Amadlozi lwamaSlav: bangobani, lapho ayehlala khona, inkolo, izincwadi kanye namasiko

kwamiswa abantu Modern Slavic isikhathi eside. Ibe eziningi wawoyise. Lezi zihlanganisa lwamaSlav langempela kanye nomakhelwane babo, kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo ukuphila, isiko nenkolo kulezi zizwe lapho wayesaphila ngokuvumelana izisekelo umphakathi zamaKhosi.

Antes futhi sklaviny

Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando nezingqapheli abavubukuli baye phambili ezihlukahlukene-mbono eziphathelene ayengaba okhokho lwamaSlav. Ethnogenesis abantu okwenzeka ngenkathi kuyiphi cishe akukho imithombo ebhalwe phansi. Ochwepheshe kwadingeka ukuba kabusha umlando ekuseni lwamaSlav imvuthuluka kulencane. Inani Elikhulu Ihlanganisa zemihla WaseByzantium. Kwakuwusuku Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma kwadingeka akhuthazelele ingcindezi zezizwe, eyagcina kwakhiwa isizwe sakwa Slavic.

Ubufakazi lokuqala okungesabo ekhulwini lesi VI. Amadlozi lwamaSlav e imithombo WaseByzantium ngokuthi Antes. Mayelana Wabhala mlando esidumile Prokopiy Kesariysky. Ekuqaleni, Izintuthwane ababehlala kule ndawo phakathi Dniester noMfula Dnieper endaweni ye-Ukraine yesimanje. Lapho lisachuma, babehlala emaqeleni kusukela Don ukuba aseBalkan.

Uma Antes ingeyamakhosi iqembu empumalanga lwamaSlav ke entshonalanga kubo abahlobene nabo sklaviny wahlala. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala besishiyile encwadini eJordani "Getik" kulotshiwe phakathi nekhulu VI. Sklaviny ngezinye izikhathi obizwa nangokuthi Veneti. Lezi izizwe wahlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iCzech Republic.

senhlalo

Izakhamuzi waseByzantium babekholelwa ukuthi amadlozi lwamaSlav - ngubani akazi ukuthi bakhona impucuko. It ngempela kwaba njalo. Futhi sklaviny, Antes futhi wahlala ngaphansi kwentando yeningi. Abazange babe umbusi olulodwa futhi isimo. umphakathi Early Slavic kwakuba ezihlukahlukene imiphakathi, umnyombo ngamunye okwakukhona uhlobo oluthile. izincazelo ezinjalo zitholakala imithombo zaseByzantium kuqinisekiswa okwatholakala archeologists yesimanje. Imizana lalinabashumayeli izindlu ezinkulu lapho babehlala nemindeni emikhulu. Edolobhaneni kungaba izindlu ezingaba ngu-20. Ngo sklaviny ke kwakwabelwa eziko, e Antes - kuhhavini. Enyakatho lwamaSlav eyakhelwe lwamakholi apholile.

Customs luhambisane nesihluku mores wezinzalamizi. Ngokwesibonelo, wenza ukubulala isiko kwabesifazane ngasethuneni yomyeni wakhe. Amadlozi lwamaSlav babehilelekile ezolimo, owawungumnyaka liwumthombo oyinhloko okokuziphilisa. Ukolweni, unyaluthi nebhali, i-oats, i-rye. Izinkomo: izimvu, izingulube, amadada, izinkukhu. Craft ukuthi kabi athuthukile uma ziqhathaniswa eByzantium efanayo. Ngokuyinhloko, ilwela izidingo zasendlini okuzenzela.

Army nokugqilazwa

Kancane kancane, umphakathi wama phandle stratum kwezenhlalo zamaqhawe. Avame ihlelwe ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa eByzantium nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane. Umgomo bekulokhu okufanayo - impango nezigqila. squads Old Slavic kungabandakanya abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Kwakubonakala nababusi nezikhulu imvelo lempi. Amadlozi lokuqala lwamaSlav alwa ngemikhonto (akuvamile izinkemba). Sulitsa - futhi izikhali uphonsa Kwasakazwa. It wasetshenziselwa hhayi kuphela ukulwa kodwa futhi ekuzingeleni.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubugqila kwakuvamile Antes ezaziwayo. Inombolo izigqila akwazi ukuxoxa amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Kwakumelwe ikakhulukazi neziboshwa ezabanjwa empini. Yingakho phakathi antskih nezigqila ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka baseByzantium eziningi. Njengomthetho, Antes igcinwe izigqila, ukuze uthole isihlengo. Nokho, ezinye zazo babehilelekile ukulima kanye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Invasion of the Avars

Ngo phakathi VI ekhulwini phansi Izintuthwane babe iyahlaselwa ingozi. Lawa kwakungamadodana izizwe ayimizulane, ogama ababusi bengabakhulekeli Kagan isihloko. uhlanga wabo uhlala impikiswano: ezinye ababheke abaseTurkey, umuntu - a izilimi zomdabu Iranian. Amadlozi lwamaSlav lasendulo ngisho uvele isikhundla zithithibele kakhulu akhathazeke Avars ngesibalo. Lesi isilinganiso kuholele ukudideka. Abantu baseByzantium babekholelwa ukuthi (isib, ioann Efessky futhi Konstantin Bagryanorodny) uhlonzwe zonke lwamaSlav futhi Avars, nakuba loluhlolo yiphutha.

Invasion ezivela eMpumalanga kwaholela kufuduka abalulekile sabantu, ikakhulu isikhathi eside wahlala endaweni efanayo. Kanye Avars Antes lokuqala kuhanjiswe ku Pannonia (Hungary yesimanje), futhi kamuva angene Balkan okuqondene WaseByzantium.

LwamaSlav waba isisekelo ibutho Khanate. Leso senzakalo edume kunayo ngxabano umbuso waba kweConstantinople ngo 626. Umlando lwamaSlav lasendulo eyaziwa ngokuba iziqephu emfushane ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nge amaGreki. KweConstantinople baba nje isibonelo esinjalo. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlaselwa, amaSlav futhi Avars akazange ukuphatha ukuthatha idolobha.

Nokho ukuhlaselwa abezizwe baqhubeka esikhathini esizayo. Emuva ngo-602, inkosi Lombard ethunyelwe lwamaSlav lamakhosi azo ngoba shipbuilding. Akha e Dubrovnik. Kulesi port, kwakukhona Slavic imikhumbi yokuqala (monoksily). Bathatha iqhaza sekushiwo kweConstantinople. Ekupheleni VI ekhulwini lwamaSlav lokuqala evimbezela Thessaloniki. Ngokushesha izinkulungwane amaqaba kuhanjiswe ku yaseThrace. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lwamaSlav uvele ensimini ka Croatia yesimanje neSerbia.

East lwamaSlav

lokuvimbezela Akuphumelelanga kweConstantinople ngo nyaka 626 eye yaqeda amandla Avar Khanate. LwamaSlav yonke indawo baqala ukubabulala kwejoka abangabazi. EMoravia, ukuhlubuka kwase ephakanyiswe uqobo. Waba ngowokuqala aziwa igama Slavic kokwesikhulu. Khona-ke abantu bakhe baqala ukunwetshwa kwabo empumalanga. Esikhathini VII bamakoloni kwekhulu baba omakhelwane we Khazars. Bakwazi zingene ngisho eCrimea ne eCaucasus ukufinyelela. Lapho yayisekelwe amadlozi lwamaSlav futhi isiphetho sabo, ngiyaqiniseka kwakukhona umfula noma ichibi, kanye umhlabathi olimekayo wahlala.

Kwakubonakala ku Dnieper Kyïv edolobheni, ogama lakhe behlonipha Prince Kyi. Lapha wakha tribal umbimbi amasimu amasha abandakanya imifelandawonye eziningana ezifana indawo Antes. Ngo VII-VIII ekhulwini ekugcineni kwakhiwa amaqembu amathathu abantu Slavic ezikhona namuhla (eNtshonalanga, Southern naseMpumalanga). Kugcine bazinza endaweni yesimanje-Ukraine, eBelarus, futhi phakathi iVolga kanye Oka Imizana yabo kwakuyi phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze imibuso Russia.

EByzantium, ngokuvamile utholakala lwamaSlav namaSkithe. Lokhu kwaba iphutha elibi isiGreki. AmaSkithe kwakungekaNkulunkulu izizwe Iranian futhi bekhuluma izilimi ezingaphezu Iranian. Lapho lisachuma ke lalihlala kuhlanganise Dnieper asemaqeleni kanye eCrimea. Lapho ngifika khona Slavic kwamakoloni, izingxabano njalo Kwagqashuka phakathi omakhelwane entsha. usengozini enkulu emelelwa abakhwele amahhashi, okuyinto ekhwelwe amaSkithe. Amadlozi lwamaSlav iminyaka eminingi ingathiyeki ayehlasela yayo, kuze kube, ekugcineni, imihambuma ungazange kukhukhuliwe yi Goths.

imifelandawonye Tribal nomuzi Eastern lwamaSlav

Ngo-mpumalanga, lwamaSlav babengomakhelwane eziningi zezizwe zakwa Finno-Ugric, kuhlanganise okugcwele Meria. Kwakukhona imizana Rostov Beloozero futhi Staraya Ladoga. Omunye umuzi ka Novgorod yayiyindawo echumayo zezombusazwe ezibalulekile. Ngo-862-ke wabusa amaViking Rurik. Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuqala wekuba sive Russian.

Umuzi lwamaSlav empumalanga uvele ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho indlela wasukela amaViking amaGreki. Lokhu Umthambo ukuhweba phambili kusukela oLwandle iBaltic wayiyisa eByzantium. Endleleni, abathengisi ayethwele izimpahla ezibalulekile: .. Ambergris, umkhomo isikhumba, inhlaka, uboya, Martens futhi sables, uju, emakhilayoni, njll izimpahla zazidilivwa izikebhe. Indlela imikhumbi walala phezu kwemifula. Ingxenye umzila egobhoza phansi. Ngezinye kulawo masayithi, isikebhe zithutha zazikhishwa, ukuze emkhakheni uvele Perevolok idolobha Toropets futhi Smolensk.

Sekuyisikhathi eside izizwe Eastern Slavic wahlala ngaphandle komunye nomunye, futhi ngokuvamile akazange feuded walwa wodwa. Lokhu kuwenza sengozini omakhelwane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekuqaleni kwekhulu IX, abanye East Slavic Izinyunyana tribal waqala ngincome Khazars. Okunye kakhulu sincike amaViking. "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" ukhuluma inqwaba imifelandawonye tribal: Burza, volynyan, Dregovichi, Drevlyane, Krivichy, glades, Polotsk, northerners, Radimichi Tivertsy, White eCroatia futhi Ulichi. United Slavic lokubhala namasiko zonke zazo, kuphela ikhona XI-XII eminyaka. ngemva kokwakhiwa Kievan Rus kanye ukwamukelwa of Christianity. Kamuva leli qembu yobuhlanga lahlukaniswa laba isiRashiya, Ukraine futhi Belarusians. Lona impendulo yombuzo okhokho kukhona Eastern lwamaSlav.

South lwamaSlav

LwamaSlav abahlala emazweni aseBalkan, Kancane kancane behlukene kwezinye izizwe nabo wafinyelela izizwe lwamaSlav aseNingizimu. Namuhla, bozalo lwabo abangaphezu namaSerbia, baseBulgaria nabaseCroatia, lamaBosnia, abaseMakedoniya, eMontenegro futhi eSlovenia. Uma okhokho Eastern lwamaSlav ixazululwe umhlaba ikakhulukazi singenamuntu ke abafowabo eningizimu waya onqenqemeni, lapho kwakukhona kukhona nezindawo eziningi eyasungulwa amaRoma. Kusukela ngempucuko yasendulo, futhi iphume emgwaqeni lapho abahedeni ukuhambisa ngokushesha emazweni aseBalkan. Phambi kwabo nhlonhlo ephethwe waseByzantium. Nokho, uMbuso kudingeka anikeze onqenqemeni abangeyona ingxenye yebandla lobuKristu ngenxa yezimpi njalo empumalanga ngokumelene yamaPheresiya yemibango yangaphakathi.

La mazwe amasha we South lwamaSlav okhokho exovwe autochthonous (sendawo) labantu ngesiGreki. Ngo izintaba, abanikazi bamakoloni kwadingeka abhekane ukungawi Vlachs Albania. Njengabafokazi ezingqubuzana amaKristu ngesiGreki. I Izindawo lwamaSlav emazweni aseBalkan yaphela ngo 620-s.

Budebuduze amaKristu futhi athinte kubo yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-abanikazi abasha aseBalkan. Amaqaba amaSlav kule ndawo iye iqedwe esheshayo. Uphawu lobuKristu kwaba ezemvelo nezenziwe bakhuthazwa waseByzantium. Okokuqala amaGreki, ezama ukuthola ukuthi ubani lwamaSlav, bathumela kuye lenxusa, bese elalibalandela abashumayeli. Emperors njalo ithunyelwa omakhelwane esiyingozi izithunywa zevangeli, enethemba kanjalo ukwandisa nethonya layo bakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhaphathizo amaSerbia waqala ngaphansi uHeraclius, abusa iminyaka 610-641. Inqubo ibilokhu iwohloka kancane kancane. Nkolo entsha umise ngokwaso phakathi South lwamaSlav engxenyeni kwekhulu IX yesibili. Khona-ke izikhulu abhapathiziwe Raska ke iguqulwe ukholo lobuKristu kwezikhonzi zakhe.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, uma amaSerbia waqala zithuthelekela iSonto laseMpumalanga eConstantinople, abafowabo eCroatia sebephendukela entshonalanga. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi ngonyaka 812 we-Frankish Emperor Karl Veliky lenze isivumelwano nenkosi waseByzantium Michael mina Rangave, owawuthi ingxenye Adriatic aseBalkan yayimi endaweni engaphansi zamaJalimane. Kwakumelwe amaKatolika, phakathi nokubusa kwakhe emfushane esifundeni wabhapathizwa eCroatia ngo nesiko lako entshonalanga. Futhi nakuba ekhulwini IX, isonto lobuKristu namanje kubhekwa olulodwa, koqhekeko olukhulu e 1054 kakhulu siqhele nomunye amaKatolika nama-Orthodox.

lwamaSlav Western

Iqembu entshonalanga zezizwe Slavic ugcwale nsimu enkulu kusukela Elbe kuya Carpathians. It kwangenisa amaPolish, Czech and isiSlovak abantu. West nke wahlala bodrichi, lutici, Sorbs futhi pomoryane. Ekhulwini VI, leli qembu Polabian lwamaSlav matasa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu insimu banamuhla eJalimane. Ukungqubuzana phakathi ezihlukahlukene yobuhlanga izesekeli babe njalo. I bamakoloni entsha kwaphoqa kusukela ogwini Baltic Sea amaLombard, Varin futhi Rugova (ekhulumela izilimi zamaJalimane).

Inkomba ezithakazelisayo khona amaSlav enhlabathini zamanje German yigama Berlin. Izazi zolimi baye bathola ubunjalo Umsuka wegama elithi. Ulimi Polabian lwamaSlav "Burlin 'wayesho edamini. Abaningi babo e enyakatho-mpumalanga yeJalimane. Yilokho kude kangakanani lwamaSlav lwangena amadlozi. Emuva ngo-623, la bamakoloni efanayo wajoyina isikhulu uya e wokuhlubuka kwakhe Avars. Ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphansi abazolandela noKarla Velikogo Polabian lwamaSlav siyohlanganiswa amaFrank emikhankasweni yabo ngokumelene Khanate.

noMbusi wababusi German izinduna lasungula offensive yokulwa zabezizwe ekhulwini IX. Kancane kancane, lwamaSlav owayehlala loMfula i-Elbe, wabalalela. Namuhla, kubo kwakukhona amaqembu kuphela elincane elingalodwa, ezihlanganisa abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ukuze alondoloze lwabo lwesigodi esiyingqayizivele, ngokungafani ngisho Polish. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amaJalimane ngokuthi zonke engumakhelwane entshonalanga lwamaSlav UWendy.

Ulimi kanye nekubhala

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ubani lwamaSlav, kungcono ukubheka umlando ulimi. Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho isizwe namanje engashadile, waba inkulumo eyodwa. Lalibizwa ngokuthi ulimi Proto-Slavic. Ayikho irekhodi elilotshiwe lakho luhlala. It is kuphela ukwazi ukuthi ungowesifunda emndenini enkulu Indo-European izilimi, okwenza eyaziwa ke efana nezinye izilimi eziningi .. zamaJalimane, Romance, njll Ezinye izazi zezilimi nezazi-mlando baye phambili, nemibono eyengeziwe mayelana nemvelaphi yawo. Ngokusho kwenye hypothesis, ulimi Proto-Slavic ngesikhathi esithile ukuthuthukiswa yayo wawuyingxenye ulimi Proto-Balto-Slavic, kuyilapho izilimi zase-Baltic aziqabukeli ngokwabo eqenjini zabo.

Kancane kancane, isizwe ngasinye avele ngolimi lwakithi. Ngesisekelo esinye salezi sigodzi, olwalukhulunywa yiwo wonke amaSlav owayehlala eduze emzini waseThesalonika, abafowethu Kirill mina Mefody ekhulwini IX wadala izincwadi Slavic yobuKristu. I Ukukhanyiselwa eyenziwe ukuze kombusi WaseByzantium-ke. Ukubhala kwakudingekile ukuba ukuhumusha izincwadi zobuKristu futhi ekushumayezeni abeZizwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi Cyrillic zamagama. Lokhu zamagama namuhla ngesisekelo izilimi Belarusian, isiBulgaria, Macedonian, isiRashiya, isi-Serbian, Ukraine futhi baseMontenegro. I Slavic ezisele, wamaKatolika wayengubhongoza zisebenzisa ezivamile.

Ekhulwini XX, abavubukuli beqala ukuthola izinto eziningi zobuciko eziye baba izikhumbuzo Cyrillic lasendulo zamagama. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lezi imivubukulo baba Novgorod. Ngenxa yokuvela kwezinto eziluzungezile, ochwepheshe Sesifunde okuningi ngalokho kuyinto lasendulo lwesiSlavic Literature Namasiko.

Ngokwesibonelo, lasendulo Eastern Slavic Cyrillic mbhalo yilona okhuluma okuthiwa Gnezdovo umbhalo embizeni ubumba phakathi X leminyaka. I mshini latholakala 1949 by umvubukuli Daniilom Avdusinym. Izinkulungwane amakhilomitha ukusuka lapho ngo-1912 esontweni lasendulo Kiev wathola kophawu nomthofu nge Cyrillic yombhalo oqoshiwe. Abavubukuli baye ziqala ke, futhi nganquma ukuthi yigama Prince Svyatoslav, abusa iminyaka 945-972. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia yinkolo main zobuqaba, ubuKristu, nakuba zamagama ezifanayo Cyrillic ubelokhu Bulgaria. amagama Slavic ezifana imibhalo yasendulo ezisiza ekuboneni ngokunembile mshini.

Umbuzo noma ngabe lwamaSlav ungumnikazi ngokubhala ngaphambi ukwamukelwa of Christianity, uvuliwe. izinkomba kusele izingxenyana nje ze kuso zitholakala ezinye abalobi wangaleyo nkathi, kodwa lezi ubufakazi olungalungile alwanele ngenjongo yokuyohlelekela isithombe esiphelele. Okungenzeka, lwamaSlav ngoba ukudluliswa kolwazi ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso usebenzisa ukusikeka kanye nezici. izincwadi ezinjalo ukugqoka uhlamvu isiko futhi asetshenziswa ukubhula.

Inkolo namasiko

Wangaphambi KobuKristu yobuqaba lwamaSlav savela phakathi namakhulu amaningi eminyaka usezuze izici ezimele esiyingqayizivele. Le nkolelo kwaba spiritualization bemvelo, animism, animatism lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, ukukhulekela amadlozi magic. Emibhalweni yokuqala basezinganekwaneni ezazizosiza ekususeni umgubuzelo ekusithekeni phezu ubuqaba Slavic, kuze kube yilolu suku ungazange lalondolozwa. Izazi-mlando ukuze wahlulele ukuthi ukholo kuphela emibhalweni yaminyaka, zemihla ngemihla, ubufakazi zezinye izizwe nangezindebe eminye imithombo yesibili.

Esikhathini izinganekwane lwamaSlav kungenziwa izici esivela nakwezinye izinkolo Indo-European kuyofikwa. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke onkulunkulu kukhona unkulunkulu wokuduma nempi (Perun), unkulunkulu wezwe lemimoya nezinkomo (Velez), ne isithombe unkulunkulu, Esibhakabhakeni Baba (Stribog). Konke lokhu ngandlela-thile futhi kukhona Iranian, aseBaltic nasengxenyeni izinganekwane German.

Nonkulunkulu lwamaSlav babe ophakeme nezidalwa engcwele. ngabandayo kwawo akuxhomekile isiphetho wonke umuntu. Izikhathi ezibalulekile, wemfanelo futhi iyingozi, esizweni ngasinye libhekisela abashisekeli zayo kwemvelo. AmaSlav ukubaza wonkulunkulu (izithombe) anikezelwa. Babedalelwene, isigodo lelitshe. I isiqephu esidumile kakhulu ehlanganisa ukukhonza izithombe ezishiwo zemihla mayelana nesigameko Ukubhapathizwa Russia. Prince uVladimir ukungena ngemvume kwemukelwa ukholo olusha ngaphambilini sokuntshinga izithombe konkulunkulu bakudala ku Dnieper. Lesi senzo kwakuwukubonakaliswa okucacile ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha. Yize uphawu lobuKristu, olwaqala ekupheleni X leminyaka, ubuqaba waphila, ikakhulukazi emakhoneni kude lé eRussia kanye nebhere. Ezinye izici zalo ezihlangene iSonto Lobu-Orthodox futhi kulondolozwe ngendlela abantu namasiko (isibonelo, ikhalenda amaholide). Ngokuthakazelisayo, amagama Slavic wabonakala njalo ngokuthi kukhulunywa izinkolelo zenkolo (isib, Bogdan - "unkulunkulu inikezwe" njll ...).

Ukuze sikhulekele imimoya yobuqaba engcwele ekhethekile yayikhona bebiziwe amathempeli. Impilo amadlozi lwamaSlav liye labizwa ezihlobene nalezi ezindaweni ezingcwele. Ithempeli izakhiwo kwaphela ogade akhona.UZimu e izizwe entshonalanga (nabasePoland, amaCzech namaRomany), kanti nozakwabo Eastern izakhiwo anjalo kwakungamelwe. Old engcwele Russian kuyinto Grove evulekile. Ngesikhathi izindlu zokukhulekela onkulunkulu emikhosini ihlelwe.

Ngaphandle izithombe, lwamaSlav, efana izizwe Baltic babe engcwele amatshe-ezinguzungeni ezinkulu. Mhlawumbe, leli siko yathathwa yi Finno-Ugric abantu. Ukukhulekela amadlozi eyayihlobene Slavic ngendlela yesiko lesonto. Phakathi komngcwabo, wahlela nemidanso isiko kanye chants (Umngcwabo Idili). NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda umufi hhayi uzibophezele umhlaba, futhi washiswa esigxotsheni. Umlotha namathambo esisele eqoqwe esitsheni akhethekile, okuyinto ngakwesokunxele okuthunyelwe endleleni.

Umlando lwamaSlav lasendulo kwakuyoba ezahlukene uma zonke izizwe ngeke amukele ubuKristu. Nasenkolweni yobu-Orthodox, ebuKatolikeni futhi ukuwafaka e-European impucuko ezivamile ephakathi.