Umlando Kuril Islands. Kuril Islands emlandweni ubudlelwane Russian-Japanese

izingxabano Wendawo babe ezweni lanamuhla. esifundeni Asia-Pacific kuphela has eziningana zalezi. I sina iningi labo - the mpikiswano indawo phezu Kuril Islands. Russia nase Japan abahlanganyeli main. Isimo e-core, okuyinto ezibhekwa uhlobo ukukhubeka block phakathi ezimbili uthi unomzimba le ntaba-mlilo ithule. Akekho owaziyo lapho uzoqala "kuqhuma".

Kuvulwa Kuril Islands

Ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo isendaweni emngceleni ophakathi oLwandle Okhotsk futhi elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, iyona Kuril Islands. It osuka obakhathalelayo. Hokkaido ukuze yonke iNhlonhlo eKamchatka. Insimu Kuril Islands siqukethe amapheshana 30 enkulu yezwe, futhi uzungezwe nxazonke by the amanzi olwandle nolwandle, futhi inani elikhulu Abancane.

Lolu hambo lokuqala owayevela eYurophu, owawungumnyaka ngasogwini we Kuril Islands futhi Sakhalin - a amatilosi Dutch ngaphansi kobuholi MG Vries. Lokhu senzakalo senzeka 1634. Abenzi kuphela elathola lolu daba kwamaningi ala mazwe, kodwa wamemezela kubo njengoba indawo Dutch.

Abahloli bamazwe Russian Empire naye wafundelwa Sakhalin kanye Kuril Islands:

• 1646 - kuvulwa olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga Sakhalin uhambo vd Poyarkova;
• 1697 - V. Atlasovu iqaphela khona iziqhingi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kulezi ziqhingi eningizimu eziqhingi sebeqala ngomkhumbi amatilosi Japanese. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 siyenzeka ukubukeka izimboni zabo kanye nokuDoba uhambo, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana - mikhankaso ngokwesayensi. A indima ekhethekile cwaningo kungokwalabo M. futhi M. Tokunai Rindzo. Ngesikhathi ku Kuril Islands Expedition livela eFrance naseNgilandi.

ukutholakala yenkinga iziqhingi

Umlando Kuril Islands wawusanamathele empikiswaneni umbuzo ukuvulwa yabo. I-Japanese bathi wafumana kuqala ezweni e 1644. National Museum of History Japanese uyayijabulela ikhadi ngesikhathi lapho abizwa okuhambisanayo zisetshenziswa. Ngokusho kwabo, abantu Russian ayelapho kancane kamuva, ngo-1711. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibalazwe Russian kwendawo, sangomhla ngonyaka 1721, ibhekisela njengoba "Islands-Japanese". Lokho owathola la mazwe kwaba Japan.

Kuril Islands emlandweni Russian kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala e-Accounting idokhumenti N. I. Kolobova Tsar Alexei kusukela 1646 mayelana izici ezulazulayo iy Moskvitina. Futhi, amakhadi idatha kanye zemihla ngemihla medieval Holland, eScandinavia naseJalimane ukuphakamisa nemizana yomdabu Russian.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 lalimisa ngokujoyina ezweni Russian, kanye labantu Kuril Islands usezuze yisakhamuzi Russian. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho baqala ukuthi ukhokhiswe intela state. Kodwa futhi ke noma kamuva akazange ngemvume isiphi isivumelwano zamazwe amabili Russian-Japanese noma isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ukuthi obungenza siyalihlonipha ilungelo waseRussia baye kulezi ziqhingi. Ngaphandle ingxenye wabo oseningizimu kwakungeyona ngaphansi kwegunya nokulawula Russian.

Kuril Islands nobudlelwano obuphakathi Russia nase-Japan

Umlando Kuril Islands kusukela ngo-1840 libhekene nomsebenzi anda British, uhambo American futhi French kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific. Loku kubangelwa ekuqhumeni entsha waseRussia isithakazelo ekusunguleni ubudlelwane nge Japan, ne zokubonisana kanye commercial ngokwemvelo. Vice Admiral EV Putyatin ngo-1843 waba Initiator of umbono ka kuhlomisa uhambo entsha ensimini Japanese futhi Chinese. Kodwa-ke inqatshelwe uNicholas I.

Kamuva, ngo-1844, yena sasekelwa UMA Kruzenshtern. Kodwa akuzange uyakuthola ukusekelwa imithetho yombusi. Phakathi nale nkathi yokuba yinkampani Russian-American uthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze babe nobuhlobo obuhle izwe elingumakhelwane.

Lesi sivumelwano sokuqala phakathi Japan neRussia

Inkinga ye-Kuril Islands kwanqunywa ngo-1855, lapho Japan neRussia wasayina inkontileka lokuqala. Ngaphambi kwalokhu Kwangithatha isikhathi impela inqubo eside ukuxoxisana. Yaqala lapho ukufika Putiatina e Shimoda ekupheleni kwekwindla 1854. Kodwa ngokushesha kwaphulwa izingxoxo off ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu. Ngokwanele isimo esibucayi kwaba iMpi YaseCrimea futhi kwesekelwa lokuniketwa ababusi French kanye British abaseTurkey.

Izinhlinzeko oyinhloko esivumelwaneni:

• ukusungulwa izibopho zokubonisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili;
• zokuvimbela nokuvikelwa, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwe impahla izikhonzi kwesinye isifundazwe ensimini ka omunye;
• ofeza umngcele phakathi uthi, etholakala eduze eziqhingini Urup futhi Iturup Kuril Islands (Sakhalin ukulondolozwa ngiyinake zensimu);
• ukuvula ezinye nezimbobo amatilosi isiRashiya, isinqumo ukuhweba lapha ngaphansi kokuqondisa iziphathimandla zendawo;
• Russian inxusa aphoyintimenti kwelinye lalawo nezimbobo;
• ukunikeza ilungelo extraterritoriality;
• ukwamukela isimo ngobukhulu Russian-umusa.

NaseJapane liye wathola imvume evela ukuhweba Russian ethekwini Korsakov, posted on the insimu ka-Sakhalin iminyaka 10. It yasungulwa ngu isikhundla wezwe. Lokhu akufaki noma yimiphi imisebenzi ukuhweba kanye namasiko.

Isilinganiso lamazwe ukuba iSivumelwano

A esigabeni esisha, okubandakanya umlando we-Kuril Islands - kuyinto basayine isivumelwano Russian-Japanese ngo-1875. Wathola Izibuyekezo ingxubevange ngabameli kula mazwe. izakhamuzi Japanese babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni eyayingalungile, kokuba benana Sakhalin ku "bulala ezincane zamatshe" (njengoba babiza Kurils). Abanye baye nje ukubeka phambili isicelo exchange of omunye ngamazwe. Iningi labo sithambekele kulokhu kucabanga ukuthi ngesinye kuyofika usuku lapho impi ufikile Kuril Islands. Ukungezwani phakathi Russia nase-Japan, ngeke ikhule ibe isinyathelo sezempi, futhi baqala impi phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili.

Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola isimo futhi ohlangothini Russian. Iningi abameleli States nomuzwa wokuthi yoke imikhawulo ungowabo njengephayona. Ngakho-ke, isivumelwano ngo-1875 asizange sibe isenzo ukuthi ngaphambili futhi for bonke ukutjheja imikhawulo kuchazwe phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Wabuye alikwazanga ukuze uvimbele ukungqubuzana eminye phakathi kwazo.

Russian-Japanese impi

Umlando Kuril Islands uyaqhubeka, futhi inhlamvu eduze izinkinga ubudlelwane Russian-Japanese kwaba nempi. Yenzeka, naphezu izivumelwano esiphakathi lezi uthi. Ngo-1904 labetibambile kuhlasela ekhohlisayo of Japan ensimini ka-Russia. Lokhu kwenzeke ngaphambi kwamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni ngasekuqaleni impi.

Imikhumbi-Japanese ehlaselwa imikhumbi Russian ezazisemizini imigwaqo elingaphandle Port-Artois. Ngakho, kwakushiwo aphume isinyathelo imikhumbi enamandla kakhulu, enomnikazi isigaba Russian.

Izenzakalo esiphawuleka kunazo zonke 1905:

• ezweni impi elikhulu Mukden emlandweni ngaleso sikhathi, oba ngo-February 5-24 futhi yaphela ukubaleka ibutho Russian;
• Battle of Tsushima ngasekupheleni May, eyaphumela ukubhujiswa Russian imikhumbi aseBaltic.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inkambo imicimbi kule mpi, indlela engcono kakhulu iwukuba esivuna Japan, waphoqeleka ukuya izingxoxo zokuthula. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi umnotho neligwadulekile kakhulu izenzakalo lempi. 9 Agasti e Portsmouth waqala kunengqungquthela yokuthula phakathi abahlanganyeli empini.

Izizathu kokunqotshwa Russia empini

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kube isiphelo sesimiso isivumelwano sokuthula sizimisele ngezinga elithile isimo okwakukhona impikiswano Kuril Islands phakathi Japan neRussia akuyona kumisiwe. Lokhu kwabangela nabaningi imibhikisho e Tokyo, kodwa ngemiphumela empini kwakungu eziphathekayo kakhulu kuleli zwe.

Ngokuhamba lengxabano wathatha ukubhujiswa pheze ephelele Russian Pacific Fleet, ezingaphezu kuka-100 eziyinkulungwane of amasosha ayo aye abulawa. Futhi, kwaba khona ukwanda stop isimo Russian eMpumalanga. Imiphumela empini kwakungu ubufakazi ongenambangi kwaba Inqubomgomo ababuthakathaka ngakho wasebukhosini. Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala lezisekelo eyinhloko izinyathelo zokuguqula umbuso e 1905-1907.

Sizatfu lesibalulekile ngoba ukunqotshwa Russia empini ye 1904-1905.

1. Ukuba khona inyumbazana nakwezombusazwe ngaleso Empire Russian.
2. amabutho Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke zokungazimiseli wezwe ukuqhuba ukulwa izenzo nasezimweni ezinzima.
3. ukukhashelwa Shameless abathintekayo kazwelonke futhi iningi Okuqukethwe akuzwakali of ojenene Russian.
4. Izinga eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukulungela sphere ezempi kanye nezomnotho of Japan.

Ngaphambi isikhathi sethu Kuril daba kungalungiswanga iyona sengozini enkulu. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili futhi ayizange dweba thula vumelwane imiphumela yayo. Kusukela le ngxabano abantu Russian njengoba labantu Kuril Islands, nhlobo inzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziyimbangela yalokhu kunomthelela isizukulwane ubutha phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Kwakuyisenzo esasibonisa isixazululo ekuseni mayelana nodaba zamanxusa, inkinga ye-Kuril Islands, kuyisihluthulelo ubudlelwano obuhle bokwakhelana phakathi Russia nase-Japan.