Khanate - uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Ehola imfundo enjalo kufanele Hagan, noma kwelinye ukutolika kwalesi sihloko, "u-khan ka khans." Igama elithi kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ngokuqondene yasendulo-Mongolian isizwe Xianbi abayimizulane.
Ekuqaleni kusuka China
Esikhathini BC III ekhulwini kusukela umfelandawonye lasendulo lalibizwa ngokuthi "Dungu", kwakheka 1100 BC, ukhetha sezizwe zakwa. inhlangano okusha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amathathu abizwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, futhi ngo-330 beza khaganate rouran. Lesi simo, akha isizwe Xianbi, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu iminyaka 555. Ngo 402, umbusi izizwe uZsuzsanna lokuqala Bonke baqala azibiza Kagan, ngaleyo ndlela kudale isihloko esisha umbusi ophakeme. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo ye umlando, igama isizwe kwaba kwamthobela kuyisidlaliso ngendelelo azinikwa amaShayina. UZsuzsanna - kancane kukhasa noma ezinwabuzelayo. Akumangazi ukuthi laba bantu bafuna ukuzimela. Kulokhu, Khanate - umfelandawonye zezizwe uZsuzsanna, naye kwaba ukuhlanganyela.
isimo esinamandla
Futhi ekuqaleni we VI kwekhulu kule mfundo, esikhundleni salokho, wahlukanisa isizwe, wayefisa ukuba azimele. Futhi kwakheka Avar Khanate, obabukhona iminyaka 823 kuya 562. Insimu banamuhla neSlovakia Croatia, Romania futhi Hungary, Serbia nase-Ukraine zaba indawo isimo esekelwe Hagan Bojan I. Nokho 555 le Avars babaziwa njengombhangqwana-Turks bashushisa abantu abayimizulane ephoqeleka ukuba ashiye izindlela emaqeleni entshonalanga Kazakhstan futhi bathuthele ebhange ezikude iVolga. Futhi kule minyaka 565-566, balizungeza Carpathians enyakatho, bona captivate inkosi zamaJalimane Sigebert mina, lanqoba ibutho lakhe. Abaphila Besikhathi abangu ngakho washaqeka ngalokhu, ukuthi Avars kuchasiselwe isipho magic. Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo Avar Khanate ayesuka Sea kuya Adriatic-Alps ukuba Elbe. Lawo mandla angenye Avars safinyelela sibonga kwabahlakaniphileyo kanzima umthetho onekhono Boyan I, owabusa lizwe kusukela yaqala ukuba khona ngo 562 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-602. Umholi ngobuqili nokugxeka, ngaphandle kokunqikaza, washintsha obambisene nabo, uyobhubhisa sonke abantu ukuba afinyelele imigomo yabo, futhi ngenxa yalokho wenza ngisho umbusi WaseByzantium kukaTiberiyu II, wathela intela kuye. Khanate - wobushiqela esingashintshi, futhi Hagan - unguMbusi ephakathi wokwehlayo ayimizulane, ngubani, ngaphandle kwemingcele kungokwalabo ngokuphelele wonke amandla.
Ukuwa kwe-sondo
Esikhathini Ukufunda umlando bezikhathi zasendulo, siyohlale ukubukwa ezimbalwa kumagazini ofanayo. Ngakho, izingozi isibaluli kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene: a mongolojazychnym, ukuze Iranian-lingual, waseTurkey. Abameleli beNdikimba esikoleni yemivubukulo e Hungary obubusa ensimini Avar Khanate, ingxenye enkulu Avars ukuba Europeoids kanye kuphela stratum encane - kuya Mongoloid. Kodwa lokhu idlanzana iye yaba nendima evelele, kwaba sesimweni elite Avar. It kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi abamele iqembu elibusayo akazange sokwetshisa nabantu yanqotshwa. Seledlulise amalawulo ukunqotshwa lokuqala Avars wathola eConstantinople ngo 626. Ngokushesha kusukela Khanate baba ahlukaniswe izizwe ezihlukahlukene - ngowokuqala wagijima Kutrigurs baseBulgaria yesimanje. Ngo 631, Khan Alcek, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo Bulgaria Omkhulu lincibilika Kaganate amabutho akhe ngemva umzamo kuhlulekile ukugumbuqela umbuso. Avars Landelayo kuphela ukuvikela kanye ashona. Kusukela eDalmathiya eCroatia azixoshe kubo ngonyaka 640. Dobila Khanate Franco-Avar neMpi, eyathatha isikhathi eside. Kancane kancane wavuka bonke abantu enziwa izigqila. Futhi zokugcina, yesifunda akhethiwe Pannonia Avars ngu amaFrank iphethwe Hagan sebebhapathiziwe kakade ngonyaka 899 athunjwa baseHungary. Avars saphela ngokuphelele ukuba khona. Wanyamalala isimo owawuke waba namandla, okuyinto eyaphila emakhulwini mayelana 3.5.
Polity Kaganates enamandla kakhulu
Umbuzo, uyini Khanate, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, kungani ubalekela, ngokuvamile ngeze. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Hagan - indoda, onamandla kamuva ngokuphelele, okhethwe umhlangano wezwe lonke. I Khazar Khaganate futhi Aavrskom umbusi kwaba Viceroy tudun uphathiswe imisebenzi okugada, lwenhlangano ezobunxusa Yugur, okuyinto cishe lo mpristi ophakeme. Tribute eqoqwe ezicukuthwaneni - Tarkhans. Futhi emuva them sabaphathi, izinduna tribal esiqaphela esadlala indima ebalulekile isakhiwo yezwe. Bayiswa nabantu babo kusukela Khanate. Mhlawumbe yingakho, futhi wanyamalala ebusweni Zomhlaba kuyisimo sokungazi ukuthi kwaba multi-yobuhlanga.
Esinye isimo Turkish
Turgesh eyathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu - kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu VIII. Ekuqaleni umholi ekhulwini Turgeshes Ushlik kokugumbuqelwa umbusi Chinese zabuzwa ukuthi bayaliphika noma bayalivuma Hagan China. Wenza ikomkhulu lombuso wakhe Suyab, owawungumnyaka ukubheja yakhe. Zonke entsha endaweni Kaganate kufakwe 20 endaweni units, ngalinye elikwazi sise amadoda ayizinkulungwane 7. Bakhandwa etholakala ezindaweni izifundazwe Chinese ayesuka Beshbaliq ukuze Tashkent. Ngonyaka 705 ngenxa usongo bamba ama-Arabhu yezwe kaganat umfelandawonye China, futhi sihlukanisa amabutho Arab. Ababusi ezilandelayo - Corey, Zheng, Omkhulu Suluk, safinyelela ngaphansi lapho Khanate zenith, wahola impi oyimpumelelo nama-Arabhu, futhi China. Kodwa ngemuva kokuthi kubulawe Suluk amandla waqala kuphunyuka ezandleni owamlandela, ababe Kutsha futhi Baga-Tarhan, Bilge futhi Tengri-Ilmysh - Hagan zokugcina, ogama ukufa turgesh abasekho. Kwakukhona izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi State ne imibhalo eqoshiwe Sogdian, olwenziwa ngaphansi laba babusi abangamaqaba.
New esizeni endala
Esidenyana yayikhona Eastern Tyurkskiy Kaganat. Inhlokodolobha okwakuseduze layo umuzi Balik-Orda. Umlando waleli isimo ayimizulane kwaqala ngo 603, ngemuva kokuwa Khanate Turkic ibe izingxenye aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga. Kwaphela amashumi amathathu eminyaka, eyayisanda kumiswa East Khanate, eyayintula umngcele ezivamile China, kwaholela naye ngempela impi oyimpumelelo, kodwa 630, izwe laphinde ihlaselwe umbuso Turkic. kamuva eminyakeni 50 ehlubuka Kok-abaseTurkey, okuholele abuyiselwe East Khanate ngaphansi igama elisha - Kok-Turk. Futhi, amabutho akhe ehlaselwa ibutho engumakhelwane China - ngonyaka 686 ngesikhathi Xinzhou, 694 - eduze Linchzhou. Okwesibili Qapagan Mochur Hagan, owabusa kusukela eminyakeni 693 kuya 716, ngempumelelo yahlasela zaseChina ngonyaka 698 abehlula amabutho yasebukhosini. Yilandeleni 6 ababusi impumelelo esinjalo izuzwe. Futhi ekugcineni, Kulun-bek, Khanate ngamaviyo 745, amabutho bahlulwa Uighur Khan Geza-Chura. endaweni Kok-Tyurkskiy Kaganat ka-4 million amakhilomitha square, kwakheka 682, ababange besaba khona.
New eqinile imfundo
Karluk Khanate, esadaleka engu-11 ngemva kokuwa Kok-Turk - futhi isimo Turkic, futhi likhona iminyaka 940 kuya 756. Le ndawo elalihlala kuzo, isikhala kufakwe phakathi Issyk-Cool futhi Balkhash kusukela naphakathi Syr Daria ukuze Dzhungarskiy Tau. Okungukuthi ungaphakathi uhla Kazakhstan yesimanje. Karluk Khanate izimpande zamila engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye isihlakazeka kanye (e 603) kwamazwe Turkic. Nakuba isikhathi esithile ngaphansi kwethonya elinamandla China, ekuqaleni le VIII ngekhulu le Karluk (abakhileyo kulezi zifunda) uqale kufuduka kancane kancane kuze kube sentshonalanga. Eyaziwayo ngabo kusukela V leminyaka. Iphinde multibreeding umphakathi - ukubunjwa yabo bajoyine VII leminyaka, izizwe ezifana Bulak, chigil futhi Tashlyk. Endleleni amaqembu elandelayo ukuthola ikusasa namandla Kaganate entsha anqoba ezimpini eziningana ezinkulu. Ngakho, basiza Arabhu 751 win e Talas, noma Atlahskoy (Talas esigodini Atlah idolobha), empini uyolwa China (Tang BakwaHan). Baphenduka balwa naseMpumalanga Turkic Khaganate. Kodwa amandla Karluk, owayemazi ngokuseduze ups, akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ubethula kakhulu amuncwa enye imfundo Turkic - Eastern Turkestan, ekuthatheni 940, inhloko-dolobha Karluk Khanate Balasgun. Nokho, ingxenye labantu wakwazi ukubaleka ngaphesheya komfula Noma, ubude e Imifula Eziyisikhombisa, lapho kuye kwakha umbuso omusha obizwa ngokuthi Karluk Khanate. Yaba dolobha Kaylaka.
I esidabukisayo isiphetho
On umbuzo lokho Khanate, impendulo wukuthi kuba luyingxenye ifomu Asiatic kahulumeni. Akukho ndawo e-Europe noma Melika ayikaze zokwakheka ezifana. E-Asia, kwakukhona impela eningi - kwakungekho ngisho Russian Khanate e Lower Don. Yena, futhi, lashabalala phakathi kwekhulu IX. Njengoba umlando ubonisa, ngempela ifomu esibi kuhulumeni - zonke kaganats kwabhujiswa, futhi abantu abaningi yanyamalala trace noma ziyoncibilika phakathi kwezinye izizwe, njenge-Khazars, futhi Avars. Kodwa ukubaluleka uthi Turkic kunzima overestimate. Ngenxa ukunwetshwa lempi isiko East yaceba yi impumelelo yezimpucuko iMedithera lasendulo. izizwe eziningi aphume China bese ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana, endleleni kufakwe ne izikhala eziphilayo yalezi zizwe.