1918 emlandweni Russia: izenzakalo main

Emlandweni wezwe ngalinye, zikhona iminyaka ezibhekwa senguquko ushintsho kwezinkathi. Basuke izimpawu eyayembuleka cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila komphakathi, crisis acute, futhi ngokuvamile ekuqaleni impi. ngaleyo ndlela Kwatholakala ngo-1918 emlandweni Russian. On the nabantu abavelele kakhulu lesi sikhathi, izenzakalo lapho ke zenzeka on ensimini yezwe, futhi ukubaluleka kwabo ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo, manje nixoxe.

Ngobusuku obandulela 1918

Ngaphambi kokuthi ugxumela maelstrom ka vicissitudes ngo-1918, efuna ukuqonda ukujula okugcwele sizathu, kubalulekile ukuchaza kafushane lokho izenzakalo ezandulela ke.

Okokuqala, udinga ukusho ukuthi ngonyaka 1914-1918 emlandweni Russia kanye nezwe - inkathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Lokho lo mcimbi kwaba umfutho kokuqala zonke izinguquko ezenzeke ezweni lethu, kanye iningi uthi European kwesikhathi. Njengoba lwaqalwa ukubola uMbuso Russian akazange ukudonsa noma yimiphi imigomo yezempi noma ngokomnotho lokulwa eside. Empeleni, kwakungase ukubikezela imiphumela neMpi Russian-Japanese ka 1904-1905.

Romanov lwamakhosi, elibusayo iminyaka engaphezu kuka-300 ubudala, waqala ngokushesha ulahlekelwe igunya yayo yangaphambili. Imicimbi revolution sidle ka 1905 babe harbingers isiphepho siyeza kuphela. Futhi yena ngokushesha kwaqubuka.

Ngokungangabazeki, izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo esikhathini run-up abangu esachazwa Februwari futhi Okthoba linemibhikisho ngo-1917. Eyokuqala wabo abuqede le autocracy we Romanovs kanti eyesibili yabeka isisekelo imodeli entsha ngokuphelele isimo okusekelwe ezimisweni, ayikho kude kangaka hhayi yasetshenziswa umkhuba.

Kodwa indlela iphila isimo esisha esasinalo ukukhombisa turning 1918 emlandweni Russian.

Izinyathelo zokuqala kwamandla Soviet

Ngokushesha ngemva eza namandla, KwamaBolshevik Party umkhankaso lonke uchungechunge yezinguquko kuleli zwe.

Januwari 26, 1918 waba washaya umthetho ukumemezela ekuqaleni kabusha ikhalenda. essence yayo liqukethe aphuma likaJulius esetshenziswa iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi kubhekwe noyisikhulu uMbuso isiRashiya, le-Gregorian busuka ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ophethe ikhalenda yezinkanyezi. I kabusha yaqedwa ngoFebhuwari 14, lapho Soviet Russia uye ngokusemthethweni yayiswa ikhalenda ukubala entsha.

Januwari 28 wakhishwa Isinqumo soMkhandlu Yabantu Commissars kwetinhlavu Workers 'futhi Abalimi' iRed Army. Kuyinto lokhu kwasho ukuqala ubukhulu ikusasa amabutho eSoviet Union.

Februwari 2, kwathiwa isimemezelo ngalo ahlukaniswe iSonto Lobu-Orthodox kusukela State. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke zonke izitayela zenkolo kuleli zwe sase amalungelo ngokomthetho alinganayo, kwathiwa nenkululeko kanembeza nengokwenkolo.

Izingxoxo Germany

Umsebenzi oyinhloko futhi kubalulekile kwamandla Soviet kuyindlela aphume kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okuyinto vele ngaleso sikhathi Russia, yebo, ebilahlekile. Kodwa-ke, mayelana nanoma yimaphi Zinikeleni ephelele kwakungeyona. Kwakudingekile ukuphothula isivumelwano ne Central Amandla, ngaleso sikhathi eRussia lezwakala Impi phezu izimo ezikahle kakhulu Laba kungenzeka ku isimo esinzima zamanje.

Mayelana nalezi zingxoxo ukubaluleka ngoba iziphathimandla zaseSoviet ubonisa ukuthi isiqalo lenziwe ngaphezulu Disemba 22, 1917. Kwakumelwe kanzima ngempela, ngoba akekho amaqembu akafunanga basuse ezinkulu.

Kabusha isikhundla salo ezindabeni eziningi, ithimba Soviet wenza resumption izingxabano futhi kusengaphambili German yimpumelelo kakhulu ngezihluthu Russian-German. Lezi zenzakalo spodvigli amaBolshevik athambise isandla abalulekile.

I Brest-Litovsk ukuthula sivumelwano

Ngo-March 3 1918, ekugcineni wasayina Brest-Litovsk nokunyundela. Soviet Russia wavumelana ukulahlekelwa okukhulu indawo, kuhlanganise abanikwe, Ukraine, eBelarus, emazweni aseBaltic, Finland, eziningana izifunda Caucasian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele tibalo ethe ukuthi xaxa ngesimo yokulungisa umonakalo kwamandla enqobile, ukuyeka imisebenzi yalwa ngazo bese empeleni chaza ibutho.

Uhulumeni wamaSoviet wawungakwazi ukuthikameza iyehluleka ukuqonda ukuthi ngokusayina lesisivumelwano sivumelwano ehlukile, leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa ngisho amathemba ziyize sokuqashelwa semthethweni lamazwe Entente futhi behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi nesimo ngokuqondile nabo. Kodwa kwakungekho ngenye indlela, ukuze ukuthula nge eJalimane endabeni sokusinda.

Ukuqala ukwakheka ukunyakaza White

Zisuka nje, safika amandla, amaBolshevik baba nabaphikisi abaningi ngaphakathi Russia uqobo. Umnyombo eyinhloko kumiswa yabo iyona okuthiwa ukunyakaza White. It adjoins monarchists hhayi kuphela ngobuqotho, kodwa abasekeli Republican isimo onobuhle, yeningi kakhulu kunalezo ongeke unginike uhulumeni wamaSoviet, futhi nabanye abaphikisi amaBolshevik.

Nokho, ubuholi White ukunyakaza, ngokungafani kuya kuhulumeni waseSoviet, okuyinto ubheka ngokwayo owalandela zezomthetho Empire Russian kanye Yesikhashana Uhulumeni yahlakazeka ngesikhathi Okthoba Revolution. Ukusayinwa Brest-Litovsk izivumelwano ngokwahlukile nalowo muntu amathimba we Central Amandla nomthelela uyeke ukuqashelwa empeleni waba zabaholi White ukunyakaza lamazwe Entente njengoba uhulumeni esisemthethweni Russia. Nakuba kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho isikhundla ababekuso ekujaheni.

Zinikele ibutho

iphiko nenkani ukunyakaza White kwaba impi sokuzithandela, waqala ukuthatha ukuma emuva ekupheleni kuka-1917 ngaphansi kobuholi lokuqala Jikelele Alekseeva M. V, bese - Kornilova L. G. Lokho wokugcina ungase ube umdali wangempela ke. Ukwakheka yokugcina Zinikele Army yaqedwa Januwari 7, 1918.

Kodwa Kornilov wabulawa mhlaka-13 Ephreli ngawo lowo nyaka ngesikhathi wenkululeko Ekaterinodar kusukela amaBolshevik. Ubuholi be-Volunteer Army waqala engengaphansi lisebenza Anton Ivanovich Denikin.

Lezi zenzakalo ukukhombisa we inhlekelele yezombangazwe ukujula eligcwele, esehlanganise zwe. Yokuqwashisa sokuba nombono ongathí sina yayo alethwe ngo-1918 emlandweni wonke eRussia. Impi sasingagwemeki.

Ukungenelela kwe-Entente

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kube isiphelo sesimiso isivumelwano esihlukile eJalimane nabasizi balo, uhulumeni wamaSoviet awuzange sesimweni sokuba itholane phezulu ngqo emazweni Entente. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mpi kwaba alusilo luyingxenye ezombusazwe, kodwa kwakukhula kuze kube izibhelu ahlomile. 1918 - 1920 ngonyaka emlandweni Russia libhekene ibe inkathi esigabeni kunazo asebenzayo we angaphandle ukungenela ezempi.

Qala impi Entente amazwe ngokumelene Soviet Russia sabekwa zokutshala ngoMashi 1918 e Murmansk kokwehla isiFulentshi, kanye Ukuvinjwa of ethekwini Ekulu UK imikhumbi.

Kamuva, lapho Russian Yombango kwaba ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, into sonya angaphandle baba Vladivostok, Odessa, Kherson, Sevastopol, Batumi nakwamanye amadolobha. ayehlasela Geography ukunwetshwa.

Ngu ukungenela wajoyina amakoloni British kanye dominions, kanye amazwe angekho amalungu Entente (-US, iJapan kanye nabanye).

impi yombango

ngonyaka 1918-1922 emlandweni Russia lubonakala njengosuku inkathi kulwiwa. Nakuba izazi-mlando eziningi kukalwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1917, futhi usuku ekupheleni kuyinto 1924, kodwa iningi asebenzayo, kude, isiqala ukwenzeka esikhathini wafunda.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1918, i-Volunteer Army ngokugcwele kwakhiwa njengoba ibutho combat-ngomumo ezingase inselelo KwamaBolshevik iRed Army.

Kusukela ngo-March, iqala ukuba ukuqhuba esebenzayo ukulwa imisebenzi. Ivukela amandla Soviet ihlanganisa endaweni yokuqala Don Cossacks, bese - Kuban. Ikakhulukazi, kwakuphakathi lokushaya wabulala Ekaterinodar umlawuli lokuqala Zinikele Army Kornilov Lavr Georgievich.

ukunyakaza White empumalanga yeRussia

Ngo-June, amalungu Zonke-Russian Committee ababamele LoMhlangano (Komuch) yahlonywa Samara, ubani acabange owalandela we Yesikhashana Uhulumeni ka Kerensky. Komuch Yabantu Army yadalwa, okuyinto ngaphambili esisempumalanga ukunyakaza White. Kodwa ke bajoyine lokulwa ne iRed Army of amaBolshevik, futhi kwaba nemiphumela emihle kancane.

Ngo-September 1918, Zonke-Russian Yesikhashana Uhulumeni (Ufa lwemibhalo) yadalwa Komuch Ufa based. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngemuva kokuhluleka yesenzo kwezombangazwe nakwezempi, ke kwaba ziyoncibilika ngoNovemba, Admiral Kolchak. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Omsk, wamiswa uMbusi Ophakeme yeRussia, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, nguye ubhongoza wavuma iWhite ukunyakaza eRussia. Ngokushesha waziveza umholi ephapheme kakhulu umholi elikhulu lempi, iwine eziningana kunqoba kubalulekile phezu amaBolshevik. Nokho, inani eliphakeme labangu-inkazimulo yayo kwezombusazwe nakwezempi wangena olandelayo, 1919.

Zonke ematfuba entsha futhi ezingalindelekile alethwe ngo-1918 emlandweni wonke eRussia. Imicimbi baphuthuma, ngaphandle ukunciphisa ijubane.

Ukubulawa kwabo Romanovs

Esinye sezenzakalo impikiswano iningi labo yaphawula 1918 emlandweni Russia, kwaba ukukhishwa ngu amaBolshevik ngo-July 17 e eYekaterinburg, le Romanov asebukhosini, neliholwa yilowon obenguSihlalo uMbusi uNicholas II. Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando eziye akavumelananga yeka indlela okufaneleka ngayo kwaba le isenzo sodlame, nokuthi ingabe uyafisa yini emelelwa amalungu walahlekelwa ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, phakathi kwabantwana bakwa-lwamakhosi buyingozi khulu amandla Soviet.

separatism kaZwelonke

1918 emlandweni Russian lase futhi kwaphawulwa ukuvelela separatism kazwelonke ezindaweni ukuthi beniyingxenye umbuso Romanov. zokwakheka Omunye isimo emanxiweni umbuso wakwazi ukuvikela uzibuse (Poland, Finland, emazweni aseBaltic), kuyilapho abanye baphoqeleka ukunikezela nobukhosi bawo ngesikhathi ngezihluthu (UPR, Georgia), nabanye bebonke babe into eqanjiwe, akakaze kwadingeka ithuluzi bamandla wangempela (bpr) wesine, eqinisweni, kuba satellite of Soviet Russia (Ekude Eastern Republic, IDonetsk-Krivoy rog republic futhi LitBel t. h.).

I ebanga usizi kunazo wawungo-1918 emlandweni-Ukraine. Lapha zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi Ukrainian isimo amabutho kazwelonke (UPR), umlandeli wakhe Hetman Skoropadsky, Denikin sika Zinikele Army, Red Army of amaBolshevik kanye anarchist ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho izigcwelegcwele amaqembu ahlomile.

ubuntu eqaphelekayo

Zonke izenzakalo ngenhla ayikwazanga kwenzeke ngaphandle izenzo abantu abathile. Asivume, ngubani maningi amathuba ukuthonya isimo, okuyinto kwakheka ngo-1918 emlandweni Russia, ngubani IMITHETHO wahola amabutho, kwakheka izinhlayiya zayo eziphumela emoyeni zezombusazwe.

Ake uqale nge abamele amandla Soviet. Yiqiniso, nethonya elikhulu kakhulu izenzakalo kulolu hlangothi kuhlinzekwe uVladimir Ilich Lenin, owayeneminyaka ngesikhathi esifanayo umholi KwamaBolshevik Party likahulumeni waseSoviet. Nguye futhi wathonywa kakhulu izenzakalo ukuthi wenza 1918 senguquko emlandweni Russian. Lenin isithombe kungabonwa ngezansi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, indima ebalulekile ukuthi eyadlalwa asebenza party ezifana Leon Trotsky, Lev Kamenev, uFeliksi Dzerzhinsky, nakakhulu kwesisindo Iosif uStalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini esilandelayo enjalo abadumile iRed Army izinduna njengoba Basil Chapaev, Mikhail Frunze, uGregory Kotovskij nabanye.

Abahleli kunazo asebenzayo we-White ukunyakaza, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, babe Lavr Kornilov futhi Anton Denikin, futhi ekupheleni 1918 wathutha Admiral Alexander Kolchak.

Imiphumela

Ngakho, ekupheleni 1918 isimo abasha Soviet sasizungezwe izitha, okuyinto wabunjwa kusukela abamele White ukunyakaza, kwamaqembu ezinhlanga zendawo abahlaseli. Umzabalazo ayeseqalile kuphela nje, kodwa uhulumeni wamaSoviet wenza into esemqoka - ukusingatha lesi simo esicindezelayo kokufika kwegagasi lokuqala zezitha. Ngokuqinisekile, leli qiniso kanye nokwehlukaniswa nezitha amaBolshevik, kwathatha umzabalazo evulekile ahlomile phakathi kwabo, okwaholela yokuthi isiphetho ezweni eminyakeni engu-70 ezayo kokuvalelwa. Nokho, imiphumela yonyaka milestone wazizwa ngisho kwamanje.