Ayengobani Khazars ngu umsuka? Khazars - Turkic Abantu abakhuluma ayimizulane

Emlandweni kokubili ezweni lethu kanye namazwe angaphandle entula ukubhekisela yamandulo ukuthi ayeke ahlala endaweni samanje. Ngakho, eminyakeni yamuva, kakhulu kwakhulisa isithakazelo umbuso Khazar, okuyinto ekuqaleni ezitholakala kule nkathi yethu wawusegunjini endaweni ethile sifinyelela engezansi iVolga. Isithakazelo ngale ndaba okukhulu kangangokuthi Amamagazini ahamba phambili yesayensi ukunikeza ncwadi elalinikezelwe sihloko, band yami yokuqala. Imfihlakalo esemqoka yalolu abantu ukuthi ososayensi basaqhubeka bephikisana ngokuthi ubani babedabuka Khazars.

Mhlawumbe babengeke abe nesithakazelo abanothando ezinjalo, uma engenawo kucatshangwa ukuthi kwaba Khazars babe amadlozi amaJuda yesimanje. ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi zingabantu amadlozi khona kwalesi sizwe. Lo mbono usekelwa yamuva abalulekile idatha bemivubukulo evumela thembeke sixoxe ngalokho esahlukweni uphumo abadumile yamaJuda iGibhithe lalingekho. Abantu balapho, kodwa umsuka walo Akucaci kuze kube sekupheleni.

Yingakho esikhathini esidlule amabili eminyaka ukuze atadishe le Khazars wabe ngentshiseko redoubled. Kukholakala ukuthi umyalezo wokuqala onokwethenjelwa mayelana Khazars ngomhla emhlabeni ngonyaka 550 AD, lapho beqala ngenkuthalo bazikhulumele enkundleni ngamazwe ngesikhathi. Ake sizame ukulandela indlela yabo.

Kwahamba kusuka elithi "Khazars"?

Lavelaphi igama ngokwayo waya "Khazars"? Meaning of izwi (njengoba kulinganiswe isichazamazwi Dahl) "hazit" kungaqondakala njengoba "siluhlaza ngiyafunga." Eminye imithombo zithi "zikaJehowahazi" - ezikhukhumezayo, indoda iluhlaza. Nokho, ngaphansi "hazom" sisaqondakala njengoba aluhlaza, eliphezulu futhi umkhiqizo ezibizayo. Khumbula igama elithi "ebukekayo", okuyinto nje liqukethe Ushintshe isijobelelo "zikaJehowahazi", kodwa libhekisela uhlobo skimpy, into amabi. Kunalokho, elithi "ifasitela sigqoka" lisetshenziswa lapho lo mkhuba noma into avele aluhlaza ngokweqile, zikanokusho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Dahl efanayo uthi igama elithi "othazovat" amazwi okulingana "ukuhamba, izule." Ngakho indlela-ke, ukuze bangazise incazelo elithi "Khazars"? Okusho akunakwenzeka ukwazi uma ungazami uqaqe etymology. Uma zephule izwi waba izingxenye ezintathu, okungukuthi, "ha", "s" futhi "ar", ngokuqinisekile kuyoba close kakhulu incazelo leligama eyanikezwa okhokho bethu. Uma kwenzeka uma sihumusha ngokuthi "kokufinyelela Arom (Yarile)", kuvela ukuthi igama elithi "Khazars" Kungenzeka uhunyushwe ngokuthi "ukuza ezivela eMpumalanga."

Kusukela Huns ukuze hazarm

Ngakho, obani ababehola Khazars ngu umsuka? Kuyaziwa ukuthi bayindlu zakudala ayimizulane uhlanga Lokudabuka Turkic. Ekuqaleni, babehlala endaweni ephakathi kweBlack futhi iCaspian kwezilwandle. Umlando ukusho ukuthi emva ayehlasela Huns kwakungamadodana Khazars eMpumalanga Yurophu. Nazi nje inhlanganisela "Huns kuza ngemuva" ezingacacile kakhulu, futhi abalobi azibhala okuqinile yesayensi ogcinwe kule akhawunti ukuthula engabandlululi ngempela.

Kungenzeka eyaba khona lezo zindawo Huns nabantu Turkic ngokungazelelwe baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi Khazars, kodwa ezinye izinketho futhi hhayi ngaphandle. Ngakho le nkathi yomlando wabo mhlawumbe oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke.

Kancane mayelana Huns

By the way, abangamalungu ngokwabo le Huns? It bantu ayimizulane, eyasungulwa ngo-II IV eminyaka. esifundeni esise-Ural. Okhokho babo zazifana abantu abakhuluma Turkic (isizwe hsiung-nu), owafika ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka le-Asia Ephakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igalelo lalo ukuvela isizwe esisha esenziwa abantu Ugric zendawo Sarmatians. Hunnu ngokwabo imvelaphi kunalokho ukwazi, ngoba okhokho abantu Caucasoid kusukela enyakatho yeChina, owayephumele iminyaka engaba inkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu.

Kodwa ukutadisha abavubukuli Chinese bathi kuze kube Urals uma hunnu futhi ngiyitholile ngesimo namaqembu angawodwa multi-yobuhlanga, selande laze laba abantu zakudala ayimizulane endleleni. Iqiniso liwukuthi eNorth China, isizwe catastrophically okusheshayo anyamalale, ayikwazi ancintisane izizwe ezinamandla. Ngakho, Hun babonakala ngokucacile kwakhiwa ogxile ugrami. Igama ejwayelekile ye Khanty futhi Mansi, ngaleso sikhathi ababehlala kule ndawo. Cishe, lezi zizwe phathelana isehlane ngisho enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC.

Ekuqaleni Ugric abantu abahlala ehlathini-asemaqeleni of Western eSiberia, kwezinye izindawo sifinyelela phezulu Irtysh. Sarmatians futhi wenza umnikelo omkhulu kakhulu ukwakheka Khazar abantu.

ubudlelwane Khazar ne-Turks

Emhlabeni lesithupha AD kwekhulu, Khazars abangu yayinqoba i-enamandla Turkic Khanate. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa abacwaningi Asitholanga Ukhulumé ingxubevange inter-yobuhlanga, nakuba lesi simo kungaba kahle.

Indida zomlando: naphezu kwakho konke amandla abo, Khanate eyathatha isikhathi nje aweve iDemo ngezindinganiso zomlando - kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 552 kuya 745 BC. e. Ngokwabo-Turks sekukhona ngenxa yokuthi 460 kwaba nesinye sezizwe zakwa-Hun (futhi saphinde sadlulisela buya it), okwakubizwa ngokuthi i Ashina, yanqotshwa abantu Jujan. On Ashin eningawugcinanga yiluphi uhlobo lonke ulwazi olunembile. Kwaziqondanela nje ukuba, kwaba ngesikhathi esifanayo iningi hsiung-nu labhujiswa Juan-Juan. Ngemva kwalokho Ashinov abantu zathathwa ngenkani baphinde kuya Altai.

Kuyinto kule ndawo futhi kwakukhona abantu eqinile ayimizulane, eyaziwa kithi ngokuthi "I-Turks". igama IsiZulu kulezi zizwe livela Russian elithi "tyurya" okuyinto okhokho bethu ngokuthi ukudla kakhulu elula: ebhidlikayo isinkwa noma crackers ne kvass kanye anyanisi (noma ukuhlukahluka). Ngamafuphi nje, ngesikhathi abaseTurkey Yayinesikhwanyana ngaphandle ukuthi we Ugrians nezizwana Sarmatian Ashin alulaze semi wasenganekwaneni.

Umlando Khanate ukwakheka

Ngonyaka 545 abantu wahlasela amaviyo Uighurs, futhi 551 kwaba kuxoshwa Avenged uZsuzsanna. Emlandweni leyo minyaka it is ikakhulukazi imakwe umholi Bumyn ngubani phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe isimemezele uqobo Hagan. Lo mklomelo senziwa kuphela phakathi kwamaJuda. Kakade 555, bonke abantu bomdabu babe ngaphansi kokubusa Turkish. "Izinga Ephakeme" Khanate ihanjiswe sifinyelela engenhla Orkhon komfula, lapho wahlala cishe zonke Khazars. Abantu lokhu ezikhulayo ngentshiseko futhi efaka ngayo amandla ezempi.

Kakade phakathi nekhulu lesithupha BC e ukuncika Hagan ithole cishe zonke izizwe Northern China. Ngokushesha abaseTurkey ungene ubuhlobo sokulwa woMbuso WaseByzantium, okwathi ngemva kwalokho amabutho ahlangene waqala ukulwa naye Iran lokulawula Omkhulu Silk Road. Kakade 571, emngceleni sagijima sigudla Amu Darya Khanate. Eminyakeni emihlanu nje kamuva abaseTurkey wakwazi ukuthatha Bosporus (Kerch), kodwa ngonyaka 581 uvinjiwe ngokuphelele Hersonissos.

Kodwa Khazars?

Ukubuyela Khazars. Sinenkosi okuthile ngayo lapha? Iqiniso lokuthi mlando Ziningi ubufakazi ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi ingxenye Turkic Khaganate wayevele Khazar "igatsha". Kodwa ubani futhi kungani wanika abantu benqoba kwenkululeko ezinjalo? I-Turks ungazange ncamashi ezifudumele uhlobo intando yeningi, kanye nomqondo ukudalwa i Khazar Khanate cha. Nokho, kukhona omunye incazelo ucishe stroke ...

Iqiniso liwukuthi ngaphambi kokuwa isimo Turkish kwaba iminyaka engu-100 kuphela ubudala. Growing izinkinga zangaphakathi, sabhekana nobunzima kanye nemingcele egqunywe. Mhlawumbe isizwe okhonzile uqotho abaseTurkey ukuze baye bavumela ukuba adale isimo abo Khazars, esenana iziqinisekiso yokwethembeka kwabo esikhathini esizayo.

Kodwa ugcwele eziphikisanayo. Iqiniso ukuthi abantu ababephila wakhuluma ngesimo Khazars kuphela njengoba abayimizulane, ukuthi kungaba amandla esesabekayo ngesikhathi kuphangwa, kodwa ukuxhumana onomqondo phakathi kwawo kwakungeyona. On emakhasini pheze yonke imisebenzi abantu ababephila ngesikhathi sabo, sibona ukuthi ukuphila kanye nemisebenzi ye-Khazars ayefanekisela for abayimizulane: nezinkomo, ukuhlaselwa njalo ezitheni, izingxabano zombango.

Yebo, ayebonakala dolobha, yayitholakala Hagan. Kodwa wayenesihe kuphela "kuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo", namandla oda abameleli lokuzalwa ezinkulu wamane wayengekho lapho. Asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi abaseTurkey engenza nabo isivumelwano esibaluleke kangaka. Nokho Khazars - abantu abasakwazi ethize, njengazo zonke abayimizulane.

Ukunqoba eCrimea futhi Kiev

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa ngekhulu VII-VIII BC, baye bakwazi ukumnqoba Kiev kanye eCrimea. Izazi-mlando eziningi zithi ngaleso sikhathi izizwe Slavic waqala ukukhokha intela kubo. the Khazars Lapha kuphela mbibi ukuthi ngandlela-thile kuyofana eqinile emaphakathi isimo Khazars. Kwakungenzeka kanjani bona ukuqoqa le ntela efanayo, uma bengamlaleli, isimiso, ucishe athuthukile uhlelo nokuphatha?

Ekugcineni, ezingeni Golden zidlamlilo, base kakhulu kude. Cishe, a "intela" libhekisela kulabo iziqephu, lapho izakhamuzi eyayisuke ivinjezelwe bakhetha ukuthenga off elinye kuphangwa Nomad. Yebo, futhi indlela yokuphila kanye nemisebenzi ye-Khazars awazange afake isandla ekusungulweni amandla sina ezinye izizwe ngonya: Khanate kwaba heterogeneous kakhulu, futhi ngoba umbusi oye wachitha isikhathi esiningi ophethe lesi isakhiwo okuxekethile ngaphakathi okungenani ukuze isihlobo.

Ehola isizwe Khazar oko Hakan futhi "kusho iphini" run sakhe. Inhloko-dolobha ye-Khazars Khanate kwaba Valangiar (Astrakhan) bese Sarkel (yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngo 1300). Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi babeshumayela ngentshiseko ukuhweba nge India ezaziwayo. Ngo 965, amabutho Khazar enqotshwa amatutu Prince Svyatoslav. Ngo 1016, anqotshiwe phambi kuka-amabutho ahlangene Russian namaGreki, elaliholwa Mstislav Tmutarakan.

Ukwemukelwa UbuJuda

zomlando Abaningi zisitshela ukuthi ngekhulu leminyaka lesishiyagalombili le Khazars yokutholwa yobuJuda. Kodwa ake sibuyele ekuqaleni sihloko. ososayensi abaqavile Israeli ukubika ukuthi inqubo ukuhlanganisa lamaJuda kanye Khazars weza kuphela 1005. Kodwa ke Bumyn ephendukela ebuJudeni eminyakeni 500 ngaphambi kwalokho? Kule ndaba, izazi-mlando kukhona imibuzo eminingi. Lapha yibo ezivamile:

• Ubani phakathi-Turks and Khazars ungase ngaleso sikhathi nobuJuda, amaJuda uma kusekhona ngisho eduze ke?
• Ungakwenza kanjani nobuJuda, kodwa hhayi ukuba ungumJuda? Zonke izincwadi oNgcwele ka-Israyeli bathi leli akukwazi!
• Ekugcineni, ngubani wayeyisithunywa sevangeli zobuJuda iminyaka engu-500 ngaphambi kokufika yabaJuda na?

Ngeshwa, yonke le mibuzo izimpendulo ezicacile. Cishe, kukhona ukudideka. Uma kunjalo, akukho isimanga kule; kusukela kuleso sikhathi babe ukuthembeka kancane ngakho egcwele imibhalo ukuthi izazi-mlando ube wanelisekile encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla main. Futhi bayazi ukuthi yileso musa ibonisa kahle wonke ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi kwakwenzekani, njengoba sitlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe umusa elibusayo.

Ngakho asikwazi ngisho ukukhuluma okwamanje ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi bona babedabuka Khazars, ngoba akulula kangako nenkolo yabo. Uma bengakuqondi nobuJuda, amaJuda hhayi phakathi wawoyise.

I-Mysteries of kokufa Khazar Khanate

Ngo-Soviet zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele zomlando zingatholakala imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuthi Khazar Khanate wawa ngenxa yokuntuleka banal isikhala ephilayo, okuyinto wanyamalala ngaphansi amanzi oLwandle iCaspian achithekile. Umbhali waleli nokucabanga - L. N. Gumilev. Wasikisela ukuthi Khazars VII-VIII ekhulwini nemizana ezinkulu ngenxa yeseqo kwenhlabathi babemane zakhukhuleka. Nokho, Gumilev ayebeka umbono ocatshangelwayo kwakwakhiwa kakhulu.

UbuJuda - imbangela Ngokuwa Khanate?

Izazi-mlando akusuki Israeli uzwakalise isiphakamiso ethakazelisa kakhulu. Bakholelwa ukuthi nciphisa kwabangelwa kwemukelwa Khanate yobuJuda, eyaqala phakathi nesikhathi umbusi Obadiya. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu Hagan eqala umsebenzi wakhe wezithunywa zevangeli kwenye indawo ekuqa- IX-X leminyaka. Ukuphathwa kwemisebenzi yakhe ingatholakala "The Life of Ioanna Gotskogo."

Isazi-Arabic Masudi sabhala ukuthi ngemva kokuba ukwamukelwa of UbuJuda Hagan embusweni wayo waqala ukuba abuthele amaJuda evela emhlabeni wonke. AmaJuda ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe ngokushesha amabhulokhi enkulu cishe yonke imizi Khazar, futhi ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo kwaba eCrimea, futhi inhloko-dolobha Khazars (Valangiar) kubhekene "indumezulu" wangempela ukufuduka. abaningi kakhulu ukuhlala Itil. Ngokusho esikhathi, "amaJuda ovinjezelwe sobukhosi ka-Obadiya." Basikisela ukuthi Kagan wawunika amaJuda amalungelo amaningi, avunyelwe ahlale kunoma yisiphi emadolobheni. Kagan ukunyusele ukwakhiwa emasinagogeni izikole othanda inkolo, basamukela ngezandla ezifudumele zo yamaJuda, ngesandla esivulekile endowing them mali.

AmaJuda izifundiswa, owayelwazi kahle ukuhweba ... kodwa ukholo lwabo, okuyinto yingozi Khanate. Sesixoxile mayelana lokuthi isimo Khazar isivele hhayi kuhluke izinhlelo zokuphatha ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe. Ukwamukela yezikhulu obuphakeme UbuJuda ivuliwe kude iningi izifundo osevele kwakungekaNkulunkulu amandla ophakeme ngaphandle ehlonipha. Eningini ukhiye Khazars kwaba umbono wabadala, futhi abazange ukondla uthando okhethekile kumaJuda.

A emzabalazweni ku Khaganate. Kwakukhona ukuxabana, abanye Khazars ihlanganiswe ne-Turks and baseHungary, owaphila emhlabeni Pecheneg. Bawungenela letihlomulisa imifelandawonye kwezempi nakwezombusazwe. Abaphila Besikhathi wababiza ngokuthi "Cabaret." Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ngokuvamile wabhala Konstantin Porfirorodny.

Akumangalisi elangabini kwempi yombango ashisiwe yena no-Obadiya, kokubili ukuze angene esikhundleni sakhe: uHezekiya noManase. amandla Kwegazi phezu isimo wathatha phezu Chanukah, woza umzalwane Obadiya. Ngesikhathi eCrimea, okuyinto eziningi "zezifundazwe" ekhaya, usigxekile lesi rapprochement namaJuda, wafika ngaphansi protectorate waseByzantium. Ngalesi sikhathi e ezweni Khazars abangu ethuthuka izindimbane Pechenegs, okuyinto yezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe kanye abakholwayo ababelapho ungakujabulisi ngokuphelele.

Njengoba ukuwa Kaganate bathonya Ukwakheka ngokobuhlanga Khazars?

Kufanele siqonde ukuthi kungesemehlweni zonke lezi esonta kanye ematfuba, ungayiqondi ababengamadoda Khazars ngu imvelaphi. Ngo we Khanate ka ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga neminyaka yokugcina engu emibalabala ngokumangalisayo. Uma uke ufunde isihloko, futhi ngokuqinisekile abaqondi ukuthi Khazars ayengeyona ikakhulukazi lonke uhlanga. abantu Nokunqoba nezinkolo babeshintshana e kaganate ngesilinganiso okuhle ngendlela engakholeki.

Ngakho ekugcineni ukubona lokhu, ukunika izibonelo ezivela empilweni ngasekupheleni Khanate. Ngakho, ngo-730 Kagan Bulan ukwamukela yobuJuda. Ngonyaka 737, iminyaka eyisikhombisa nje kamuva, Khazars (izithombe ezinye izinsalela ukuthi nkathi esihlokweni) ziye ababethi Islam. Nge-740 775 ngonyaka ziba amaKristu ozinikele ngaphansi ukusekelwa Byzantine uMbusi Konstantina Kopronima. Nge 786 ngonyaka 809 - Islam futhi. Lesi sikhathi nge isibusiso Baghdad Umbusi wamaSulumane Harun al-Rashid. Nge 799 ka 809 iminyaka, siyazi Kagan Obadiya futhi ligqugquzela "UbuJuda kubantu abavamile."

Ethnographers bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-100, ngakho Khazars kufakwe nalabo bantu ababethi ubuKristu nobuSulumane, ukuthi eqenjini labo yasekuqaleni yobuhlanga cishe lutho kwesokunxele. Ukunqotshwa yokugcina Khazar Khanate (noma kunalokho, self-ukubhujiswa kwakhe) kanye waphinde wabonisa ingcaca ukuthi ukuze kwakhiwe isimo enamandla ngempela idinga igunya namandla emaphakathi, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uyakwazi acabangele izifiso zonke izikhonzi zakhe.

Final ukufa Kaganate

Barely ngonyaka ngemva kwalesi sinqumo lokugcina UbuJuda waqala agony kancane State: 810 820 eminyakeni yokuvukela kwakhe ihlushwe aziwayo kakade kithi, cabaret; nge 822 ka 836 eminyakeni kwakukhona ayehlasela njalo baseHungary. Nge 829 ngonyaka 842 umthetho uMbusi waseByzantium Theyofilu, owenza ngendlela kule Khazar Khanate yokungezwani sokugcina. Ngo 965 Svyatoslav trashes Khazar amasosha, okwathi ngemva kwalokho Kagan Bulan III okwesithathu (!) Zimenyezelwe inkolo isimo senkolo yobuJuda. Njengoba kahle kwakukhona ukunqotshwa okuphelele Khazar Khanate?

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi wonke Leapfrog zobuzwe nezenkolo ngenxa yokuthi le Khazars bagcina kufakwe nge amaSulumane. Ngakho, izizwe wangaphambili Turkic, abakwazi ukwakha imfundo yomphakathi sasivumela abalulekile, baphelelwa ukuzimela kanye nezwe lawo siqu.

okutholakele

Zonke okungenhla kubonisa ukuthi Khazars lalingabulawa kalula khona ngokoqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Khanate futhi eqinisweni kungaba ezweni zomlando yamaJuda. Nokho, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, bakholelwa ukuthi umsuka UbuJuda (nobuKristu Islam) kulesi simo kwaba nemilingo isakazeke izizwana ayimizulane. Lokhu ngenhlanhla is kakhulu kubonakala ebuKristwini, asazi the gama of Nkulunkulu, kodwa sicabanga ukuthi sonke umusa phezu komusa wakhe emhlabeni nasesibhakabhakeni. Ngakho, izizwe Turkic abaye baba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni impucuko yesimanje, ngoba baye kwanikeza isintu monotheism.