Ezemfundo Ukraine njengoba isimo: usuku kanye nomlando. Lapho ngaba Ukraine njengoba isimo?

Ukraine - zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Nakuba ezinye izazi-mlando baye babonisa ukuthi izwe lapho kwazalelwa isiko European futhi sekungamakhulu ngamakhulu eminyaka zikhona eziningi, akusiyo. Ezemfundo Ukraine njengoba isimo kwenzeka ngempela eminyakeni 23 edlule. Lena izwe abasha ukuthi nje ukufunda ukuphila bebodwa, ngaphandle ukwesekwa. Yiqiniso, e-Ukraine inomlando omude, kodwa namanje akukho lapho kukhulunywa yezwe njengoba isimo agcwele. Kule ndawo ngesinye isikhathi wayehlala amaSkithe Sarmatians, abantu Turkic, abantu baseRussia abangaba lasendulo, Cossacks. Basuke bonke ngandlela-thile abathintekayo ukuthuthukiswa yezwe.

Isiputukezi

Ukuze uqale nge, igama elithi "Ukraine" lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi ubudala izindlela Russian "Emaphethelweni", okungukuthi ezweni umngcele akukho ndoda. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke ngokuthi "Wild Field". Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala oLwandle Olumnyama emaqeleni sangomhla VII BC leminyaka, kulapho amaSkithe ahlala khona. ETestamenteni eLidala, bachazwa ngokuthi abantu akanazwela futhi ononya ayimizulane. Ngo 339 BC. e. AmaSkithe ehluliwe belwa Filippom Makedonskim, kwaba ukuqala ekupheleni kwabo.

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amane, esifundeni Black Sea lalikhungethwe we Sarmatian. Lezi babehlobene izizwe ayimizulane ngubani bathuthela le Lower iVolga esifundeni. Esikhathini BC II leminyaka. e. Sarmatian kwaphoqa izizwe Turkic. Ekhulwini VII loMfula Dnieper lwamaSlav baqala ukuhlala, okuyinto ngalezo zinsuku wabizwa ngokuthi Rusich. Yingakho izwe athatha wabizwa ngokuthi Kievan Rus. Abanye abacwaningi baye bame kwelokuthi kumiswa Ukraine njengoba isimo kwaba ngo 1187. Lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Ngaleso sikhathi, bavele nje igama elithi 'Ukraine', kwakusho ukuthi akekho omunye ngaphandle emaphethelweni Kiev Russia.

Tatar kuphangwa

Ngaleso sikhathi, amazwe Ukraine yesimanje abangu ngaphansi kuphangwa ka YaseCrimea AmaTatar. Rusichi wazama kahle, inhlabathi enothile evundile asemaqeleni Omkhulu, kodwa zonke izigameko zokubamba inkunzi njalo nokubulala babengavunyelwe ukuletha amapulani bethu kuze kube sekupheleni. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, amaTatar ayengodeveli olukhulu lwamaSlav. Izindawo ezinkulu eziseningizimu wahlala lutho ngesizathu yedwa ukuthi zingabantu ndawonye ne eCrimea. Tatar kuphangwa kwenziwe ngoba kwadingeka ukuba ngandlela-thile sigcine umnotho zabo. Basuke benza izinkomo zizalela, kodwa akazange anike inzuzo kakhulu. AmaTatar babamba inkunzi omakhelwane lwamaSlav, sathathwa isiboshwa ngabantu abasha futhi unempilo, ukushintshana izigqila bese ilungela ukuyiswa imikhiqizo Turkish. Ngo iningi Tatar Ukuhlasela wahlupheka naseVolyn, Kyïv esifundeni kanye Galicia.

Ukukhokhela evundile

Abatshali nabanikazi bemihlaba babazi yini izinzuzo kungenziwa etholakala indawo evundile yasemfuleni izindawo khulula. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona kwakuwukumsongela ukuhlasela AmaTatar, ocebile asemaqeleni eyabiwe, ezakhiwe nemizana, yiziphazamiso ezihehayo ukuze abalimi zakhe. Ngezinye abaninimhlaba ibutho yabo, ukuze balondoloze ukuhleleka futhi isiyalo ezindaweni Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo. Zinikeza abalimi ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, futhi ukubuya Ngabamba nokukhokhwa okubafaneleyo. Yokusanhlamvu alethwe ingcebo olungenakulinganiswa le izikhulu Polish. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke babe Koretsky, Potocki, Vishnevetskaya, Konetspolskogo. Nakuba lwamaSlav ebolile emasimini, le nabasePoland wahlala ezigodlweni zikanokusho, zibhukuda ingcebo.

isikhathi Cossacks

Esikhathini Cossacks inkululeko abathanda baqala ukuhlala ezindaweni emaqeleni khulula ekupheleni kwekhulu xv, ngezinye izikhathi washelela engqondweni ukudalwa isimo. Ukraine kungaba yisiphephelo amasela Vagabonds, ngoba ekuqaleni owakhiwe ndawo. Emaphethelweni eyihlane zabantu ziza abafuna ukuba, ngakho omningi walo Cossacks babe izisebenzi, babaleka gentry lobugqila. Futhi, lapha beze izakhamuzi nabapristi bayekiswa ubufundisi, befuna ukuphila okungcono. Phakathi Cossacks ayengabantu abazinikele imvelaphi ezihloniphekayo, basuke ikakhulu ngifuna adventure kanye, yebo, ingcebo.

Gang lalinabashumayeli Rus, nabasePoland, Belarusians ngisho AmaTatar wathatha ngokuphelele wonke umuntu. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ezejwayelekile kakhulu lomphangi lezigilamkhuba inkunzi AmaTatar nabaseTurkey futhi eyebiwe wahlala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bakhela ebesengenile - ekamu enezivikelo eziqinile, okuyinto njalo empini isikaniso. Kube bebuya patrol.

Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi 1552-th - ngonyaka kwetinhlavu Ukraine njengoba isimo. Eqinisweni, ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona edumile Zaporizhzhya Sich, okuyinto waziqhenya ngalokho ayekwenzile Ukraine. Kepha kabanga sibonelo isimo yesimanje. Ngo-1552, i-Cossacks abangu igenge ubunye, Fort wabo owakhiwe esiqhingini Little Khortytsya. Konke lokhu kwenziwa Vishnevetskii.

Nakuba ekuqaleni abantu Cossacks babe abaphangi abavamile, ngephucwe-Turks ukuze kuzuze bona, ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, baqala ukuvikela komnikazi lwamaSlav kusukela kuphangwa we AmaTatar, yakhulula Bakwethu ekuthunjweni. Turkey, lokhu bazalwane inkululeko abathanda owayebonakala isijeziso sikaNkulunkulu. Cossacks ku gull yabo (eside, izikebhe ewumngcingo) buthule wabhukuda waphumela ngaphandle ogwini ezweni isitha, ngokungazelelwe ehlaselwa nezivikelo eziqine.

State Ukraine ubufuna ukudala omunye hetmans edume kunazo - Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Lokhu isikhulu bahola umzabalazo uyakhathaza impi Polish, waphupha ukuzimela kanye nenkululeko yonke bakubo. Khmelnitsky wayeqonda ukuthi kuphela akakwazi ukuba abhekane ngokuphumelelayo nesitha abaphikisi Western, ngakho wathola ube ngumsizi wabaningi, e umuntu we Tsar eMoscow. Yiqiniso, ngemva kwegazi Ukraine iphelile, kodwa akazange ukuzibusa.

Ukuwa kwe-tsarist

Ukuvela Ukraine njengoba isimo kungaba kungenzeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa sobukhosi Romanov lwamakhosi. Ngeshwa, osopolitiki zendawo azange abe ngamandla engqondweni, futhi okubaluleke - ubumbano, ukuletha amapulani bethu kuze kube sekupheleni futhi wenze izwe lakhe ezimele. On kokuwa Kiev tsarist wafunda Mashi 13, 1917. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje osopolitiki Ukrainian ngidalé Central Rada, kodwa ugcine amandla ezandleni zabo ukuba abayekise izingqinamba ngemibono nokungabi nalwazi ezindabeni ezinjengalezi.

Ngokwemibiko ethile, lapho kumiswa Ukraine njengoba isimo owabanjwa mhlaka 22 Novemba 1917. Ngalo lelo langa, Central Council lasakaza Okwesithathu Universal, etshumayela ngokwayo njengegunya eliphakeme. Nokho, uma ongakabi wanquma hlukanisani zonke izibopho eRussia, Ukraine sika kungani isikhathi waba republic ezizimele. Mhlawumbe somgomo wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi eziningi kwaba ngokuqapha ngokweqile. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, Central Council lunqunywe kumiswa isimo. Ukraine ezamenyezelwa iyizwe elizimele futhi ezimele ngokugcwele yi-Russia.

Ukuxhumana ne Austrians namaJalimane

Isikhathi lapho kwakukhona Ukraine njengoba isimo ukuthi kwakungelula. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-Central Rada waphoqeleka ukuba acele ukwesekwa nokuvikelwa emazweni ase-European. Februwari 18, 1918 sasayinwa le Brest-Litovsk Treaty, owawuthi Ukraine iye yenziwa e-Europe, supply okukhulu ukudla, futhi ukubuya wathola ukuqashelwa ukuzimela nokusekelwa lempi.

Austrians namaJalimane esikhathini esifushane amabutho langena endaweni isimo. Ngeshwa, Ukraine asikwazi ukufeza ingxenye yayo imigomo yesivumelwano, ngakho ekupheleni April 1918, Central Rada usuhlakazekile. April 29 kuya ukuphathwa yezwe waqala UPavlo Skoropadsky. Ezemfundo Ukraine njengoba isimo ukunikeza abantu lula. Inkinga ukuthi zazingekho ababusi ezinhle kuleli zwe, obekungadala ukwazile ukumelela ngokuzijamela ezindaweni ezilawulwa. Skoropadskyi akuhlalanga emandleni kanye nonyaka. Kakade Disemba 14, 1918, ignominiously babaleke amabutho ahlangene German. Ukraine useye kuya nezimpisi, kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu abakakuboni uzibuse futhi akazange abe ukwesekwa.

I eza emandleni amaBolshevik

Ukuqala 20s kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ilethe usizi Ukrainian House. AmaBolshevik wadala isimiso austerity, ukuze ngandlela-thile ukumisa ukuwa kwezomnotho bese ugcine isimo esisha. Ukraine kusukela okuthiwa "impi ubukhomanisi" uye wahlupheka kakhulu, ngoba insimu yalo liwumthombo kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ehamba amaqembu ahlomile izikhulu waya nasemizaneni amandla akhethiwe okusanhlamvu abalimi. It got kangangokuthi kwaba eqoqwe kusukela emizini lesinkwa esisanda kubhakwa. Ngokwemvelo, isimo esinjalo ungakuvumeli ukuba ukwanda kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, abalimi nje ayesanqaba ukwenza.

Zonke usizi yengeziwe nesomiso. Endlala 1921-1922 wathatha ukuphila kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane Ukraine. Uhulumeni baqonda ngokucace ukuthi indlela isanqante waqhubeka ebasebenzisa engeke asebenze. Ngakho-ke, umthetho owaphasiswa phezu nep (okusha Yemfihlo Economic). Siyabonga kuye kakade nge-1927 ngo-10% ukwandisa endaweni umhlabathi olimekayo. Kule nkathi kumiswa uhulumeni okhona. Ukraine buthule bayakhohlwa izinto ezinyantisa umzimba empini yombango, indlala, abaphucwa. I-Ukraine ayebuyele eziphambekweni inhlalakahle ekhaya, ngakho bathatha isiqalo nokuzitika ngaphezulu ukwelapha amaBolshevik.

entry zokuzithandela-bephoqeleka ku-USSR

Ekupheleni kuka-1922 eMoscow siyicabange inyunyana Russia, Belarus ne-republic Transcaucasian ukwakha uxhumano uzinze ngokwengeziwe. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, lapho kumiswa Ukraine siyisimo, kwaba eminyakeni engaba amashumi ayisikhombisa. Disemba 30, 1922 abameleli zonke republic aseSoviet yagunyaza uhlelo ukuze uhlangane, ngaleyo ndlela sidalwe i-USSR.

Okwazekayo, yimiphi republic wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni union, kodwa ukuthi kwadingeka ukuthola imvume LamaKhomanisi. Ekusebenteni, lethu lithole inkululeko Kwakunzima kakhulu. Iqembu eyodwa futhi elawulwa kusuka eMoscow. Ukraine endaweni ngobukhulu zibalwa yesibili phakathi kwazo zonke uthi. Enhloko-dolobha, wakhethwa kwedolobha laseKharkov. Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana lapho kumiswa Ukraine siyisimo, kufanele itjheje-iminyaka engu-20 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, ngoba lapho izwe yazuza imingcele nezokuphatha.

Iyabuyekeza nokuthuthukiswa yezwe

Eyokuqala uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu uye waphefumulela impilo ku-Ukraine. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakukhona 400 amabhizinisi amasha kuleli zwe zaba ngu-20% azo zonke ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ngo-1932, i-emifula power plant, isakhiwa, yakhiwa Dnipropetrovsk, kwaba ngaleso sikhathi elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi lezisebenzi livele laseKharkov izixaxa Plant, Zaporozhye Iron and Steel Works, eziningi izimboni Donbass. Ngesikhashana nje yathela omningi lokutjhugulula umnotho. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono isiyalo futhi sithuthukise ukusebenziseka ziye owethulwa mncintiswano ukuqaliswa ekuqaleni kohlelo. UHulumeni uye walungiselela abasebenzi engcono nika isihloko Hero of Socialist Labour.

Ukraine ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Esikhathini inkathi 1941-1945. Izigidi zabantu ziye zafa kuleli zwe. Iningi Ukraine alwa eceleni eSoviet Union, kodwa asisebenzi eWestern Ukraine. Kule ndawo ubuswa isimo esithile. Ngokwe Oun amasosha ukwahlukana SS "Galicia", kwakufanele kube ezimele kusukela eMoscow, Ukraine. Umlando kumiswa isimo lwaluzokwehluka ngokuphelele uma amaJalimane namanje iwine. Iqiniso ukuthi amaJalimane ayezosidubula zethulwe ukuzimela-Ukraine, kulukhuni kukukholwa loko, kepha zonke izithembiso esifanayo wakwazi ukunqoba phezu Ukraine ezinye 220.000. Ngisho nangemva kokuba impi, lezi amaqembu ahlomile bezilokhu zikhona.

Life after Stalin

ukufa nomholi waseSoviet iye yabenza nalo impilo entsha ngoba izigidi zabantu abahlala eSoviet Union. It waba umbusi omusha uNikita Khrushchev, owayebizwa lihlotshaniswa Ukraine futhi, yebo, axhasa wakhe. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, ke kufinyelela ileveli entsha yentuthuko. Kuyinto ngenxa Khrushchev kwadingeka e isibalo samalungu alo enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea e-Ukraine. Njengoba kwavela isimo, kungenye into, kodwa ukuthi imingcele yawo yokuphatha-indawo, kwakhiwa it is eSoviet Union.

Khona-ke wafika amandla leonid uBrezhnev, futhi ongowokuzalwa e-Ukraine. Ngemva kokubusa iminyaka esifushane Andropov futhi Chernenko oshayelayo kwaba uMikhail Gorbachev. Nguye wanquma ngokuphelele ukushintsha umnotho amile futhi isimiso samaSoviet iyonke. Gorbachev kwadingeka banqobe lo conservatism somphakathi iqembu. Gorbachev ubelokhu wabiza obala futhi sizama ukuba ukujwayelana nabantu. Abantu aqala ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi kakhudlwana, kodwa nokho ngisho ngaphansi Gorbachev amaKhomanisi GCWELE ENGAMELA ibutho, amaphoyisa, ezolimo, umkhakha, i-KGB elibukhali abezindaba.

Ukuthola uzibuse

Usuku kumiswa Ukraine njengoba isimo kuzwakele kubo bonke - 24 Agasti 1991. Kodwa lokho kwalesi senzakalo esibalulekile? Mashi 17, 1991 labetibambile ucwaningo okwakwenza kucace: Ukraine kakumelananga ubukhosi, kakhulu, ukuthi akukhona kamuva saba sibi kakhulu ukuthi bahlezi kanjani. AmaKhomanisi azama ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga ukuze uzohlala emandleni ezandleni zabo, kodwa nakanjani ilele kuzo.

Agasti 19, 1991 usuwatholile reactionaries Mihaila Gorbacheva eCrimea, futhi bona eMoscow bazama ukuyibamba isinyathelo, ememezela isimo esiphuthumayo bakha iKomiti eziphuthumayo. Kodwa lutho saba amaKhomanisi. Agasti 24, 1991, lapho kwakukhona Ukraine siyisimo, Verkhovna Rada wamemezela ukuzimela wezwe. Kodwa emva kwezinsuku 5 umsebenzi LamaKhomanisi wawuvinjelwe yiPhalamende. 1 kuZibandlela ngonyaka ofanayo, base-Ukraine inhlolovo asekelwe soMthetho of Independence futhi wakhetha umengameli wabo wokuqala - leonid Kravchuk.

Kule minyaka edlule, kube nomphumela wokuthi ukwakheka Ukraine njengoba isimo. Imephu ezweni elivame washintsha. ezindaweni eziningi lathathwa umbuso kokuphindela eSoviet Union, kumayelana entshonalanga ye-Ukraine, ingxenye Odessa Oblast kanye eCrimea. Injongo eyinhloko kulondolozwe yesimanje imingcele Ukrainian zokuphatha-indawo. Nokho, kungenzeka kuphela nobunzima. Ngakho, umongameli wesithathu Ukraine Victor Yushchenko ngo-2009 wanikela ingxenye Romanian we eshalofini ezwekazini. Futhi ngo-2014, e-Ukraine ilahlekelwe, pearl yakhe - nhlonhlo eCrimea, owathuthela Russia. Ingabe izwe ukugcina indawo yabo umsulwa futhi ahlale ezizimele, kuyocaca ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.