UMdali ukuphrinta Gutenberg: Biography

I-German Gutenberg, ogama biography kuchazwa kulesi sihloko, baba nethonya elikhulu emhlabeni emhlabeni. okusungulile wakhe waphenduka ngempela ngempela emlandweni.

Okhokho Ioganna Gutenberga

Njengoba umsunguli abadumile wazalelwa futhi waphila ngekhulu nanhlanu, ulwazi mayelana Lahlala elincane kakhulu. Ngalezo zinsuku abantu abanegama kuphela kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo unikelwa afakwe imithombo documentary. Nokho, Johann lucky. Abaphila Besikhathi ukuthi uhlolwa umsebenzi wakhe, ulwazi mayelana butholakala izincazelo ezahlukene zomlando wesikhathi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Johann Gutenberg wazalelwa emndenini ocebile Gensfleysha Friel futhi Elzy Virih. Lokhu kwenzeke emhlabeni ngonyaka 1400.

Abazali bakhe sashada ngo 1386. kwafika unina ngesikhathi suknotorgovtsev umndeni, ngakho ubuhlobo babo kubhekwe ukungalingani. Edolobheni amakhulu eminyaka umzabalazo phakathi patricians (kwezakhi engenhla zakhamuzi zazenza ingcosana, uyise umndeni) nezitolo (ababazi, umndeni kamama). Lapho le ngxabano ukuthi zaba zimbi kakhulu Mainz, umndeni kwadingeka zihambe, ukuze singathwesi engozini nezingane.

Ngo Mainz, umndeni izindlu wabizwa ngokuthi igama Gensfleysh sikababa, futhi egcekeni Gutenberghof.

Mhlawumbe umsunguli uye waba knighthood, nakuba umsuka nonina imisebenzi yakhe siqu eziphikisana. Nokho, lapho i-Odinensi, esisayinwe French iNkosi uCharles Seventh, okuyinto wazala igama Gutenberg.

Esakhula

Umlando Omfushane Johann olungekho yimiphi imithombo lasendulo. Ungakwazi ukubuyisela kuphela idatha kusele izingxenyana nje ze-ke. Yingakho ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe nje ayikho.

Record abhajatiswa asizange sisinde. Nokho, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe - Juni 24, 1400 (usuku Ioanna Krestitelya). Futhi akukho imininingwane eqondile ngezidakamizwa endaweni lokuzalwa kwakhe. Kungaba njengoba nasezazini Strasbourg.

Johann ngimntwana encane kunawo wonke waba umndeni. Koonyana bakaRubhen, owamazibulo wabizwa ngokuthi Friel nabo bebekhona amantombazane amabili - Elsa Patz.

Ngemva kokuqeda isikole, insizwa wafundiswa wezandla kunjalo, njengoba ayeke wanquma ukulandela ezinyathelweni amadlozi unina. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ifinyelele amakhono eliphakeme futhi wathola okuyinhloko kusukela lapho wahlanganyela ukuqeqeshwa ngokukwenza ngokoqobo.

Life eStrasbourg

Gutenberg kuya 1434 wayehlala Strasbourg. Wayelethwa wahlanganyela imigexo ibhizinisi, yena iphucuziwe namatshe ayigugu kanye nezibuko kukhiqizwa. Kwakulapho engqondweni yakhe umbono ukwakha umshini ezokwenza ukuphrinta ncwadi. Ngo 1438 waze wadala inhlangano ngaphansi ongaqondakali igama "Enterprise ne art." Cover ngasebenza njengombonisi eMnyangweni ukukhiqizwa izibuko. Lobu budlelwano ihlelwe ngokubambisana umfundi wakhe Andreas Drittsenom.

Ngalesi sikhathi Gutenberg nethimba kwasala kancane we Ukutholakala okukhulu, kodwa ukufa umngane ubambezele ukushicilelwa wakhe wokusungula.

I UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa

I esizoqala kuso ukubala yokunyathelisa yesimanje ubhekwa 1440, nakuba kungekho ephrintiwe imiqulu, amabhuku kanye nemithombo isikhathi. Kukhona ubufakazi bezimo nje kuphela, ngokuvumelana lapho Valdfogel kusukela 1444 ethengisa imfihlakalo "izinhlamvu yokufakelwa." Kukholakala ukuthi kwaba yena ngokwakhe uJohane Gutenberg. Ngakho wazama ukuthola imali ukuqhubeka umshini wakhe. Kwathi kuphela izinhlamvu ayizindunduma idaliwe kusuka metal eqoshiwe ku esibukweni sayo sediski. Lokho ephepheni kwakukhona umbhalo oqoshwe, kwakudingekile ukuba usebenzise upende okhethekile bese ucindezela.

Ngo 1448 amaJalimane abuyela Mainz, lapho wazisingatha umbolekisi J. Fust, ngubani wakhokha u-minyaka yonke-guilder eziyisishiyagalombili. IMITHETHO ukunyatheliswa kwadingeka ahlanganyele iphesenti. Kodwa ekugcineni leli lungiselelo laqala ukusebenza ngokumelene Gutenberg. Wayeka kokuthola imali thembisa technical support, kodwa inzuzo Namanje ihlukaniswe.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga, umshini Ioganna Gutenberga ngo-1956, iye yazuza eziningi amafonti ezahlukene (a ingqikithi emihlanu). Kwabe sekulandela lolimi lokuqala olunyathelisiwe Elia Donata, amadokhumenti eziningana olusemthethweni futhi, ekugcineni, womabili la maBhayibheli abaye baba izikhumbuzo zomlando zokunyathelisa.

42 yomugqa Gutenberg iBhayibheli, iphrintwe kungakapheli 1455, kubhekwa umsebenzi oyinhloko Johann. It ifinyelele izinsuku zethu futhi agcinwe Mainz Museum.

Ukuze le ncwadi, umsunguli idale ifonti ekhethekile, uhlobo iskripthi Gothic. Kwatholakala ngempela like a ngesandla futhi ngenxa isethi ligatures izifinyezo, esenziwa isicelo ababhali.

Kusukela upende ekhona ezingafanelanga sokuphrinta, Gutenberg kwadingeka ukuthi badale owabo. Ngokufaka ithusi, phambili nesibabule embhalweni incwadi waphenduka bluish-emnyama, nge Ukukhalipha engavamile, upende obomvu elasetshenziselwa ngezigaba. Ukuze sihlanganise imibala emibili, kwadingeka ukuba miss ikhasi elilodwa kabili ngokusebenzisa umshini.

Le ncwadi ishicilelwe njengoba kunyatheliswa amakhophi angu-180, kodwa zisekhona kancane. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke kuyinto e-Germany (izicucu eziyishumi nambili). ERussia, kwakunebandla elilodwa Ngokwesibonelo yeBhayibheli yokuqala eyanyatheliswa, kodwa emva kwempi uhulumeni wamaSoviet wasithengisa endalini eLondon.

Ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu leliBhayibheli ethengisiwe florins 30 (3 amagremu egolide uhlamvu). Namuhla, umuntu page yencwadi balinganiselwa ku eziyinkulungwane 80 zamaRandi. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange 1272 emakhasini eBhayibheli.

umbango

Gutenberg kabili ukubiza ubulungiswa. Ngokokuqala ngqá lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1439, ngemva kokufa Umhlobo nomngane wakhe A. Drittsena. Izingane zayo umangalele ukuthi umshini empeleni yasungulwa bakayise.

Gutenberg iwine kalula. Futhi sibonga izinto zalo abacwaningi bathola, kwaba kokusungulwa yini esiteji ekuzimiseleni. Imibhalo kufakwe amagama anjengokuthi "wokushaya", "ukuphrinta", "izindaba", "lo msebenzi". Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile kufakazelwa ukulungela umshini.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi inqubo ime ngenxa yokuntuleka eminye imininingwane kwesokunxele Andreas. Johann kwadingeka ukuba kabusha bebodwa.

Icala lesibili senzeka ngo 1455, lapho umklami uboshwe J. Fust ngentshisekelo yokungakhokhi. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi iphrinta futhi zonke izingxenye zalo zidluliselwa ummangali. Gutenberg yasungulwa yokunyathelisa e-1440, futhi eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva ayenakho ukuqala kabusha.

eminyakeni yamuva

Nge sasinda ngokulambisa kwesivivinyo, Gutenberg isinqumo bangayeki. Yena wajoyina inkampani K. Gumerov futhi zakhululwa 1460 indaba Ioganna Balba, kanye Latin lolimi nge isichazamazwi.

Ngo 1465 wangena inkonzo Elector Adolf.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-68 eminyakeni engu-wafa ncwadi amaphrinta. Wembelwa Mainz, kodwa indawo yamanje ithuna lakhe alaziwa.

Ukusabalala ukuphrinta

Yini edumile Johann Gutenberg, ukhangwa eziningi. imali Easy sengathi wonke. Ngakho-ke, kukhona abantu abaningi ebesizenza abasunguli ukuphrinta eYurophu.

Igama Gutenberg eqoshiwe kwelinye amaphepha wakhe, uPetru Sheffer, osafunda yakhe. Ngemva kokubhujiswa ukunyatheliswa lokuqala abasebenzi bayo bahlakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ethula ubuchwepheshe obusha kwamanye amazwe. Uthisha wabo sasitholakala Gutenberg. Yokunyathelisa zanda ngokushesha e-Hungary (A. Hess), Italy (Sveyhneym), Spain. Okumangazayo ukuthi, akwabakho kubafundi of Gutenberg akayanga France. BaseParis wedwa abamenyiwe amaphrinta German ukusebenza ezweni labo.

Iphuzu lokugcina emlandweni wokunyathelisa setha emsebenzini Anthony van der Linden ngo-1878.

Gutenbergovedenie

Personality iphayona European bekulokhu ethandwa njalo. Abacwaningi emazweni amaningi akazange miss ithuba ukubhala umsebenzi othile ophathelene yomlando wakhe noma umsebenzi. Ngisho phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe waqala phikisana zabhalwa kokusungulwa nendawo (Mainz noma Strasbourg).

Abanye ochwepheshe olubizwa ngokuthi Gutenberg osafunda Fust futhi Schaeffer. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wabiza Johann Schaeffer umsunguli we ncwadi ukuphrinta, lezi amahemuhemu kungukuthi wanqamuka isikhathi eside.

Abacwaningi banamuhla baye ngokuthi inkinga eyinhloko ukuthi ezincwadini zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe ayilutho uma isigcino, kuwukubonisa wombhali. Ngokwenza kanjalo, Gutenberg bazokwazi ugweme izinkinga eziningi futhi ngeke bavunyelwe ziphila ifa labo.

On ungubani umsunguli uyazi kancane okunye, futhi ngoba akukho ukuxhumana kwakhe siqu, isithombe onokwethenjelwa. Inombolo obanele documentary ubufakazi.

Gutenberg yasungulwa amafonti eziyingqayizivele, sibonga ngalo ephethwe ukusungula bese uqinisekisa ifa lakhe.

ERussia, sokutadisha ukuphila ngiphayona ubonakele kuphela phakathi nekhulu le-lamashumi amabili. Khona-ke quincentenary itjheje UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa. Umcwaningi lokuqala kwaba uVladimir Lublin, ummeleli wombuso wezesayensi kweLeningrad.

Zonke izwe ubhalwe futhi wanyatheliswa amaphepha isayensi ezingaphezu kuka 3,000 (bahlanganisa futhi Biography emfushane ka Gutenberg).

inkumbulo

Ngeshwa, engafakwanga ekumeni vivo ka Johann. I umbhalo wokuqala, yangekhulu ngonyaka 1584, wawulotshwe Paris echazwe ukubukeka umsunguli.

Mainz kubhekwa hhayi kuphela umuzi ka-Johann, kodwa futhi ube yindawo kokusungulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa. Ngakho-ke, kukhona lesikhumbuzo ukuze Gutenberg, Museum yakhe (wavula ngo 1901).

It is esigama ngemuva wentaba elisemkhathini the Moon.