Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17: izimbangela, izigaba, imiphumela

IZinkinga ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII, le preconditions, izinyathelo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kamuva - kwesikhathi zomlando, ephelezelwa izinhlekelele zemvelo, nezinkinga ezijulile wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho womphakathi nezombangazwe. Isimo nzima kuleli zwe kwabhebhethekiswa kanye kokungenela Polish-Swedish.

IZinkinga kwekhulu le-17 e-Russia: Izimbangela

Izinkinga okudalwe ezicini eziningana. Izinkinga sokuqala senzeke, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ngenxa ekunqanyulweni kwe le Rurik lwamakhosi futhi zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi amandla zasebukhosini boyars. Kugcine wazikhandla ukuze alondoloze futhi aqinise lepolitiki kanye nekusita amalungelo bendabuko. SoBukhosi, kunalokho, wazama kube nomkhawulo kulawa amandla. Boyars, ngaphezu, ngazo zonke izindlela ukungayinaki izipesheli Zemstvo. Indima yalesi ikilasi esikalini abacwaningi abaningi omubi. Izazi-mlando aveze ukuthi izimangalo Knights yaphenduka umzabalazo ngqo ngokumelene nohulumeni tsarist. usongo wabo nomthelela omubi kakhulu isikhundla zenkosi. Yilokho idale evundile obekukhona yokungezwani eRussia. Ekuqaleni XVII khulu leminyaka laba kuphela kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono. Isimo kuleli zwe Kwakunzima kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho wazithola ekule nkiyankiya baye bahlanganyela izinkinga zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Isimo somnotho

Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kwaqondana nemikhankaso ekunqotshweni Grozny kanye neMpi Livonian. Lezi zinyathelo yafuna ngamabutho elikhiqizayo yokucindezeleka okukhulu. Kuvele nomthelela omubi kakhulu ku isimo somnotho we yango Veliky Novgorod, ukufuduka ngempoqo ukukhonza abantu. Ngakho mina zaziqale Nezinkinga eRussia. Ukuqala ngekhulu le-17 kwaba futhi kumakwe indlala okwandile. Ngo 1601-1603 zonakale izinkulungwane amapulazi ezincane nezinkulu.

kungevani kahle kutenhlalo

Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 ukuthi okugqugquzelwa ukwenqaba oda uquqaba akhona abalimi nombaleki, abantu bakuleli dolobha abampofu, amaphoyisa Cossacks futhi abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila Cossack, inani elikhulu servicemen. Ibe oprichnina, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, kakhulu kubukela phansi ukuhlonishwa nokwethenjwa abantu umthetho negunya.

Isenzakalo sokuqala

Njengoba Smoot basungula eRussia? Ukuqala ngekhulu le-17, ngo okufutshane, uye kwaqondana rearrangement amabutho kumibuthano yokubusa. Kubi indlalifa lokuqala Fedor akanawo amakhono adingekayo ukuphathwa. Indodana encane, uDmitri, kwaba ngaleso sikhathi namanje usana. Ngemva kokufa izindlalifa Rurik lwamakhosi azifinyezwanga. Ukuze amandla wasondela imikhaya boyar - Godunovs futhi Yuriev. Ngo 1598-m wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi Boris Godunov. Inkathi esukela 1601 kuya 1603. It wayeyinyumba. Ebandayo abayekanga ngisho ehlobo kanye autumn, ngo-September, kwathiwa nesithwathwa. Indlala eyayembuleka laqeda abantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi. abantu Bazophela amandla waya eMoscow, lapho wakhipha isinkwa nemali. Kodwa lezi zinyathelo kuphela zaba zimbi izinkinga zomnotho. I kulendawo abakwazanga ukondla izinceku nezigqila, futhi ngabaxosha. Kwesobunxele ngaphandle nokokwembatha, abantu phathelana wahlanganyela kuphangwa nokuphanga.

Lzhedmitry lokuqala

Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 kwaqondana ukusabalala amahemuhemu athi Tsarevich Dmitry uyaphila. It kulandela ukuthi Boris Godunov kwaba sobukhosi ngokungemthetho. Pretender Dmitrii yamemezela imisuka yakhe Adamu Wiśniowiecki, isikhulu Lithuanian. Ngemva kwalokho, ehlangana Ezhi Mnishekom, magnate basePoland Ragon, nenxusa likapapa. Ekuqaleni 1604 Lzhedmitry 1 etholwe nezilaleli neNkosi yase-Poland. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile umkhohlisi yamaKatolika. amalungelo Falsdmitry ziye obonwa King Sigismund. Monarch avunyelwe wonke umuntu ukuba asize Russian Tsar.

Ukwambulwa eMoscow

Dmitry Amanga bangena emzini e 1605, unyaka we-20 ka-June. Boyars, eholwa Belsky wavuma obala ngeNkosi yakhe eMoscow indlalifa yezithembiso. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, Dmitry Amanga wawuqondiswa Poland futhi wazama ukuba afeze ezinye zezinguquko. Nokho, akuzona zonke iziphathimandla ukuba aqaphele ukuba semthethweni wokubusa kwakhe. Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokufika Dmitry Amanga, Shuya yaqala ukusakaza amahlebezi mayelana nokuzenza ongeyena yakhe. Ngo-1606, phakathi kuka-May, ukuphikiswa we boyars bayisebenzisa kahle le ukusebenza sabantu ngokumelene bamazwe Polish, owafika eMoscow umshado Falsdmitry avukela. Phakathi nomkhohlisi wakhe wabulawa. I eza emandleni Shuya, emelela Suzdal legatsha le Rurik, uzinzo kuhulumeni akuzange. Eningizimu alinamali ukuvukela Bolotnikov, okuyinto wanika ukunyakaza "umhume wabaphangi. '" Imicimbi 1606-1607 biennium. uchaza RG Skrynnikov. "ERussia ekuqaleni kwawo-ngekhulu le-17 Smoot." - incwadi ukuthi wadala ngesisekelo semali impahla documentary.

Amanga Dmitry II

Noma kunjalo, ezweni namanje amahemuhemu mayelana ngokuyisimangaliso isikhulu esisemthethweni. Ngo-1607, ehlobo, Starodub, a pretender entsha. Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 baqhubeka. Ekupheleni kuka-1608 Lzhedmitry 2 wenze ukusabalala usithonye e Yaroslavl, Pereslavl-Zaleski, Vologda, galich, Uglich, Kostroma, uVladimir. Pretender esezinzile edolobhaneni Tushino. Sahlala sithembekile inhlokodolobha Kazan, Novgorod, Smolensk, Kolomna, Novgorod, Pereslavl-Ryazan.

Semiboyarshina

Esinye sezenzakalo eziyinhloko kwasho Nezinkinga eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, waba lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Shuya kwaba ngamandla isuswe. Lebhodi labaphathi be yezwe wema boyars eziyisikhombisa - Semiboyarshina. Njengoba Russian Tsar , alazi Vsevolod, amaPolish Prince. Inani labantu base-emadolobheni amaningi wafunga Falsdmitry 2. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona nalabo owayesanda babemelene pretender. Usongo wangempela Amanga Dmitry II ophoqelelwe umkhandlu ukuvumela boyars eMoscow amabutho Polish-Lithuanian. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi babengeke bakwazi ukugumbuqela umkhohlisi. Nokho, Dmitry Amanga Waxwayiswa ngakho ngabe sengihamba ngokushesha ekamu.

abezempi

Isifo usekela eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 baqhubeka. Yaqala le yavelonkhe yenkhululeko. It nomthelela ekwakhekeni nabezempi. Umyalo wokuqala yesikhulu we Lyapunov Ryazan. Yena sasekelwa abasekeli Amanga Dmitry II. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izikhulu Shakhovskoy, Troubetzkoy, Masalskaya, Cherkassy nabanye. On ohlangothini nabezempi futhi yayidume nangezingubo abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila Cossack, laso kwaba Ataman Zarutsky. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela sesibili saqala ngaphansi kobuholi Kuzma Minin. Wamenywa njengoba umholi Pozharsky. Ngo 1612, entwasahlobo, eduze eMoscow kuyoba izidlamlilo lokuqala bazithoba kuya Amanga Dmitry lwesithathu. Amabutho ka Minin futhi Pozharsky babengakwazi ukukhuluma enhloko-dolobha, ngenkathi abalandeli labetibambile abusa khona nomkhohlisi. Kule ndaba, benza ekamu yabo Yaroslavl. Ekupheleni kuka-August, izidlamlilo zafika eMoscow. Uchungechunge lwemfundo izimpi wadedelwa le ezibiyele, ikampu Polish Bafica capitulated. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, inkosi entsha okwakhethwa. Zaba Mikhail Fedorovich.

imiphumela

Qhathanisa Nezinkinga eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 ngoba amandla ayo abhubhisayo futhi kokuntengantenga ukujula kuleli zwe, unga cishe kuphela isimo ezweni esikhathini amaMongol ahlasele. Le nkathi enzima empilweni isimo yaphela ngo ukulahlekelwa omkhulu indawo, nokwehla kwezomnotho. Nezinkinga Omkhulu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, iye yabulala ezingenakubalwa. It labhujiswa emadolobheni amaningi, emazweni umhlabathi kanye nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Labantu namanje Adalberto isikhathi eside ukuba ngilulame kumazinga. Amadolobha amaningi baye badlula ezandleni zezitha, futhi wahlala ezandleni zabo emashumini eminyaka ambalwa xaxa. Kakhulu ukunciphisa indawo kutshalwa.