Pugachev isigwebo ku Bolotnaya Square: usuku. Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachov emlandweni

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev kwaba Don Cossack eyayihamba phansi emlandweni njengoba umholi iMpi Abalimi ', eyaqala eRussia kusukela 1773 kuya 1775. Wasebenzisa abaphuma ngenkathi amahemuhemu eziphikelelayo ukuthi uMbusi uPetru III, kusolakala ukuthi uyaphila, kodwa waxoshwa ngokungemthetho ngo uCatherine II nesithandwa sakhe Grigori Orlov. Pugachev kwaba yimpumelelo kunazo zonke nabakhohlisi ebesizenza mithi.

Izinhlelo umholi wamavukela mbuso

Empini esenzeka Solenikovoy igenge ekupheleni Agasti 1774, izihlubuki anqotshwa. Izinsalela yebutho lawo bathuthele kule ndawo isiqondiso southeasterly eduze iVolga. Kusihlwa ngo-August 25, engakafiki -Black Yar, yakwazi ukuwela lokuqala ezivela ibhange kwesokudla umfula kwesinye seziqhingi, bese naye ngakolunye uhlangothi. Pugachev kwaholela izinsalela amabutho akhe waya empumalanga, ewela i Akhtuba emfuleni, ku ibhange kwesokunxele okwenza kube umhlangano. Kwanqunywa ku esinye isinyathelo.

Umholi amavukelambuso ahlinzekwa eziningana ongakhetha imfucuza. Eyokuqala wabo - woza phansi iVolga uphinde uphume ku yoLwandle iCaspian, bese ngendlela ezungezayo ukuze uthole e-Ukraine futhi ukujoyina Zaporozhye Cossacks. A samuntu yesibili othintekayo indiza Bashkiriya noma eSiberia.

ngobuqili

Nokho, uhlela nemizila ukuphunyuka, Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev babengazi ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi emva kwakhe ngesakhiwo ovuthiwe elalihlanganisa Colonel Cossack, wanquma ukuba amkhaphele. ayebambisene nabo eduze wakhetha ukunika ke emagunyeni, futhi ukubuya eyozithathela ushwele kusuka kuhulumeni.

Uzungu wathatha ingxenye FF Chumakov, IP Fedulev, I. A. Tvorogov futhi mayelana ezimbili kweshumi Yaik Cossacks. Bona ngokuphelele ungavumelani yimiphi Pugachev izinhlelo wafaka phambili esiphikisayo isiphakamiso ukuya ohlangothini Uzen. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bakhetha umgwaqo wesifunda futhi 8 Septhemba efika. Ukuthatha itshe okwamanje, lapho ibutho eyinhloko Cossacks uvele ibanga, kwabozungu wawela phezu Pugachev. Endleleni eya edolobheni Yaik kabili sazama ukweqa, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Chumakov noshizi, yagibela phambili, sibhekene search beqembu, okwakubekelwa liqondiswa induna yekhulu Harchev. Wangenisa ihlongandlebe Yaitsky edolobheni.

Ngakho Ngaboshwa Emelyan Pugachev. Impi Abalimi ', eholwa lo muntu ongaphezu kovamile, ngokushesha laphela, Nokho, Suvorov futhi Panin eside kwadingeka indlela eqondile ezifundazweni elinezinkathazo, wabahlukanisa amandla wangaphambili.

yi

Kokuphenywa lokuqala Emelyana Pugacheva uphromothiwe ngo-September 15 edolobheni Yaik. Loluphenyo lwaholela Mavrin futhi into yokuqala ethola yonke imininingwane Biography of the isiboshwa. Kamuva ngumbiko oya kwi-uMajor General Potemkin, wabhala ukuthi Pugachev bekuthulekile agodliwe. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu ephenywa ngemibuzo imposter efika futhi uLieutenant General Suvorov, ngubani uqobo wahola nophenyo. Ngemva kwalokho, le baboshwe uyiswa Simbirsk. Ukuze bathuthe yathela yezinyoni encane ekhethekile ogibele inqola ezimbili ezinamasondo.

Ngo Simbirsk kusuka 2 kuya ku-6 Okthoba Pugacheva hhayi kuphela ngemibuzo, kodwa futhi ukuba ezifakwa maqondana isigxobo sakhe. Wayefanele bokusola yena nabakhambisani bakhe. Okthoba 26 Pugachev ethunyelwe eMoscow eqashwe amasosha ngeso elibukhali. Lapho efika inhlokodolobha, yayigcinwe endaweni engaphansi isakhiwo, okuyinto kwaku Mint. Kanye naye athathwa kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza nokuvukela. Disemba 30, kuseshini lokuqala enkantolo, okwenzeka ngo-Sobukhosi Hall of the Kremlin. Ngakusasa walethwa lapha, futhi Pugachev, owayeneminyaka ngamadolo akhe, waphendula imibuzo, bese wezwa sinqumo. Isigwebo lalinonya: kumuntu osonile wesigaba sokuqala, waquma ikhanda lakhe, bese razvezut izingxenye zomzimba ezingxenyeni ezahlukene kuleli dolobha futhi ushise.

amalungiselelo lokugcina

Usuku ukubulawa Pugachev waqokwa ngo-January 10, 1775. Ekuseni kuye esetilongweni, ake umpristi iKazan Cathedral archpriest uTheodore, wagwetshwa ukufa iSidlo. Ngemva kwalokho, lolu hide alethwe egcekeni sihlubuki ngamaketanga futhi emhlalisa e isihlibhi yakhe. Kanye naye baya abapristi ababili, owakhuthaza ukuba baphenduke ngezenzo zakhe endleleni.

Lesi senzakalo esivelele njengoba Pugacheva isigwebo, wenze inani elikhulu labantu ukuhlangana ngo Bolotnaya Square entathakusa. lijikeleziswe wabaselwa yehlukaniswe off by amayunithi amaphoyisa kusengaphambili futhi ababethunyiwe kubo ekusekeleni elihamba regiments. Kuba- ukuzivimbela ingcindezi Amazing isixuku womuntu. Abantu hhayi kuphela egcwele yonke indawo, kodwa futhi ezitaladini angomakhelwane. Abantu babekhululeka lapho ngisho ophahleni ezindlini ezingomakhelwane kanye namasonto.

Ukuziphatha ngesikhathi kubulawa Pugachev

Lapho umucu nezibhulo lolu hide lidlule Uvuko ibhuloho, Pugachev wasukuma futhi waqala ukuba ibhocobale kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngakho wathi goodbye kuya kubantu. Sani iziboshwa athuthela kule ndawo futhi wayeka eduze izikafula. Emelyana Pugacheva nge Afanasiem Perfilevym alethwe yesikhulumi. Ngemuva lwabo lwasukuma ezimbalwa abapristi, bailiffs, izikhulu zegceke besahlulelo.

Baqala ukufunda lesi sinqumo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho sihlubuki esiyinhloko ngezikhathi ebhapathizwa futhi buthule wathandaza. Ngemva kwalokho, umpristi wambusisa umuntu ethola isahlulelo sokufa, futhi sathi ukuxoxaxoxa esiduduzayo. Pugachev ngalesosikhathi sindise umusho wakhe wokugcina eqala ngamazwi athi: "Ukuthethelela kimi, abantu Orthodox ..." futhi ngaleso sikhathi ukushaya prostrations futhi ngokuzikhandla obhapathiziwe, wamnaka le ezibiyele amasonto ababhishobhi.

izenzakalo ezalandela baye zenzeka kunalokho ngokushesha. Ukubulawa Pugachev waqala neqiniso ukuthi isiboshwa waphakamisa ngozankosi ngadabula izingubo, futhi ngomzuzu olandelayo ikhanda lakhe olunegazi ngezinwele labetibambile ezandleni zayo wesahlulelo.

izinkumbulo bokuzibonela

Imbongi kanye fabulist kwenkathi Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, athandani kakhulu yezikhulu eMoscow, kwaba Awukude lesikafula, futhi wayebona konke imininingwane yendlela ekukhishweni Pugachev. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi induna sihlubuki babenedumela njengesela esesabekayo, umlobi ubuso bakhe njengoba kwakumnyama angizange ngiqaphele yini ngesihluku noma ziba nolaka. Wachaza kuye njengoba ovamile e forties yakhe, ukuphakama medium, ne amnyama nentshebe ezicijile. Ngaphandle, kuba ngokuphelele lutho like uMbusi uPetru III, futhi yayimangaza indlela abantu kungathatha ngenye nenye.

Enye ngawakho lezo zenzakalo, usosayensi, umbhali sefilosofi, Andrey Timofeevich Bolotov, ngaphawula ukuphambuka eziyinqaba kule nqubo yokukhipha. Ngokusho sinqumo, Emelyana Pugacheva kwase ezine t. E., Okokuqala uyonquma ezandleni nasezinyaweni, futhi kuphela ngaleso sikhathi ukuze enquma ikhanda lakhe. Nokho, wesahlulelo wayenza okuhlukile. ISikhulu Samaphoyisa Arkharov wawunesiphithiphithi omkhulu futhi uqalekisiwe wesahlulelo ukwengamela ezinjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, + izingalo zakhe nendawo imilenze anqamuka umuntu olahlwe ngemva kokufa kwakhe.

Umusa uCatherine II

Ingabe kwakuyisenzo sokuthatheka lesi wesahlulelo ukwengamela okungahleliwe, noma ngabe umuthi wayevele eqonde? Lokhu wabhala A. S. Pushkin encwadini yakhe "Umlando we Pugachev nokuvukela". Lapha imbongi okukhulunywe incwadi evela inkosi isikhulu Volkonsky eyayikhuluma yokuthi ayikuvumeli isintu ukwenza ngesihluku ngisho izigebengu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi sekubulaweni kwakhe kwakunguKayafase ukuthatha indawo Pugacheva Ekaterina kusolakala ngamazwi ayihambi ngokusebenzisa iSikhulu Samaphoyisa Arkharova imfihlo wayala wesahlulelo kuyo kuqala waquma ikhanda Emelyan Pugachev, futhi kuphela ke ezine. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi iNdlovukazi okuthiwa nhlobo ingasaphathwa-ke ikuphi.

Akwaziwa ukuthi abukho inkomba uCatherine II, kodwa eziningi ngaphezu kwalezo ezibonwa quartering olusemthethweni lwenziwe ngesiRashiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babulawelwe kuzo phambi komphakathi we Pugachev endaweni Swamp wayebuye zokugcina. Ngokusho sinqumo, ikhanda lakhe wabethelwa kanye sibekwe obala emphakathini, futhi yahlukana zomzimba zazidilivwa izingxenye ezihlukene edolobheni washisa ngosuku olulandelayo.

Imiphumela Abalimi 'Impi

yaphela Ngakho kulokhu kuvukela, kanye wakhuliswa nedlanzana Cossacks recalcitrant, eyayibonakala eliholwa Emelyan Pugachev. Ngo-mlando emlandweni walesi ongumlimi Russian neMpi kwesokunxele nokuncane ngokujulile, njengoba iye yabathinta kakhulu zaleli zwe, ride nokusukela eSiberia kuya eMoscow kusukela Kuban ukuze Murom.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa Pugachev ukuvukela ngomyalo Umbusikazi uCatherine II senziwa umphakathi wezinhloso, okuyinto kushiwo lokho kuvukela kufanele abulawe "lokulibala okuphakade." Futhi ukuze aqede ngisho inkumbulo kancane kule nkathi olunegazi, yena sayalwa ukuba sibe nezinhloli yetha kabusha Yaitsky edolobheni ovukelayo Uralsk.