Huns - abantu abayimizulane. Atilla - Umholi we Huns. indaba

Umlando Huns ithakazelisa kakhulu. Ukuze abantu Slavic kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kukhona amathuba eqinile ukuthi Huns - kuba amadlozi lwamaSlav. Kunezindlela eziningana zalezi zincwadi zomlando nemibhalo yasendulo, enokwethenjelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Huns futhi amaSlav babe yisizwe sinye.

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuba nifeze ucwaningo njalo zasezindaweni zethu, njengoba ngokuvumelana izindaba ezikhona okhokho bethu ngaphambi kokufika Rurik babe isizwe uhluphekile futhi ungafundile uyangabaza, okuyinto babengenalo isiko kanye namasiko. Ngokusho okushiwo ezinye izazi ukuthi zazinjani nakakhulu, njengoba nokwehlukaniswa lasendulo izizwe Slavic uvinjelwe self-ukuphathwa amazwe awo. Yingakho wabizwa amaViking Rurik, ngubani owabeka itshe lwamakhosi entsha ababusi Russia.

Lolu cwaningo lokuqala olukhulu isiko Hun labetibambile French mlando Degine. Ucwaningo luthole ukufana phakathi kwegama elithi "Huns" futhi "syunny". Syunnami wabiza enye okukhulu kwabantu abanengi be owayehlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi China. Kodwa kukhona omunye umbono ukuthi Huns babe amadlozi lwamaSlav.

Ngokwe-theory lokuqala Hun - inhlanganisela abantu ababili, omunye okuyinto ugry, kanti eyesibili - Hun. Eyokuqala, wayephila esikhathini iVolga ephansi futhi Urals. Huns babe abantu enamandla ayimizulane.

Hun elala China

Abameleli beNdikimba isizwe ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, waqhuba Inqubomgomo nolaka maqondana China futhi waba yokuphila okumatasa. Bona kwenziwe kuphangwa ezingalindelekile izifundazwe yezwe athatha konke ababenakho ukuphila. Zibeka umlilo emakhaya wenza izinceku abakhileyo emizaneni yakuleyo ndawo. Ngenxa loku kuseshwa lo amazwe kwakumelwe ziyancipha, futhi phezu komhlaba isikhathi eside bentanta iphunga esivuthayo, futhi wavuswa emlotheni.

Kukholakala ukuthi Huns, futhi kamuva Huns - labo abazi lutho mayelana isihawu nozwela. Abahlaseli masishane kwesokunxele emizaneni baphanga amahhashi abo undersized futhi aqine. Ngosuku olulodwa, bangakwazi ukunqoba lwamakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu kude, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokufaka empini. Futhi ngisho iGreat Wall yaseChina akubanga isithiyo sína Huns - bona ayagwenywa kalula futhi afeze kuphangwa zabo phezu kwezwe China.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba khona kuyadamba kanye nokwahlukana kwabo, okuyinto akhiwa ngenxa amagatsha 4. Kube asebenzayo ngaphezulu nginyathela nezinye, ezizweni zawo namandla kakhulu. Ukuze liphile, Huns enyakatho phakathi kwekhulu 2nd abhekisa amabombo entshonalanga. Lapho elithuma okwesibili kwafika Huns ensimini ka Kazakhstan ku 1st ekhulwini AD.

Uhlanganise Huns, futhi Ugrians

Khona-ke, uma isizwe esinamandla nangengalo omkhulu endleleni wahlangana Ugric futhi Alans. Nge isimo sengqondo yesibili abazange khona. Kodwa Ugric wanika yokukhosela ukuze imihambima. Phakathi nekhulu lesi-4, a isimo Huns. Priority isikhundla it fanele kuze nesiko Ugrians, kuyilapho ezindabeni zezempi babe ingxenye enkulu yokutholwa kusukela Huns.

Ngalezo zinsuku, Alans, kanye AmaParte okwakwenziwa okuthiwa Sarmatian impi amacebo. Umkhonto isananyathiselwe esifubeni wesilwane, ngakho hit zonke namandla ka ihhashi agijima ukuthi etshaliwe. Kwakuyisikhathi qhinga ephumelela kakhulu, okuyinto zange ajamelane amandla cishe noma ubani.

Huns - isizwe yasungulwa ngokuphelele tack okuphambene, ayisasebenzi ngokuziqhathanisa Sarmatian. Abantu Huns akazange agxile kakhulu ukukhathala lesitha. Isitayela owayelwa nokungabi khona kwanoma yiliphi ukuhlaselwa esebenzayo noma ukuhlaselwa. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, abashiyanga empini. amaqhawe awo ayenendawo zempi ezilula, bekaba amabanga amade uma liya kusuka abaphikisi babo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe shelled isitha ngemicibisholo bese usebenzisa nabagibeli arcane lehla phansi. Ngakho baba isikhindi phansi isitha, zibancishe amandla ayo, bese abulawe.

Ukuqala Ukufuduka Okukhulu

Ngenxa yalokho, i-Huns ngilinqobile Alans. Ngakho, kwakungekho kumiswa ubuhlobo tribal enamandla. Kodwa it fanele kuze Hun akuyona isikhundla evelele. Emhlabeni kwekhulu lesi-4 ngeminyaka yoma wathatha Ukuthuthela Huns yonkana Don. Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuqala isikhathi esisha umlando lapho namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi Ukufuduka Okukhulu. Abantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi yahamba ekhaya zabo, exutshwe nezinye izizwe futhi kwakhiwa isizwe abasha ngokuphelele isimo. Izazi-mlando eziningi zivame ukuba bakholwe ukuthi Huns - ones kwadingeka ukuba senze izinguquko ezinkulu esimweni kwendawo esikhona embulungeni yonke kanye ethnography.

Isisulu olandelayo we Huns - yamaVisigoth, ngubani wazinza sifinyelela engezansi Dniester. Futhi Wephula futhi baphoqeleka ukuba babalekele iDanube futhi ucele usizo kumbusi Valentine.

Huns kwadingeka ehloniphekile ukumelana Ostrogoths. Kodwa kokuba belinde isikhathi ubudlova nabangenasihawu Hun yinkosi Balamber. Ukulandela zonke lezi zenzakalo emaqeleni Black Sea weza emhlabeni.

INGEMUVA Ukunqoba kuka esikhulu Huns

Lokho waqhubeka kwaze kwaba unyaka 430. Nkathi eyaziwa ukufika enkundleni yomlando umuntu njengami Attila. It ngqo exhumene ne ukunqoba esikhulu Huns, ababedinga izinto izimfanelo eziningi:

• ophela leminyaka kwesomiso;
• waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi umswakama ezindaweni asemaqeleni;
• ukunwetshwa ehlathini asemaqeleni zone kanye umkhawulo we emaqeleni;
• ukuvaleka lobuKhristu indawo okuhlalwa ezizwe asemaqeleni, okuyinto bebephila ukuphila ayimizulane.

Kodwa ukuze usinde ngandlela-thile kwakungeyona. A isinxephezelo zalezi zindleko kungalindeleka kusukela ocebile futhi eqotho uMbuso WaseRoma kuphela. Kodwa ekhulwini 5th sasingasadingeki. esizweni esinjalo enamandla njengoba iminyaka engamakhulu amabili edlule, futhi Hun izizwe ngaphansi kokulawula umholi wabo Rugily efinyeleleka kalula Rhine, ngisho Uzame ukusungula enobudlelwane nge yombuso wamaRoma.

Umlando ubonisa Rugile kwezombangazwe smart kakhulu futhi nombono obanzi, nowashona ngonyaka 434. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, abazobhapathizwa sobukhosi sasihaqiwe Mundzuk indodana amabili, umzalwane zombusi, - Attila futhi Bled.

Inkathi Huns kuyanda

Kwaba isiqalo nenkathi yeminyaka engu-amabili, okwakubekelwa libhekene ukwanda ngendlela engakaze ibonwe we Hun abantu. abaholi abasha akaphenduli inqubomgomo zezombusazwe esihle. Babefuna ukuba amandla aphelele, okungase uthole kuphela amandla. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa laba baholi sasimunye izizwe eziningi, ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Ostrogoths;
• amathrekhi;
• Heruli;
• Gepids;
• Bulgars;
• akatsir;
• turklingi.

Ngaphansi Hunnish amabhanela nabo bebekhona amaqhawe Roman nesiGreki ngubani ngempela isimo sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze iziphathimandla eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga, basibheka zobugovu futhi abolile.

Yayiyini Attila?

Uhlobo Attila kwakungelona nobuqhawe. Wayefanele emahlombe ewumngcingo, onesiqu esifushane. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umfana ilethe isikhathi egibele amahhashi, ukuthi zazinezinyawo oluyisigwegwe. Inhloko wawumkhulu ukuze ngokulambisa labetibambile phansi intamo encane - wayelokhu unyakazisa wakhe, like a pendulum.

ubuso bakhe mncane elalihlotshiswe ngayo ngaphezulu, spoilt by amehlo ejulile isethi, a kwesilevu eziqondile ngesilevu nhlonhlo emise. Attila, umholi Hun, kwaba ngokwanele ezihlakaniphile kunquma indoda. Wakwazi ukuthi baziphathe ngezandla futhi ekufezeni izinjongo zabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumuntu enothando ngenombolo enkulu nezancinza.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayazisa igolide. Ngakho-ke, izizwe yanqoba baphoqeleka ukuba bakhokhe intela kuye kuphela lokhu metal. Kuyefana nasendleleni imizi yanqotshwa. Ukuze Huns amagugu lalingabantu abavamile, alikufanele lutho ingilazi. Kodwa igolide kwaphawuleka ncamashi isimo sengqondo okuphambene: ukuthi metal abalulekile eziyigugu kwadingeka sheen esihle iwuphawu lwamandla ezingafi ingcebo.

ukubulawa komfowabo futhi ekuthatheni izintambo

Ukuhlaselwa Huns emazweni aseBalkan eyenziwa iphansi kwesandla sika-umholi esesabekayo nomfowabo Bled. Ndawonye bafika izindonga waseConstantinople. Phakathi naleso umkhankaso yayishisiwe imizi engaphezu kuka ayisikhombisa, ngakho bakhona fabulously lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kwaphakamisa isithunzi abaholi at engakaze ibonwe eziphakeme. Kodwa umholi we Huns wafuna amandla aphelele. Ngakho-ke, ngo-445, wabulala okhanyayo. Kusukela ngesikhathi iqala phakathi nokubusa kwayo kuphela.

Ngo 447 zenzeka kube isiphelo sesimiso inkontileka phakathi Huns futhi uTheodosius II, owabe kwakuthobisa kakhulu yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Ngokusho kwakhe umbusi waleli mbuso kwakudingeka akhokhe intela yaminyaka yonke futhi ukunikezela ibhange eningizimu iDanube ukuze Singiduna.

Ngemva kokuba amandla 450, uMbusi Marcian kwaba ukunqanyulwa kwalesi inkontileka. Kodwa Attila phathelana ayihlanganisiwe naye ekulweni, ngoba kungenzeka kube isikhathi eside zenzeka kulawo masimu lapho namaqaba kakade baphanga.

Hike eGaul

Attila, umholi we Huns, zanquma ukwenza uhambo eGaul. Ngenkathi Western uMbuso waseRoma kwakuyiyona kakade cishe ngokuphelele okungcolile okonakalisa ukuziphatha, ngakho-ke kuba yimpango esihlwabusayo. Kodwa lapha yonke imicimbi basungula ngokusho ukuhlela umholi smart futhi uyiqili.

amabutho aseRoma wayala umlawuli abanamakhono Flaviy Aetsy, indodana ka namaJalimane abesifazane baseRoma. Emehlweni akhe sihlubuki uyise amabutho wabulawa. Umlawuli waba umlingisi eqinile futhi nginenhliziyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinsukwini zakuqala besekudingisweni, bangani kanye Attila.

Ukwanda kwakubangelwa ngesicelo inkosazana Honoria eyingoduso. Wayefanele obambisene nabo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona iNkosi Genzerih kanti ezinye izikhulu Frankish.

Phakathi nomkhankaso eGaul ukuthi sephulwe futhi bawubhubhisa phansi umbuso Burgundians. Khona-ke Huns safinyelela Orleans. Kodwa abasithathi ke imiselwe. Ngo 451, impi yase-Araba Catalaunian phakathi Huns ibutho Aetius. It yaphela ukubaleka ka Attila.

Ngo-452, empini wavuselelwa ayehlasela namaqaba e-Italy futhi ukuthatha inqaba esiqine Aquileia. Sonke isigodi ugetshengwe. Ngenxa yenani enganele amabutho kwaba Aetius wahlulwa abahlaseli wanikeza isihlengo enkulu ngoba iqiniso lokuthi ashiye insimu Italy. Hike yaphela ngempumelelo.

umbuzo Slavic

Ngemva Attila wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili ubudala, impilo yakhe eye yaqeda sina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abelaphi yayingenamhlabathi okuphulukisa umbusi wabo. Futhi ukuze ubhekane ngokuphumelelayo nalesi abantu akabange lula njengakuqala. Ilokhu nokuvukela bevinjelwa ngesihluku ngokwanele.

Abadala Ellac indodana kanye nebutho elikhulu wathunyelwa ku kwesimo endaweni bebheke ezindaweni Slavic. UMbusi ngabomvu nokubuya kwakhe njengoba ukuqaliswa kuhlelwe umkhankaso futhi ukunqoba indawo lwamaSlav.

Ngemva ukubuya kwendodana yakhe futhi indaba yakhe mayelana nobukhulu nengcebo ala mazwe umholi we Huns wathatha isinqumo engavamile kuye, ayenikela izikhulu Slavic zobungane ukusekelwa. Wahlela ukudalwa isimo esisodwa umbuso we Huns. Kodwa lwamaSlav wenqaba, ngoba obathanda kakhulu inkululeko yakhe. Ngemva kwalokho Atilla enquma ukushada omunye amadodakazi Prince lwamaSlav, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukuvala udaba kobunikazi umhlaba kubantu abahlubukayo. Njengoba ubaba ngokumelene lo mshado ukuba indodakazi yakhe, kwaba sekubulaweni kwakhe.

Umshado nokufa

Wedding, kanye umholi yokuphila, waba jika evamile. Ebusuku Atilla nomkakhe asebethathe umhlalaphansi ukuba isingingenisile emakamelweni ayo. Kodwa ngosuku olulandelayo akazange aphume. Warriors babekhathazekile ke kokunyamalala isikhathi eside kangaka, wafike wangqongqoza emakamelweni umnyango. Bambona lapho inkosi yabo efile. Okwamanje imbangela yokufa kuyinto nenkani engaziwa Hun.

izazi-mlando zanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi Attila kwaba nomfutho wegazi ophezulu ogulayo. Futhi ukuba khona abasha ubuhle uyisififane, kakhulu utshwala kanye high blood pressure ukuthi kwaba ingxube alufakwa, okuyinto eyabangela lo ukufa.

Kukhona okuningi kolwazi engqubuzanayo mayelana yokungcwaba iqhawe elikhulu. Umlando Huns uthi endaweni yokungcwaba Attila - neningi komfula omkhulu, okwakubekelwa uwenze idamu okwesikhashana. Ngaphezu umbusi umzimba in the lomngcwabo wafaka eningi obubizayo nangezinto izikhali, futhi umzimba ugcwele igolide. Ngemva komngcwabo, umbhede emfuleni kwabuyiselwa. Zonke kubahlanganyeli nomngcwabo wabulala ukuze ugweme ngokudalulwa kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana nendawo yokungcwaba le Attila okukhulu. ithuna lakhe namanje ayitholakalanga.

Ukuphela Huns

Ngemva kokufa Attila the Hun emandleni yaqala isikhathi yokwehla, njengoba yayibizwa kanjalo ngenxa nje yokuthi intando umqondo umholi walo oshonile. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane wayenaye Alexander Omkhulu, ngemva abakufa kwabo umbuso wakhe isihlakazeka ngokuphelele. Labo izinkampani zikahulumeni ezikhona ngenxa kuphangwa kanye banditry, futhi akanayo nezinye ubudlelwane bezomnotho, kweso igoqe ngokushesha ngemva kokubhujiswa isixhumanisi esisodwa nje.

iminyaka 454 yaziwa kwenzekeni Ukukhipha izizwe raznosherstyh. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi izizwe Huns ababange besakwazi ukwesabisa amaRoma noma amaGreki. Lokhu kungaba yimbangela enkulu ngokuvamile Flaviya Aetsiya, waphakamisela wahlaba ngenkemba sombusi eWestern WaseRoma Valentinian ngesikhathi nezithameli zangasese. Lokhu kuboniswa yilo mbusi anqunywe isandla sakhe sokunene ngakwesokhohlo.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi isenzo esinjalo Akuthathanga sikhathi, njengoba Aetius kwakucishe fighter main ngokumelene namaqaba. Ababemzungezile sasimunye zonke lonke alwa umbuso. Ngakho-ke, ukufa kwakhe kwakukude ekuqaleni wokugoqa. Ngonyaka 455, iRoma elathunjwa futhi laphangwa izigangi Genseric inkosi nebutho lakhe. Kamuva Italy njengezwe wayengekho. Kwaba izingcezwana ngaphezulu isimo.

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1,500 akukho esabekayo umholi Attila, kodwa igama lakhe ukuze abaningi baseYurophu yesimanje ezaziwayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi "isishayo kaNkulunkulu," okusho wathunyelwa abantu ngoba babengakholelwa Kristu. Kodwa sonke siqonde ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso. Uyinkosi Huns waba umuntu ovamile kakhulu ngubani empeleni wayefuna ukuba ayale omningi abanye abantu.

Ukufa kwakhe - lena yokuncipha kokubaluleka Hun abantu. It waphoqeleka ukuwela iDanube futhi ucele yisakhamuzi ekupheleni BoMbuso WaseByzantium ekhulwini 5th esizweni. Bona zanikezelwa umhlaba, "endaweni Huns", futhi indaba isizwe ayimizulane uphela. Waqala isigaba zomlando entsha.

Akunakwenzeka ukunqabela ngokuphelele yimiphi ezimbili izinkolelo-mbono umsuka Huns. Kodwa singakwazi nakanjani athi leli zwe unamandla ngokwanele ukuba nomthelela emlandweni wezwe.