River impucuko: izici jikelele kanye nencazelo

Sencazelo "umfula nempucuko" unikwe ngu mlando nabavubukuli kwekhulu XIX. igama elibi bámukela umbuso wokuqala emlandweni wesintu. Ngokusho imithetho bonke ludabuka ezindaweni nezigodi imifula emikhulu ngenxa ukubaluleka ezehlukile ngenxa ke abantu ababambe iqhaza kwezolimo. Ososayensi ukuhlonza impucuko ezine kanje: eGibhithe, eMesophothamiya Indian kanye Chinese.

izici Jikelele

Kwezinsizakalo ayizinkulungwane eziningana edlule yasendulo emfuleni impucuko - sibonelo esigqamile kanjani izimo zemvelo ezithinta ukuthuthukiswa komuntu. Ngesisekelo impucuko yokuqala umnotho wezolimo. Land ukutshala kwezitshalo ukutshalwa kuyisihluthulelo ukuchuma imizi nemizana. Yingakho kuphakama le uthi lokuqala ezindaweni lapho izimo zemvelo bangabalimi lokwamukelwa kakhulu.

Lezi zindawo babe emfuleni izigodi. The Nile Basin umsuka ngempucuko yasendulo yaseGibhithe loMfula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe - lo nesi, emhlabeni Indus iGanges - India, eduze koMfula Yellow futhi umfula iYangtze - China. Kwakumelwe sombuso umhlaba phakathi 20 ° no-40 ° enyakatho nenkabazwe

eGibhithe lasendulo

imphawu letibalulekile emfuleni impucuko kuyofikwa ngokucacile ngesibonelo yaseGibithe lasendulo. Lesi simo kwavela Afrika enyakatho-mpumalanga loMfula sifinyelela engezansi iNayile. Izimpawu zokuqala impucuko kwamiswa ekupheleni 4th yeminyaka BC. e. Ngaleso sikhathi, lo faro ngowokuqala zibuswe igunya lakhe Lower futhi elibangise eNhla neGibhithe.

Zonke impucuko emfuleni kuye kwadingeka kuba nezinto ezinhle nezimbi. EGibhithe, laba ziyashintsha nomunye nezikhathi kwakukhona eziningana. Akhe phezulu yaqhakaza balo Mbuso Omusha, okuyinto yayikhona XVI - eminyaka XI. BC. e. Kuhlanganisa ezintathu Dynasty lwaseGibhithe lasendulo (18, 19, 20). Lokho okusha Kingdom ushiye ngemuva abaningi kakhulu amasayithi lapho yesimanje isintu futhi uyazi izwe ongaqondakali lasendulo. I IV ekhulwini BC. e. IGibithe laba ngaphansi kwethonya isiko lamaGreki futhi aqala ukuphelelwa izici zayo eziyingqayizivele civilizational. Ekugcineni, amandla oFaro yaphela ngo-30 BC. e., lapho enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika yanqotshwa wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

Ezolimo kanye emfuleni imijikelezo

Inani elikhulu of nabaseGibhithe lasendulo wahlanganyela kwezolimo. Bethembela emifuleni abalulekile ezolimo - esinye sezizathu esenza impucuko zezwe lasendulo libizwa emfuleni. Recycle lichitheke Nile yl bavunyelwe Amasimu lapho, ukuxubana umhlabathi, okuholela isivuno anda.

Ngokuchichima kanye nokuchuma kwezomnotho wanika abantu isikhathi esiningi khulula on imisebenzi zobuchwepheshe, zamasiko wobuciko. Le ndlela isibe omunye zezimbangela yobukhulu Egypt izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Zonke impucuko emfuleni zezwe lasendulo ayezama ukunqoba nemvelo ezinokuthula. LamaGibhithe lokhu eyakhelwe eduze Nile nemingenela yayo edamini. Nabo, amanzi iphambukisa Amasimu lwezolimo kwezitshalo. Nakuba uhlelo ifinyelele ukuphelela ngenkasa eMesopotamiya, abaseGibhithe ngesikhathi sawo, sasiwubufakazi oluvelele.

Ezolimo kulesisizwe kwenziwa ngokuvumelana emfuleni imijikelezo. AbaseGibithe wayehlukanisa unyaka ube thu izinkathi zonyaka: uzamcolo, zokutshala nokuvuna. Okuvame kakhulu babe okusanhlamvu nokulima, nakuba kwakunabamemezeli futhi izithelo kanye ukulima. Kwakukhona izivini, yefilakisi kutshalwa. Sasisetshenziselwa ukuphotha. Along Nile osogwini olusenyakatho ezikhulayo-papyrus, esetshenziswa ukwenza iphepha waseGibhithe esiyingqayizivele.

Life kanye inkolo

amakhaya waseGibhithe zazakhiwe ngodaka, lapho emagcekeni, ngisho ukushisa emini wahlala thunzi ukhululekile. Umuzi ngamunye has a ikhishi nge kophahla ovulekile. Izindonga abangu ngesineke omhlophe noma ukunqanda abantu bangathathi okhaphethi ezenziwe ngelineni elicolekile.

inkolo Common wayengekho Egypt. Kusifunda ngasinye, kube nephutha ihlelo unkulunkulu othile. Ndawonye, akha omunye pantheons ngobukhulu lasendulo. Njengezinye izinkolo enkulu yaleso sikhathi, inkolo abaseGibhithe uvela fetishism futhi animism. UFaro-Akhenaton wazama ukulahla polytheism futhi osungulwe siqu eyodwa yokukhulekela ehlelweni layo monotheistic kankulunkulu welanga Aton. Kodwa lokhu kabusha ayizange ezingxenyeni umphakathi baseGibhithe lasendulo.

eMesophothamiya

EMesophothamiya, noma eMesophothamiya - esifundeni eduze kwemifula emikhulu emibili i - iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe. Namuhla kule nsimu kungokwalabo Iraq. BC futhi lapha zakhona zazihluke emfuleni impucuko. Ngokungafani Egypt, eMesophothamiya ayikaze isizwe ngalokulingene. ezihlukahlukene yanqoba lapha nomunye izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Ngisho kuqhathaniswa neminye imifula enkulu esigodini iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe lasendulo bekulokhu evundile ikakhulukazi. Kuzoqalwa nge- zezinkangala zase-Armenia amanzi alethwe eMesophothamiya ezifakwa anesihlabathi. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo ukuthi inhlabathi lana wanika kwesivuno ocebile. Nenzalo edonsela abantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eMesophothamiya bekulokhu ebalulekile kwezohwebo eyayihlanganisa esifundeni njengoba wajoyina ePersian Gulf futhi iMedithera.

iziteshi izwe

Phakathi kuka-Millennium IV ukuze vi BC leminyaka. e. EMesophothamiya salandelwa ezifundazweni eziningana (Sumer,-Akkad, Babylonia and Assyria). abantu abo ayengamakhulu ngezilimi ezahlukene futhi eminye imikhuba yamasiko. Kodwa ngokuvamile, commonality zabo kungenziwa ngokuthi omunye impucuko enkulu lasendulo yaseMesophothamiya. Umthombo ivela khona kwaba ukudalwa ngenkasa ku loMfula iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe.

Wezolimo eMesophothamiya izakhamizi eyakhelwe yeNayile nazo amadamu. Irrigation izinhlelo anda ezithela futhi bavunyelwe ukuba nisela Amasimu lonke umjikelezo ezikhulayo. Inqubekela kuye kwaholela nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Noma yimuphi izikebhe ke waqala babhekane nezinga elikhulu ekilasini. Kwaholela ekubeni ukuvela ayenezigqila kanti enkulu uquqaba esizakala ngawo.

Ngenkasa kanye ukuhweba

Nakuba eMesophothamiya bekulokhu eziningi izigqila wahlanganyela wezolimo, abantu khulula abahlala emphakathini. Kwakumelwe futhi babekezelele ukukhonza oyimpoqo kweziteshi isimo, isakhiwo kanye ukuhlanzwa. Ukusuka kunoma iliphi yokwemba imisebenzi badedelwa amalungu kuphela yezikhulu. I neliphelele ngokwengeziwe isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa baba, bazolokhu kwaba outflow zabantu kusukela amadolobhana amancane ehlakazekile ezikhungweni yesifundazwe. Kwaba kakade edolobheni. Babefanele izakhiwo isici: ithempeli, izitolo kanye izinqolobane.

Duzane nezindawo zokukhulekela ziqoqwa izimali ezisele imikhiqizo. EMesophothamiya kwaba emahlathini abampofu nezinsimbi. Izakhamuzi eMesophothamiya wathola lezi zinsiza ukuthenga kubo esenana inala yesivuno. Trade sasiqhutshelwa emazweni amaningi - kusukela eNdiya kuze seGibhithe eMedithera-Arabian. Ngu III yeminyaka BC. e. Umnotho amathempeli babé eliyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuba ezimali zazo kwakudinga indlela entsha yokudlulisela ulwazi - ukubhala. Yileyo ndlela esizwa ngayo Sumerians uvele-cuneiform bazo abadumile, babebiza izinti ezikhethekile ezibhebheni zobumba.

Kusukela e-Asia Minor , eMesophothamiya ahlukaniswe ezingwadule enkulukazi. Izizwe lokuqala abahlala kulo, wahlala hhayi kuphela todvwa kodwa futhi abampofu kakhulu. Nothile Kuveza babe engazinzile Yayinesikhwanyana kuphela zebhali linesizotha. Ezolimo wayesifanele kuphela isiqeshana emincane ezweni phakathi ehlane kanye emaxhaphozini efile. Njengoba sekunama-emiseleni kanye neensetjenziswa izinhlelo, abantu abasha ixazululwe ngaphambi izindawo ungahlalwa muntu.

impucuko Indian

Isayensi yanamuhla e obuhlukahlukene degrees uyazi kuphi futhi nini ozalwa emfuleni impucuko. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando eNdiya yasendulo uhlala omunye okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu kabi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zawo zishiye cishe akukho izikhumbuzo. ukugeleza elikhulu ubufakazi obubhalwe mayelana India sekukhona kuphela BC III ekhulwini. e., lapho nakhu wahlaselwa yibutho Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Nokho, abanye amaqiniso ayisisekelo ukweneka zonke lezi kungenzeka. Umsuka esigodini Indus River impucuko Indian kubhekwa eyesithathu lasendulo kakhulu ngemva ezindala zaseGibhithe naseSiriya yaseMesophothamiya. Kuzo zonke kungase kube ngubani kubo kwekulu ngokuya endaweni. Lokhu impucuko ubizwa nangokuthi Harappan. Elapho XXXIV - XIV eminyaka. BC. e. Isihluthulelo isikhungo salo okwakuseduze layo umuzi Mohenjo-Daro, Rakhigarhi, Harappa, Lothal futhi Dholavira. Inani labantu base-esigodini ngesikhathi ibambene impucuko safinyelela izigidi ezinhlanu zamarandi. Sumerians ngokuthi Meluhha India ngisho kwaholela ukuhweba kwakhe zasolwandle.

Amadolobha Indian

Harapptsy bebeye yokusansimbi lethusi, isakhiwo omkhulukazi, into enhle ebaziwe. Ngesisekelo ezolimo ezolimo eniselwayo. Kukholakala ukuthi umuzi Mohenjo-Daro kuyinto emlandweni wesintu zangasese lasendulo kanye kwamanzi nokuthuthwa indle.

ezolimo Indian kulekelelwa ngokudoba nokuzingela. Oceanfront ukudoba engxubeni yamanzi anosawoti yanda. Kufika isikhathi lapho lasendulo emfuleni impucuko abazalwanga bebengenazo emadolobheni ngomqondo zasendulo izwi. Njengoba sekunama-nemizana isimo esikhulu waqala ukuba phakathi izinqaba. edolobheni elithile laseNdiya sidilizwa kwakuba lenqaba ephephile futhi edolobheni ephansi. Ayehlukile uhlelo ukulungele ngokucophelela. izindlu zokuhlala ezakhiwa double anesitezi.

China

Echibini eMfuleni Yellow - kwenye indawo lapho lasendulo emfuleni impucuko savela. Ngo enkulungwaneni yesithathu yeminyaka BC. e. lapha-ke kwakhiwa umphakathi ngokobuhlanga yamaShayina yasendulo. Ohlukile lesi impucuko kude kwaso sekuyaphela kusukela ezinye izizwe kwenkathi. Uma ukwazi China namazwe aseNtshonalanga, kukhona kuleli zwe ukumela onqenqemeni wasenganekwaneni, engaqondakali baningi ngisho nangaphezu kwezinwele India, kanye nezindlovu yayo ngendlela engakholeki.

Kancane kancane, lo impucuko sandile ngaphesheya Yellow soMfula naseningizimu obzhila omunye emfuleni omkhulu - Yanzy. Okuxakayo ukuthi la isiteshi engezansi eMfuleni Yellow ishintshile izikhathi eziningana ngenxa yezikhukhula izinqubo zemvelo. Waguqulwa futhi ogwini Bohai Bay, okuyinto agelezela emfuleni. Ezikhathini zasendulo, esigodini Yellow River ngokupheleleyo dibikeza ihlathi. umsebenzi womuntu Active abhubhisa ihlathi. Ukulandela babo obhejane yamuka, izindlovu, bamboo amagundane, kanye tapir. Njengezinye impucuko emfuleni, isimo yamaShayina yasendulo ekuqaleni Ukungenela komuntu imvelo.

I Ukudambisa of imvelo

abantu lasendulo babengene sengozini kakhulu izinhlekelele zemvelo. Kungani abizela impucuko emfuleni? Zadalelwa izigodi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo angazanga indlela yokubhekana izikhukhula. Izinhlekelele ezinjalo ezisengozini zichithe yonke nemizana. Encwadini ayibhalela Igama lesi-Chinese "usizi" isikhathi eside ukuqopha uhlamvu esibonisa bephume amabhange emfuleni.

Kuphela phakathi mina yeminyaka BC. e. Yellow River Basin izakhamizi wafunda indlela yokwenza ithuluzi lensimbi waya ngaphandle kwe floodplains. Manje ayengayihlakulela inhlabathi ngaphambilini ezingafinyeleleki kanzima. Ngenxa yalesi labantu yayiya kanzulu ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni izifunda elinezintaba China. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokukhethekile zenyakatho asemaqeleni izifunda. Ososayensi ukucacisa lapho futhi lapho ebeletha lasendulo emfuleni impucuko, namanje ukuthola imininingwane emisha ezihlobene umlando of China lasendulo.