matriarchal uhlelo, waqinisa ukuhlobana imiphakathi ngabanye.

Ngemva kokuphela Upper Paleolithic inkathi uze ukufudumala jikelele. Inkathi Mesolithic. Ngokwezazi zemivubukulo, entabeni Daghestan ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola inabantu abaningi. Phakathi izici amasiko alo imakwe Isifaniso nge izikhumbuzo ngesikhathi esisodwa North eCaucasus and Transcaucasia, okufakazela ukufana izindlela abantu abahlala kulezi zindawo.

Lethusi yobudala

Ngemva Upper Paleolithic umlando Dagestan lasendulo liye langena enkathini entsha, esehlanganise inkathi esukela ekupheleni kwenyanga yesine kuze kube sekupheleni enkulungwaneni yesibili yeminyaka BC. Yafika emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age. Waletha eziningi izimpumelelo isiko kanye ukukhiqizwa, kanye isakhiwo yomphakathi lasekuqaleni.

Phakathi nale nkathi, isiqongo salo sifinyelela yokusansimbi zethusi ngethusi. Lezi izinto abantu baqala ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene, okuyinto kudlale indima enkulu ezimpilweni zabo. Emaphaketheni zokukhiqiza Metallurgical kwadingeka naseDagestan. zwe lasendulo yayinezinto ore izinqolobane.

Esikhathini ithusi-copper ekhulwini sekukhona indawo futhi uye waklama igeja lokulima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baqala ukuzalela izinkomo. Isibalo zezilwane anda ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Ukuvela nemfuyo kanye nezolimo - kuba isenzakalo esibaluleke kunazo zonke sethusi ekhulwini nethusi, okuyinto wazibonela Dagestan. zwe lasendulo kuye iyisikhungo izinqubo asebenzayo lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha emnothweni. On insimu yalo labantu elikhula ngokushesha waqala ukuhlola mazwe amasha.

Phakathi nale nkathi, amasiko alo kugqugquzelwe ukuba athuthukiswe, impahla. Ukuba Dagestan lasendulo nemizana lapho ukwakha imipheme yasetshenziswa ezinye izingxenye ukwakhiwa ubunjiniyela kanye izakhiwo. Ezinye zalezi nemizana zikaThimothewu kwakungezomoya yesikhashana noma ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.

Ekuqaleni iCopper Ubudala umnikelo ngethusi enkulu isiko ukulima alethwe Dagestan. umhlaba basendulo bale nkathi safinyelela kwaba nempumelelo enkulu, ethola izinhlobonhlobo eziningi kakolweni onzima ezithambile, cishe amahlanu izinhlobonhlobo ibhali, kanye izinhlobo eziningi yamagilebhisi, ibhilikotsi, izithelo pome kanye nezinye izitshalo.

Kutfutfukiswa zobudlelwano nomphakathi

Esikhathini Bronze Age ngokuyinhloko anda indima exchange phakathi kwezizwe zakwa. Lokhu kwabangelwa nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, kwaholela kuqiniswa kwezibopho phakathi abahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene Dagestan.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhula zamabutho elikhiqizayo iye yashubisa impahla kwamangqamuzana futhi ngakhula umzabalazo phakathi kwezizwe ifuna amadlelo kanye umhlabathi olimekayo, kanye metal imali.

Futhi, umlando wasendulo wokukhulekela izindawo Dagestan ku Bronze Age kwaba yinkathi lapho waqala ukwakha umphakathi ethnocultural. Kamuva baba njengoba isisekelo, lapho kwakukhona kumiswa bezizwe nabanezizinda izizwe.

Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa izinkomo zizalela, yokusansimbi futhi alime ezolimo, okuyinto esetshenziswa lomtshikatshika amadoda, kwakukhona esikhundleni matriarchal-wezinzalamizi ubudlelwane zamaKhosi. Ziyakwazi okungaguquguquki nemibandela entsha zokukhiqiza nomphakathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ekuqaleni zemali ingcebo ezandleni imikhaya. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla ngendlela efanayo.

Ekupheleni emuva ngeNkathi Yethusi Age waqala ukuvela ukukhiqizwa yensimbi. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kuye kwaholela izinguquko Yokuvukela isiko, umnotho, kanye ezingqondweni zabantu. Umphumela waba ukwakheka okubizwa ngokuthi intando yeningi lempi, ngemva kwalokho isimo uvele.

zaseCaucasia Albania

Esigabeni esilandelayo emlandweni Dagestan kwavela phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. Phakathi nale nkathi, phezu ezindaweni esempumalanga eCaucasus laqala ukuhlanganisa sezizwe zakwa ayehlala khona, ukuqedela ukudalwa ekuqaleni emshadweni wabo, bese - ekuseni isimo senceku - Caucasian Albania. Lawa kwakungamadodana emazweni elikhulu elele phakathi Kura River, yoLwandle iCaspian kanye Alazan, ezazihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu Dagestan samanje.

Ngenxa sezulu yayo Caucasian Albania kwaba yindawo enhle yokuba abantu baphile. Izwe lakhe kahle eniselwayo futhi ezahlukene okuzala.

izizwe Albanian

Iningi isimo sekuvele kwakuhlezi ezintabeni. Ziyakwazi izizwe empini wahlala. Beyigcinwa ngaphansi kweso maqembu yayo njalo, esisogwini Main Caucasian Ridge.

Izizwe eziningi kakhulu ayehlala Albania Albania babe UTII bangazihluphi insimu esogwini yoLwandle iCaspian. ukubaluleka Greater esimweni nabo bebekhona Leahy futhi Gela, futhi Didur gargareytsy, andaki futhi Silva et al.
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lezi zizwe kwakwaziwa yoLwandle iCaspian kanye Mickey. Ngakho, Albania possessed ukwehluka yobuhlanga. On insimu yalo wahlala izizwe ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha ezahlukene. Lesi sithombe esondelene kakhulu ethnography, okuyinto etholakala Dagestan yesimanje.

Ezindaweni sezintaba lizwe, kanye phezu yogu yoLwandle iCaspian wahlala izizwe zakwa-Albania. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu isizwe kakhulu zasendulo Daghestan - okhokho Republic yanamuhla abantu entabeni.

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wase-Albania

The main kumkhakha wetemnotfo isimo lasendulo yayingesinye ezolimo. Futhi ukweleta ukuthuthukiswa yayo hhayi kuphela emathafeni, kodwa futhi ezintabeni. Ukuze ekwelapheni Albania Inhlabathi esetshenziswa igeja lokhuni, okuyinto by design yayo wayefana yesimanje dagestantskomu "purutsu".

Enye wemboni kubalulekile base-Albania kwaba izinkomo. Lokhu lula olubanzi emadlelweni asezintabeni nezimfunda yasehlanzeni. Futhi ensimini ka-Albania lithole eside ukuthuthukiswa wezandla ibhizinisi. Okuphambili umkhakha ingilazi kukhiqizwa futhi isinglass, waziphatha kucutshungulwa amatshe lulwimi eziyigugu, nabanye abaningi.

Ngalesi sikhathi esingokomlando ngo-Albania yayina kakhulu metal. Ochwepheshe base baqala ukusebenzisa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto akavunyelwe ukwenza imimese yimikhonto, imicibisholo trehperye, abukhali abakhwele amahhashi izinkemba kanye ahlukahlukene emsebenzini. Ngenxa lo mkhakha isicelo metal ezinwetshiwe. A lunye ethile ebonwe ibhizinisi ubucwebe.

umuzi wasendulo

Ensimini ka isimo Albanian waqala kuphakama ezindaweni eziningi zokuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Abaningi edolobheni lasendulo Dagestan (ingqikithi 29 ukhuluma) kutholakele phakathi abavubukuli phezu yeRiphabliki yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni enkulu, lapho esithakazelisa amanxiwa wemizi yasendulo - Piedmont ngasolwandle Dagestan.

Idolobha eliyinhloko yase Albania kubhekwe Kabalaka. Wayengumuntu ensimini ka wesimanje enyakatho-Azerbaijan. Umuzi Dagestan lasendulo - ke Geldiev, Alban futhi Thelene. Basuke etholakala ephakathi kwemifula Pike futhi Samur. Lona yeRiphabliki yesimanje of Dagestan. Lo muzi wasendulo itholakala asemaqaqasini Albania - Niga. On la mazwe wema Bakr Daglana futhi Tagode.

Umuzi omdala e Dagestan, okuyinto okuye kwaziwa ngokuthi ngenxa yokucwaninga bemivubukulo - Urtseki. Phakathi khona isimo Albanian, wayenobuhlobo uhlelo oluhambisana isitayela lasendulo. Kumele ukuthi ilungiselelo elinjalo enezinto eziningi nemizana kwalesi sikhathi endaweni weRiphabhulikhi Dagestan. Lo muzi wasendulo Urtseki nezinye izikhungo ezifanayo zokuphatha, kwadingeka izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi bendabuko Antique ezifana enqabeni, isitshalo, etholakala eduze wesifunda.

Ukuphela kwesikhathi lasendulo

Ekupheleni kwe-lesine BC izindimbane eminingi ye empini Huns ayimizulane yahlasela Dagestan. zwe lasendulo lathathwa enyakatho kuya pass Derbent.

Huns waqala ngenkuthalo angenele ezindabeni zezombusazwe izizwe Transcaucasia futhi kakhulu behlisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho Dagestan. Nokho, amasiko abantu baleli zwe, abakwazanga nomthelela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imihambuma babesemkhunjini rừng engezansi ukuthuthukiswa.

Iqiniso ukuthi Huns wahlala endaweni Dagestan, ngokusho kwabanye locwaningo abavubukuli. Ngakho, sathola yokungcwaba abayimizulane, okuyinto, kanye amasosha bangcwatshwa iminsalo ne amathambo amapuleti imimese yensimbi.
Hun State zigoqiwe kuphela phakathi kwekhulu lesihlanu. It nomthelela wokugoqa eziphikisanayo eziningi zangaphakathi. Ngemva kwalokho, lokho kuhlangana lesizwana Dagestan baba amayunithi azimele control kwabo kwezombusazwe.