Magna Carta

UMthethosisekelo British isici elikhanyayo kakhulu futhi esigqamile. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi akukho idokhumenti ongawenza umthetho eziyisisekelo-United Kingdom. umphakathi Democratic British Sekuyisikhathi eside kokuphila ngaphandle nomthethosisekelo nokuthi zonke sibonga yokuthi ngo-1215 i-Magna Carta kwavunyelwana kuleli zwe. Uma siqhathanisa yizinga lapho ukuthuthukiswa zobudlelwano nomphakathi kulezi iminyaka kwakungamadodana kwamanye amazwe, kuzoba intando yeningi e-England (sibonga Charter) ebangela eziningi maqondana.

Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, lo-Magna Carta wahlala ngaso sonke isikhathi, angokomfanekiso futhi ingxenye eyinhloko engabhaliwe kodwa ababulawa kahle umthethosisekelo British. Igama elithi "Charter" ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi kusukela lesiGreki ngokuthi "incwadi elotshwe ngesandla. ' Ivame ukutholakala lisetshenziswa ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, okungukuthi, njengoba igama elithi "amalungelo" futhi "amalungelo".

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi eNgilandi wazalwa le dokhumenti emangalisayo eyashintsha ukuphila kwabantu amakhulu eminyaka futhi enikeziwe baphile kahle izakhamuzi zakhona?

Magna Carta yayifundwa futhi ngemvume ku-15 Juni 1215 e iThames esigodini, eduze nedolobha eRunnymede. Ngaleso sikhathi, esibuswa Korol ioann eNgilandi, futhi wayedume ukulawula ngokungafanele. Ezweni ngenxa connivance yayo wabusa nangobudlova nokufumbathisa. Magna Carta sidalwe njengoba isilinganiso ezidingekayo ukuze silwe namthetho ekhona, owakhula minyaka bayanda ezweni.

Isimo engangibhekene naso nzima ukuze, isibonelo, inkosi kungathatha ezweni ngaphandle icala ngaphansi kwesizwe noma ukwethula amalevi uwedwa, okuyizinto ngenhla. Wethula eyeqile nezintela ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi ibhaxa, ngenhloso yedwa - Treasury nokunonophala. amacala eNkantolo babe budedengu futhi ngek lowo engaba nemali eyengeziwe. Empeleni wanika olusemthethweni ukufumbathisa isisebenzi sikahulumeni. Uhlelo zokwahlulela sasishwabene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Korol ioann England wasungula impi nokumosha neFrance, kanjalo abachitha zwe.

Kwenyukela kuye lapho sibhekene kokuphikisa kwezicebi Nesonto, owawungumnyaka ohlangothini thuthuva futhi sibaphathe ngesihawu. Lokubamba lichaza yokugcina besifanele, ngenxa yokuthi inkosi kuwukungabi nangqondo ukucabanga ngaleyo ngakho kwaholela kokubusa kwakhe, ngisho ne -Pope ubudlelwane ichithekile.

Magna Carta ngo-1215 kwaba ngokunembile idokhumenti ukuthi kwakufanele iphindele ezweni ukuze. Wawuthi ngesiLatini futhi izihloko zakhe 63 zomlando banikezwe. Lo mbhalo kwaba elinye igama - ". Sihloko baronial" Korol ioann waphoqeleka ukuba uvumelane nemigomo ye kwezicebi edlubulundayo, kanye Magna Carta ngo-1215 kwazalwa. It enikeziwe ebaluleke kakhulu - ukunciphisa amandla inkosi ngokwakha umkhandlu okhethekile 25 kwezicebi. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti emva isicelo amalungu ebhodi ezine bavunyelwa ukuba "ukuvimbezela inkosi ngazo zonke izindlela '(Article 61 Charter).

Izinguquko ezibalulekile ezenzeka ngemva kwalokho, futhi ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkosi nebandla, kanye phakathi kwezicebi nabantu khulula. Inkosi enikeziwe nenkululeko iSonto, wanika amalungelo akhe akhethekile yibhange ubuqotho. Wabuye wathembisa ukuthi izintela nezimali izoqoqwa wumkhandlu jikelele zombuso.

Article 13 bahumusha yibhange London nakwamanye amadolobha, futhi isihloko kule nombolo 36 wabakhuthaza ezisemqoka ekukhuleni kahle ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Magna Carta ngo-1215 nomthelela ukuhlanganiswa futhi kuqiniswa ye-United Kingdom. Ayikho ebaluleke kancane kwaba isihloko 41 futhi 42. Baye enikeziwe inkululeko entry kanye ophumayo abathengisi bakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Magna lwaqinisa ilungelo elikhulu izinduna ukuba nendawo yabo.

Eliphawuleka kakhulu kwaba sihloko 39, njengoba kunjalo kuwo nabizelwa isiqinisekiso impahla, kanye nokuvikeleka siqu naleso sakhamuzi. Kwakuthinta wathi indoda khulula kungenziwa aboshwe, agqunywe ejele noma emthethweni impahla kuphela semthethweni izinqumo wabahluleli. Article 45 aphoqelelwe ukuba sikhethe izikhundla abahluleli abafanelekayo sebenze, kodwa nakho kuyinto okufanele izikhulu. Magna waqinisekisa ukuthi inikeza inkululeko kusuka ngokungenasizathu impango nokuhuheka zokwahlulela (Article 40). Waba yini umphumela wesibindi indalo yayo kwakuyisiqalo ukuqedwa sokuncika izinduna, kanye nezinhlinzeko zalo zaba sisekelo ukuqhubeka ezweni elikhulu yeningi.