Phula nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad ngoJanuwari 1943: amaqiniso zomlando

Ukuze Wehrmacht umyalo kahle umuzi uMfula iNeva wayengeyena nje i ukubaluleka ezibalulekile ezempi-zamasu. Ngaphezu lathumba lonke ugu kwe-Gulf of Finland nokubhujiswa aseBaltic Fleet futhi baphishekela efinyelela kude inkulumo-ze izinjongo. Ukuwa kwe-sombuso Revolution eyayingabangela umonakalo ongalungiseki zokuziphatha ukuze wonke abantu baseSoviet futhi singathanda kakhulu ukubhodloza ugqozi amabutho ahlomile. Ngesikhathi umyalo iRed Army kwaba enye: ukuhoxisa zinikela emzini ngaphandle kokulwa. Kulokhu, isiphetho abakhileyo kungaba buhlungu nakakhulu. Hitler okuhloswe ukusula idolobha off ibalazwe ngomqondo ongokoqobo yegama elithi.

Leningrad esasikuyo manje nayo yayibiyelwe ngokuphelele amabutho aseJalimane kanye Finnish-September 8, 1941. Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad yayithatha izinsuku 872. Ngaphezu amayunithi lempi ibutho kanye lasolwandle ekuvinjezelweni Kwatholakala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu - ababaleki esuka kude impela eLeningrad futhi aseBaltic kanye angomakhelwane izifunda. Leningrad phakathi nokuvinjelwa ilahlekelwe angaphezu kuka-600 eziyinkulungwane. I lezakhamuzi, zazo amaphesenti amathathu kuphela babulawa sokuqhuma kwamabhomu nokungabi amabhomu, kanti bonke abanye bafa ngenxa yendlala nezifo. It waxoshelwa abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi.

Imizamo aphule ukuvinjelwa ngo-1942

Ngisho nangezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu empini Uzame zephule encirclement. Ngo-January 1942 ibutho laseSoviet lasungula okuhlaselayo ukuxhuma umuzi ivinjiwe 'ezwekazini' 'eduze nedolobhana Lubz. Umzamo esilandelayo senziwa ngo-August - Okthoba, bebheke edolobhaneni Siniavino Iziqeshana esiteshini. Lezi imisebenzi ukuze ifohle nokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad ayiphumelelanga. Nakuba Sinyavinskaya ecasula futhi iphathe kuhlulekile, kodwa lokhu iqhinga wathiywa Wehrmacht njalo uhlela ukuthatha idolobha.

izimfanelo amasu

Ukuhlulwa amabutho amaNazi eMfuleni iVolga yasishintsha ibhalansi amabutho amasu esivuna ebuthweni laseSoviet. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, the High Command wakhulelwa ukuba afeze ukuhlinzwa phezu deprotected dolobha enyakatho. imisebenzi ezihilela amabutho Leningrad, Volkhov nezimpi, aseBaltic Fleet kanye Ladoga weqembu lemikhumbi wathola igama ikhodi '' Iskra ''. Ukuze sisekele imisebenzi okuhlaselayo kusezweni kwadingeka imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo zezindiza. Yokukhululwa esuka kude impela eLeningrad ukuvinjelwa, noma ngokwengxenye, Lwenziwe ngumuntu yezinqumo enkulu umyalo German. Hitler phansi ukubaluleka ngesilinganiso ekuqongeleleni izinqolobane. Ngemva yabambana ngezihluthu endaweni eMoscow kanye naseningizimu yezwe esuka 'North' Army Iqembu ', amabili wona ahoxiswa ukwahlukana armored futhi ingxenye enkulu elihamba amayunithi ukuze ingxenye offset ekulahlekelweni iqembu emaphakathi. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1943 eLeningrad ngesikhathi abahlaseli kwakungelona amayunithi ezinkulu ngomshini yokulwisana ukuhlaselwa kungenzeka of the Army Soviet.

ihlele Amathenda

Operation "Iskra" unina amkhulelwe ekwindla ka-1942. Ekupheleni kuka-November, indlunkulu Leningrad Front Headquarters aphakanyisiwe ukulungiselela okuhlaselayo entsha bese ukufohla esiyingini isitha ngezindlela ezimbili: Shlisselburgsky futhi Uritskom. High Command unqume sigxile esicini esisodwa, fast, eduze-Siniavino Shlisselburg.

Novemba 22 Umyalo ethulwa uhlelo counter isinyathelo amabutho kanzulu of Leningrad futhi Volkhov nezimpi. Ukusebenza sivunyiwe, ukulungiswa wanikezwa esingaphansi kwenyanga. Kwakubalulekile kakhulu ukusebenzisa okuhlaselayo kuhlelwe ebusika: entwasahlobo swampland baba esingaweleki. Ngenxa uma kuncibilika iqhwa waqala ngasekupheleni kuka-December zephule ukuvinjelwa lihlehliswe izinsuku eziyishumi. Igama ikhodi ukusebenza salokuhlangenwe uStalin. Kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, VI Ulyanov, udala ukuphrinta umzimba KwamaBolshevik Party, ngokuthi iphephandaba "Iskra" ngenhloso ukuthi inhlansi ngokhela ilangabi zokuvukela umbuso. ngaleyo ndlela Stalin wahosha isifaniso, sizitshele ukuthi umuntu iqhinga tekusebenta okuhlaselayo ngeke zibe yimpumelelo enkulu zamasu. Ukuphathwa jikelele waphathiswa Marshal K. E. Voroshilovu. Ukudidiyela imisebenzi ngesikhathi Volkhov Front wathunyelwa Marshal G. K. Zhukov.

Ukulungisa okuhlaselayo

Phakathi no-December amabutho uye wakwenza alungiselelwe ukulwa. Wonke amayunithi abangu unomsebenzi izisebenzi kanye nemishini ngamaphesenti ayikhulu, zanqwabelana kuze 5 nezinhlamvu ukuze iyunithi izikhali esindayo ngamunye. Leningrad phakathi nokuvinjelwa wakwazi ukunikeza phambili nazo zonke ezidingekayo nezempi kanye ngezikhali ezincane. Futhi ekuhlanganiseni iyunifomu bakhangwa amabhizinisi hhayi kuphela ezikhethekile, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi ababenolwazi ukusetshenziswa siqu nemishini yokuthunga. Ngesikhathi ezingemuva sappers aqiniswa amabhuloho akhona futhi lakha amasha. Ukuqinisekisa indlela iNeva ezakhiwa mayelana 50 amakhilomitha kwemigwaqo.

Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa ukulungiswa amadoda: badinga ukuba ifundiswe ukwenza impi ebusika emahlathini ukuhlasela endaweni enezivikelo eziqinile, ifakwe lamaphuzu anamandla futhi pillboxes. Ngo ezingemuva kwakwakhe ngakunye okube ngemapholigoni ahlelwe simulating nemibandela kusolwa kuhlasela iziza. Ukuze ubunjiniyela ukufohla ezivikelweni amaqembu akhethekile ukushaya zadalwa. Minefields amavesi ezakhiwa. Zonke izinduna kuze kube induna izinkampani okufakayo zazifakelwe umshini amabalazwe elicwengiweyo wezithombe imidvwebo. Regrouping ikhiqizwa kuphela ebusuku noma esimweni sezulu esibi. Umsebenzi front-line biko. It usumisiwe kahle indawo ukuzivikela bamatshe isitha. Ukuze amaphoyisa zazakhiwa war games. Isigaba sokugcina kwaba azokuqhubela umzimba bukhoma-umlilo. Izinyathelo kufihlwe ukusabalala ulwazi olunganembile, nokugcina izinto ziyimfihlo esiqinile iye yathela izithelo. Isitha bebawati kuhlasela kuhlelwe izinsuku ezimbalwa nje. Sisabalalise isiqondiso esiyingozi yama-Jalimane akazange abe nesikhathi.

Lapho umgwaqo amabutho

Ukwakheka Leningrad Front njengengxenye lama-42, 55th, Army 67 aphethwe bevikela umuzi kusukela kwangaphakathi ohlangothini eningizimu-asempumalanga esiyingini emgqeni Uritsk - Kolpino, ezindaweni kwesokudla yasebhange iNeva - Ladoga. 23 Army olwenziwa imisebenzi ukuzivikela ohlangothini lwasenyakatho lwe-Karelian Isthmus. Force izindiza zempi lalinabashumayeli 13 Air Army. ukuvinjelwa Breakthrough enikeziwe ithangi 222, futhi 37 zempi. Front elaliholwa uLieutenant General L. A. Govorov. Infantry amayunithi ngokusekelwa umoya 14-th Air Army. 217 amathangi abangu bagxila kule ndawo. Volkhov Front elaliholwa Jikelele K. A. Meretskov ibutho. Isiqondiso Breakout, usebenzisa imithombo besebenzisa regrouping, azuzwe akaphakeme Manpower izikhathi ezine nesigamu, wezikhali - kasikhombisa, amathangi - kayishumi, izindiza - kabili. Ubuningi izibhamu izigqulo ngu Leningrad zaba amayunithi 146 per 1 km ngaphambili. Futhi okuhlaselayo wezikhali zigcinwe Baltic Fleet futhi Ladoga weqembu lemikhumbi (88 osezingeni izibhamu 100 kuya 406 mm) kanye izindiza imikhumbi izindiza.

On Volkhovsky isiqondiso izibhamu ukuminyana zazisuka amayunithi 101 kuya ku 356 ikhilomitha ngalinye. Inombolo ephelele isiteleka imhlwithe zombili safinyelela ayizinkulungwane 303 amasosha nezikhulu. Isitha esahlozinga umuzi ukwahlukana ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha ka-Army 18th ( 'North' Army Group) kanye kumiswa izigaba ezine Finnish enyakatho. Amasosha ethu esenze intuthuko ka nokuvinjelwa, kwadingeka ukuba bahlasele kakhulu ebiyelweyo endaweni Shlisselburgskaya-Sinyavinskaya, okwakubekelwa bavikela ngamabandla ezinhlanu, itholakala anamakhulu asixhenxe izibhamu izigqulo. behlukanisa umyalo Wehrmacht General G. Lindemann.

Battle Shlisselburgsky onqenqemeni

Ngobusuku buka-11 ngo-January 12 izindiza Volkhov Front kanye 13 Air Army of Leningrad Front okubhekana ngamabhomu omkhulu kwi Izinjongo pre-echaziwe ku kuhlelwe indawo Breakout. Januwari 12 lapho kugamanxa ihora lesi ayisishiyagalolunye ekuseni waqala ukulungiselela wezikhali. Shelling izikhundla isitha lwathatha amahora amabili nemizuzu engu-eziyishumi. Kwaphela isigamu sehora ngaphambi gunships kuhlasela ahlasela izivikelo enezivikelo eziqinile wezikhali amabhethri yama-Jalimane. Ngezinye 11,00 Army 67 kusukela iNeva futhi iyunithi yokushaqeka yesibili namabutho yesishiyagalombili Volkhov Front lasungula okuhlaselayo. elihamba kuhlasela asekelwe wezikhali labadubuli ukwakha umlilo Umphini ikhilomitha elilodwa ukujula. amabutho Wehrmacht wamelana ngolaka, elihamba laseSoviet kancane futhi engalingani.

Ezinsukwini ezimbili yokulwa, ibanga phakathi kwamaqembu ethuthuka sehliselwe amakhilomitha amabili. Ngemva kwezinsuku eziyisithupha nje zokwakheka ekuthuthukiseni Army laseSoviet bakwazi ukuxhuma kule ndawo zasemizaneni etisebenti, inombolo 1 nenombolo 5. Januwari 18 Shlisselburg (Petrokrepost) edolobheni wadedelwa futhi kusulwe lesitha, bonke eduze ogwini endaweni Lake Ladoga. Ububanzi ephasishi bezwe bambeka etincenyeni letehlukene amakhilomitha 8 kuya ku-10. Ngosuku breaking nokuvinjelwa Leningrad okunokwethenjelwa umhlaba isixhumanisi umuzi 'ezwekazini' 'sase siphendukile. United Group 2nd namabutho 67 wazama ukuthuthukisa impumelelo ecasula futhi sandise bridgehead kuya eningizimu. AmaJalimane wakhulela izinqolobane zabo. Ngo-January 19, izinsuku eziyishumi ngesikhathi izigaba esiyingozi umyalo German uphuthunyiswe ngendiza enophephela emhlane ukwahlukana ezinhlanu futhi inani elikhulu wezikhali. I okuhlaselayo endaweni Siniavino igwebu. Ukuze ugcine emngceleni ayenqotshiwe, amabutho waqhubeka azivikele. Yaqala emseleni impi. Usuku ezisemthethweni ukusebenza 30 Januwari.

Imiphumela okuhlaselayo

Ngenxa yalokho we amabutho aseSoviet we Wehrmacht abangu esehlehlisa kusukela esogwini lweChibi Ladoga, kodwa edolobheni wayesekhona phambi indawo. Ukufohla we ukuvinjelwa phakathi ukusebenza '' Iskra '' wabonisa ukuvuthwa lempi umyalo omkhulu umcabango. Ukunqotshwa amabutho esitha on endaweni enezivikelo eziqinile kahle esihlelwe wahlaselwa isifo ngokuhlanganyela kusukela ngaphandle ngaphandle isibe esidlule art ezifuywayo impi. Amabutho ahlomile aye wathola yinto ebalulekile ekuqhubeni imisebenzi okuhlaselayo endaweni ebiyelwe ngamapulangwe ebusika. Ukunqoba isitha yesimiso sokuzivikela egqinsiwe waveza isidingo lokuhlelwa obuphelele beqhuba ezingontuluntulu, kanye ukunyakaza ukusebenza amayunithi empini.

ukulahlekelwa amaqembu

Vele kanjani olunegazi kwakungamadodana izimpi, ngokuvumelana abalimalayo nabashonayo. 67 futhi 13 Leningrad Front Army ilahlekile wabulala walimaza ayizinkulungwane 41,2. Abantu, kuhlanganise ukulahleka irretrievable baba izinkulungwane 12.4. Abantu. Volkhov Front elahlekile 73,9 futhi 21.5 ayizinkulungwane. Abantu ngokulandelana. yizabelo eziyisikhombisa isitha kwabhujiswa. ukulahlekelwa German zaba abantu abangaphezu kuka-30 eziyinkulungwane, deadweight -. izinkulungwane zabantu 13 .. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba Trophies ka ibutho laseSoviet ithole ezine izibhamu ezigqulweni, 178 izibhamu 5,000 izibhamu, inqwaba izinhlamvu, izimoto ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu. amathangi amabili entsha asindayo ethunjwa T-VI "Tiger".

ukunqoba enkulu

Ukusebenza '' Iskra '' ukuphula nokuvinjelwa yibona abathole imiphumela oyifunayo. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nesikhombisa komgwaqo kanye wesitimela ubude amakhilomitha amathathu nantathu ziye wabeka ugu loLwandle Lake Ladoga. Februwari 7 isitimela efika okokuqala eLeningrad. It ibuyiselwe benamanzi edolobheni namayunithi lempi, kwegezi liye lenyuka. Iqalisiwe namanzi. Kakhulu ngcono isimo lezakhamuzi, amabhizinisi zezimboni, futhi ukuxhumana phambi Baltic Fleet. Esikhathini esilandelayo izinyanga zomnyaka esuka kude impela eLeningrad zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo ezindaweni ezingemuva ezingaphezu kuka abazihlelele ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili.

Ukukhululwa Leningrad kusukela ukuvinjelwa ngo-January 1943 kwaba isikhashana osemqoka bevikela umuzi. amabutho aseSoviet kule ndawo ekugcineni bambamba isinyathelo zamasu. Kwakuthinta iqedwe ingozi kwakwakhe German namabutho Finnish. Ngo-January 18 - ngosuku breaking nokuvinjelwa Leningrad - edolobheni igcwaliswe ngesikhathi esibucayi lokwehlukaniswa. Kokuphothula ukuhlinzwa lukhulu ngemibono abantu yezwe. Hhayi impi emikhulu Second neMpi Yezwe wadonsela ukunaka elite zezombusazwe olwandle. UMengameli waseMelika uTheodore Roosevelt uhalalisele ubuholi baseSoviet impumelelo wezempi, futhi izakhamuzi zedolobha wathumela incwadi, okuyinto wavuma nangobukhulu feat, amandla nesibindi sabo okungenakudanjiswa.

breaking nokuvinjelwa Leningrad Museum

Kuwo wonke umugqa ngxabano esakhiwe nezikhumbuzo ikhumbule nezenzakalo ezibuhlungu kanye nobuqhawe leyo minyaka. Ngo-1985 e-Kirov esifundeni esifundeni eduze nedolobhana Marino wavulwa diorama '' Phula Siege of Leningrad '. Kuyinto kule ndawo Januwari 12, 1943 67 Ibutho amayunithi sawela iNeva phezu eqhweni futhi wafohla isivikelo isitha. Diorama 'Breakthrough Leningrad ukuvinjelwa' ' limelela Umdwebo usayizi 40 8 amamitha. On the ngendwangu okubonisa izenzakalo zokuhlasela esivikelweni German. Ngaphambi indwangu uhlelo neziqinile, nge ekujuleni ezisukela amamitha 4 kuya kwezingu-8, idale izithombe ezintathu-ntathu of the izikhundla enezivikelo eziqinile, imisele zokuxhumana, nezempi.

Unity Ukwakheka ngendwangu olungokomfanekiso kanye nomklamo ozungezayo kudala okukhulu khona ukusebenza. On ibhange iNeva kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze '' wawephula ukuvinjelwa. Isikhumbuzo kuyinto T-34 ethangini, sasibekwe esisekelweni. Ukulwa imoto odlula efana ukuxhuma kwi-Volkhov Front. On endaweni evulekile phambi Museum futhi embukisweni imishini phakathi nempi.

Bephakamisa sokugcina nokuvinjelwa Leningrad. 1944

Qedela ukususwa ekuvimbezeleni umuzi wawuyigolide kuphela ngemva konyaka ngenxa emikhulu Leningrad-Novgorod okuhlambalazayo. Amabutho we Volkhov, aseBaltic naseLeningrad izimpi wanqoba amabutho eyinhloko Army 18th of the Wehrmacht. Januwari 27 kwakuwusuku esemthethweni ekususeni cishe 900-usuku iJerusalema livinjezelwe. A 1943rd lwalotshwa historiography kweMpi Yezwe II njengoba unyaka ukufohla of nokuvinjelwa Leningrad.