Umlando Smolensk. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo Smolensk

Umlando Smolensk libaluleke hhayi kuphela izakhamuzi nezivakashi kulo muzi. It is wabhekana nezenzakalo eziningi ukubaluleka kazwelonke. Diamond inhlokodolobha Russia, ukhiye-dolobha, idolobha-iqhawe, ngelulela 7 amagquma ... Lapho abantu bakhuluma ngokuthuthukisa Smolensk, ukukhuluma ngomlando sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia, ngoba kulapha lapho okuzokwenzeka ngokuvamile sawela futhi indlela Lezwe Lethu.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale indaba ngomlando edolobheni, ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana ukuphi Smolensk. Itholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga kusukela eMoscow, 378 km, e sifinyelela ongenhla Dnieper. On insimu yalo iyikhaya lawo lalingaba zinkulungwane 330. Man. Kumephu ephawulwe obomvu Smolensk esifundeni.

Isici lengubo emzini Smolensk

Smolensk ingenye yamadolobha amadala Russia. He is yobudala efanayo Novgorod futhi Kiev omdala kunawe eMoscow. Umlando Smolensk okwaqala ngonyaka ka-863, lapho umuzi yayakhiwe ngalo mgwaqo 'ovela amaViking amaGreki. " Isikhumbuza yena zethempeli lasendulo, azivikele odongeni zobumba, umbhoshongo inqaba. Lezi izikhumbuzo kanye nezakhiwo ngiyafakaza ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa Smolensk, futhi nalo lonke izwe laseRussia. It Smolensk Isifunda siyikhaya Gagarin, Asimov, Glinka, Przewalski, Twardowski nezinye kwabantu abaziwa ngaphandle kwe-isimo sethu.

enhle kakhulu Smolensk isikhungo namuhla. Lo muzi sikwazi ukufeza umoya endala yesimanjemanje emkhathini elikhanyayo ashukumisayo. Namuhla uyaphila ukuphila okumatasa kwentsha. Kukhona nightlife nemfashini, amanyuvesi eminingi nezindawo zokubukela amabhayisikobho. I itiye ezingavamile, ethokomele ikhofi izitolo kanye nemigoqo ezinomsindo, izikwele, libalele, amapaki oluhlaza namakhona shady of isigqi edolobheni, okusizwa ukushaya yayo kanye ukuphefumula.

Ekhuluma Smolensk futhi Smolensk esifundeni, akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi zigcine nemvelo kanye amapaki, ubuhle ebusweni esibukweni-like amachibi namahlathi oluhlaza. abathandi Nature uzokwazi kanjani ukuphefumula umoya ihlathi, ukuvakashela emakhoneni isetshenzwe bemvelo ukuthi zingatholakala ku Smolensk Lakes - National Park.

Ukushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo muzi namanje bakwazi ukulondoloza ikhubalo yesifundazwe, ngamasiko asendulo namasiko ahlukile. Isibhakabhaka unika ungubani Smolensk ukuphila kwentsha eclectic, zishaya ukhiye, futhi amasiko asendulo.

Ukuvela Smolensk, amakhasi wokuqala emlandweni

Lokhu edolobheni yasungulwa ngo sifinyelela engenhla River Dnieper njengoba tribal isikhungo-Krivichy lwamaSlav. Smolensk Umlando iqala kukhulunywa okokuqala ngakho encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla Ustyug, obuhlehlela kusukela ngonyaka 863. Ngo indaba mayelana nendlela squad Askold futhi Dir bamisa amatende e-emzini wenkosi, uthi emzini Smolensk ngesikhathi "isichotho abantu mkhulu kakhulu." Ngo 882, kwaba khona kuthathwe Prince Oleg lokhu isiphetho, okubhekiselwa kulo e-Chronicle lokuqala Novgorod. Umlando Smolensk kuphawulwa iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu ekupheleni kwekhulu IX baba ingxenye Kievan Rus, kodwa yabusa vechem isikhathi eside ngemva kwalokho. I amanothi Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (the uMbusi waseByzantium) ezihlobene phakathi X leminyaka, lo muzi ubizwa ngokuthi, kanye Kiev inqaba.

Smolensk e XI-XII eminyaka

Ngemva waze washona ngo 1054 Yaroslav Mudry, ngesikhathi Smolensk abasebasha wabusa namadodana akhe: Vyacheslav wokuqala, futhi ngemva kwakhe - Igor.

Sinesithakazelo edolobheni ekupheleni XI leminyaka iba ethize idolobha Vladimira Monomaha, ayamukela ngaphezu Pereyaslavl South, yakhe endala "fiefdom." Smolensk ubukhulu usezuze ukuzimela kwezombangazwe lapho Rostislav Mstislavovich, umzukulu Monomakh. Rostislav hedged e 1134 Smolensk umuzi wabantu izinqaba. Ngaleso sikhathi, nomuzi wawungowegolide kakade esikhulu kakhulu. It lwenziwe ukwakhiwa itshe olunzulu baqhubeka ngaphansi namadodana akhe Rostislav Mstislavovich - saseRoma, i-break iDemo Knyazhye 1160 by 1180, futhi uDavide (kusukela ngo-1180 ngu-1197). Ngo Smolensk, ekupheleni kwekhulu XII kukhona esikoleni esizimele yezakhiwo.

On evumayo sezwe amaphuzu egudle uMfula Dnieper, siba ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni kanye Izigodlo amasonto, umuzi wabantu nezikhulu zesonto, kanye amasonto Episcopal. Lokhu wadala panorama elihle Smolensk, senziwa ukuhweba zabantu ababevela phesheya, kwakuhlala isikhathi eside.

ukuphila bokusungula edolobheni

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi Namasiko ngaleso sikhathi kwafinyelela izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lapho amathempeli zadalwa workshop lapho babekopisha amabhuku nezikole efundisa Latin nesiGreki. Lezi ongqondongqondo ezinkulu kusezweni Smolensk, njengoba Clement Smolyatich, umbhali sefilosofi, ngubani wakhethwa Metropolitan of Kiev e 1147, kanye IsAm Avraamiy Smolensky, "izipho ukunakekelwa wokwelusa" futhi "yokufunda" okuyinto lugujwa ezahlukene besikhathi sakhe.

Kutfutfukiswa obuciko ukuhweba, ayehlasela Batu

Ukuthuthukisa obuciko ukuhweba. Ngo-1229 safika esiphethweni isivumelwano Gotland, Riga nedolobha enyakatho-German. Lokhu inkontileka njengoba laziwa "Smolensk ukuhweba iqiniso." Ngemva kokunqoba iqembu lamabutho ka Batu e 1239, Smolensk baphepha ekubhujisweni Mongol, nakuba kamuva kwadingeka ukuba ngincome Golden zidlamlilo. Nomads e 1339 Uzame uthwebule lo muzi odlubulundayo futhi, kodwa wabona izinqaba esinamandla isayithi lapho Smolensk ahlehla.

Smolensk njengengxenye Duchy of Lithuania

Lo muzi kusukela ekhulwini XIV ecindezelwa Lithuania. Vytautas, Grand UMbusi Lithuania, e 1404 ngokukhohlisa ethumba Smolensk emva ekuvinjezelweni okuthathe izinyanga ezingu ezimbili. Ngo 1410 Smolensk, ngokuba kakade ingxenye Duchy of Lithuania, nengxenye Battle of Grunwald. Babekezelela le Teutons wathatha phezu ezintathu Smolensk ibutho, ababesedwaleni maphakathi ibutho abantu Slavic. Baphenduka balwa kuze kube sekufeni, ukucabanga, eqinisweni, umphumela le mpi.

Ukukhululwa Smolensk, ekukhuleni womuzi ekhulwini XVI

Lapho Prince Vasily III 1514 Smolensk wadedelwa. Waba yingxenye Muscovy. Lapho Ivan le Kubi phakathi kwekhulu XVI, it is esakhiwe phezu zobumba kushaft entsha kwesihlahla se-okhi inqaba. Posad Dnieper kakhulu zandiswa ivela ebhange kwesokunxele nemizana amabili amasha - futhi Churilovskaya Rachevsky. John Kobentsel owezizwe, okwathi ngo-1575 bavakashela idolobha, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani waseRoma yayo. amabutho Polish-Lithuanian, ophucwa inqaba, osendaweni ezibalulekile kubo, bazama kaninginingi thatha futhi bamba futhi edolobheni. Isinqumo ukuqinisa lamabutho imingcele esentshonalanga yezwe sathathwa ekupheleni kwekhulu XVI. Ngo Smolensk, inqaba odongeni enamandla lakhiwa iminyaka engamashumi amane 1596-1602.

ayehlasela nabasePoland

City yisithiyo iminyaka 1609-1611 dvadtsatimesyachnuyu lokuvimbezela, yena wayebeke ibutho of Sigismund III, inkosi yasePoland. Encwadini angenasihloko owanibiza ukulwa bahlaseli, kwakuthiwa uma isimo isiRashiya kwakuwulimi okungenani ezimbalwa zalezi "emadolobheni krepkostoyatelnyh", izitha obungenza nepovadno ukungena ezweni Russian. Ngaphandle Kwegazi Smolensk wawa ngo-June 1611. eminyakeni engu-43 kuphela kamuva, phakathi nokubusa Alexei Mikhailovich, wadedelwa kusukela nabasePoland nase ekugcineni wangena isimo Russian.

Omkhulu Northern neMpi emlandweni edolobheni

Smolensk ngesikhathi Omkhulu Northern neMpi waphinda kwaba endleleni abanqobi. Ngokuphindaphindiwe ngize lapha ngu-Peter mina, uma kwenzeka ayehlasela abaseSweden yaqinisa edolobheni. Lo mbusi ngo-Okthoba 1708 e-City Hall ngokusemthethweni sihlangabezane amabutho isiRashiya, owabahlula emzaneni Ihlathi ababekhuphuke ukusiza Charles XII Swedish amabutho iphansi kwesandla sika-Jikelele Lewenhaupt.

Isimo esisha

Sinesithakazelo emzini 1708 wathola isimo esisha - isimo idolobha yesifundazwe. Elingenamikhono elisencwadini yasendulo izingalo Smolensk, oluveza isibhamu inyoni ipharadesi ohlezi kuso ivunyiwe ku 1780. Ezansi tape esiliva namuhla isiqubulo esithi: "bakhazimulisa inqaba". elingenamikhono Modern Smolensk abekwe ngezansi. Ngo Smolensk, ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII labantu abakhileyo 11579.

I kokuhlanganiswa mlando kwamaqembu amabili eduze Smolensk

Emlandweni Smolensk wabhala ikhasi nobuqhawe e 1812. 1 no 2 ibutho Russian emuva kusuka imingcele esentshonalanga ngemva ayehlasela uNapoleon, zihlanganiswe Smolensk. The French zifeziwe ngu nokuphikiswa okunzima okuvela Russian: ezindongeni futhi zibuswa kuhlasela isitha ngesibindi kubonakala amasosha Russian. Xhuma amabutho Bagration futhi Barclay de Tolly at Smolensk Napoleon iphazamiseke izinhlelo ukuba sibanqobe ngamunye ngamunye. Ngezindlela eziningi, yilokhu kunqunywa umphumela Battle of Borodino (umkhuzi abakhulu - Kutuzov).

Battle of Smolensk: imininingwane

amasosha French okwakuyothi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwaba usuku lokuzalwa yombusi (Aug 4) faka kulo muzi. Futhi lapha Agasti 4-5 zenzeka Battle of Smolensk. Amakhulu amabhomu nuclei, izinkulungwane amachashazi abangu yithela edolobheni. The French lase licishe yingcweti Molohovskimi esangweni. Kodwa kufika usizo, ngesikhathi futhi saphelelwa odongeni, Russian dula aphume nomsele we-French. Futhi kwezinye izindawo Amaqhawe Smolensk alwa off the kuhlasela. Sithathe iqhaza Battle of abaningi bendawo, bethwele eyayilimele umnyombo idolobha nokondla amasosha. Ngaphandle kokwesaba zenuzi, abesifazane abalethwa amabhakede amanzi amasosha aphelelwe amandla. Kwaphela isikhathi eside baqhubeka bevikela Smolensk. The French ngokuphindaphindiwe baphuthuma umbelesele edolobheni, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Khona-ke lo mbusi Napoleon yamyala ukuba zikhanyise ibhomu, nomuzi kwakushiswa ngomlilo.

Agasti 6 ekuseni kwafika isiFulentshi, hhayi izinto ngaphandle kokwesaba lapho Smolensk awunalutho. Ngo Nikolsky Gate nami sashayela Napoleon. amabutho uMbusi kamuva 4 izinsuku waya eMoscow. Nokho, ibutho Russian akuhlanganisileyo, futhi zinhlanga. amabutho Russian phezu Borodino ensimini, liphefumulelwe khona esangweni isithonjana UnguNina KaNkulunkulu nezikhundla zabo (yayiguga ekamu ngaphambi kokuba impi), kwawona ekuhlaseleni French. Bonaparte waqonda ke amandla umoya Russian.

Ukubuya Napoleon

Napoleon ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-2 ukuthunjwa Smolensk wabaleka kakade emuva nebutho lakhe elambile. Wahamba ngezinyawo Smolensk ku 28 Okthoba ngamasango laseDnepropetrovsk ngaphandle solemnity, endleleni ezineqhwa. Njengoba ngaphambili, emzini lalingenalutho. Indlala abandayo, futhi kwahlangana izinsalela nebutho lakhe. UNapoleon, usokhaya wathukuthela wagana unwabu yilo futhi yayala ngesikhathi kuqhunyiswa i ezindongeni zomuzi, inhlekelele kuye, washiya ukuthi isebenze. Emoyeni sathandwa 9 Smolensk imibhoshongo. Kusukela ngaphansi ukuphumula layilamula rangers Russian ephethwe ukususa Wicks.

Smolensk ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX

Smolensk kuya ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu XX laliwumuzi lokhuni yesifundazwe. Kuphela 283 izakhiwo 2698 babe itshe. Kulomuzi, ngokuvumelana kwabantu ka-1881, kwakukhona abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi 33,9. Abantu. amasonto 40 zezindela isinyathelo e Smolensk. Ngobusuku buka-October 31, 1917 kwaphumela umlando wangaphambi wamavukelambuso kwalo muzi. Yaqala ikhasi elisha - Soviet Smolensk. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho amaBolshevik wendawo, kwamenyezelwa ukusungulwa kwamandla Soviet emzini. monakalo ezayo, bese kubuyiselwa umnotho, le ezinkulukazi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu uStalin ngesikhathi kubusa amaNazi.

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe emlandweni edolobheni

Smolensk ngo-June 1941, kwaba indlela igalelo main amabutho laseJalimane. ngezihluthu ngoba idolobha sathatha amasonto amabili. Yesikhathi eside ukuvikela Smolensk kuye kwaholela yokuthi umbani bamba we plan dolobha labhuntsha. Lapha amabutho aseJalimane okokuqala phakathi neMpi Yezwe II baphoqeleka ukuba uhambe azivikele.

Ngo-1943, 25 Septhemba, kwakukhona impi Smolensk, ngenxa lapho umuzi yakhululwa. Impi iye yabangela nokuhlupheka olungenakulinganiswa ezweni. Military Smolensk balahlekelwa esindayo. Cishe kumila isitha abhubhisa umuzi. Bakhululi zezakhamuzi ayizinkulungwane 157 abahlala lapha ngaphambi kwempi, yalinda abantu abayizinkulungwane 13 kuphela.

"Ukhiye City"

Smolensk, ayedabula zonke zidindilizile isabelo sayo kuhlukunyezwa, aye wasigcina ukubukeka esiyingqayizivele. izindonga namathempeli lasendulo, namatshe amade abaziwe nesizotha kanye izikhumbuzo ngokubabazekayo - efana yingqophamlando ekuphileni kwakhe, kuhlobene ikusasa lezwe lethu. Smolensk ukusinda imililo imililo, ayehlasela ekubhujisweni isitha, lathola udumo unogada imingcele isimo isiRashiya, ke sekuwuphawu lokushisekela ubuzwe Russian nokubekezela. Akusikho lutho ngokuthi ukhiye-edolobheni.

Eminyuziyamu komlando Smolensk

Namuhla, umlando edolobheni sika ungakwazi ukwethula kuye emnyuziyamu. Lokhu Historical Museum, "Petersburg - Russian Isihlangu" (ngezansi), "Smolensk e ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe 1941-1945". Ngamunye wabo ngesithakazelo yabo. Historical Museum uzokutshela mayelana esidlule emzini ezikhathini komlando kuya kweleshumi XX. "Petersburg - isihlangu Russian" ungaphakathi Thunder umbhoshongo, okuyinto ingxenye Smolensk inqaba udonga.

Ngu ukuvakashela leli sayithi, ungabona ngamehlo akho wezangaphakathi eyingqayizivele umbhoshongo, ukukhuphuka izitebhisi yayo emaweni futhi ayibanzi ngaphakathi ubunyoninco kombhede lokhuni, kanye ufunde mayelana izimpi ezenzeka lapha XVI-XVII eminyaka, kanye nokwakhiwa odongeni inqaba.

"Smolensk e WWII" - emnyuziyamu elise isakhiwo ngaphambili owayengenalusizo ephethwe yi-City Yabantu School, elakhiwa ngo-1912. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo sanikezelwa weminyaka engu kweminyaka eyikhulu ukunqoba Napoleon. Meyi 8, 2015 Museum kwavulwa emva umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo.

Ngokuvakashela la eminyuziyamu Smolensk, uyozizwa umlando umuzi, ufunde izinto eziningi ezintsha nezithakazelisayo ngaye.