Izindawo inqubomgomo Stolypin: inhloso kanye nemiphumela

wokubusa kwenkosi Romanov enkathini ka wanika emhlabeni abantu eziningi ezivelele abaye wadala esidlule okukhulu umlando wabantu Russian. Petr Arkadevich Stolypin - omunye emaphakathi izibalo zezombusazwe e XIX-XX eminyaka. inqubomgomo Immigration, kuyinto echo emizamweni yayo kabusha, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni yeSiberia. Kuyinto ngiyabonga Petru Arkadevichu indawo Russian yigugu akubangelwa nje kuphela Urals naseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude iyona izikhungo ngobukhulu zezimboni yezwe.

ubuntu wezinguquko

Peter Arkadevich wayevela emkhayeni yizicukuthwane ahlukile. Emkhayeni sakhe kukhona abayizinkulungwane eziningi zamasosha oluvelele ababa nesandla ku ezibalulekile izimpi XVII, XVIII leminyaka. Ngokusebenzisa imfundo nokuba nesikhundla esiphezulu emphakathini, Stolypin waqokwa marshal yezikhulu, bese, ngemuva ambalwa eminyaka, okuthunyelwe kaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi of the Empire, Russian.

Inhloso yayo nakho nomthelela inguquko ka 1905. Ngo okumatasa yokungezwani nokunganeliseki uPetru Abramovich benza ngokuhlakanipha futhi esiwujuqu. iziphakamiso akhe angamalangabi umoya ezintsha ayekudinga nezikhathi ezinzima.

Ngeshwa, umbani okusheshayo ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi kwenqubomgomo esivelele Russia imperial yelashwa ngokushesha njengoba nje. Ngo-1911, wabulawa. Kodwa njengoba umlando esingenantengo kwesokunxele lokuxoxela izizukulwane ezizayo, bezikhali kwezezimboni eSiberia futhi eMpumalanga Ekude esifundeni, kuqinise ukuthuthukiswa okwanika inqubomgomo wezifiki.

Unokuthula "yokuvukela" Stolypin

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yiziphi Imigomo yenqubomgomo Izindawo, futhi ngomqondo ovulekile ukuhlola imiphumela, kubalulekile ukuba sihlole imizamo izinguquko uPetru Abramovich. Kusukela Izindawo of abalimi eSiberia iyingxenye ye Stolypin nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo, okuyinto ubizwa nangokuthi ongumlimi.

Esikhathini izincwadi zomlando, abantu abaningi abize lokhu ngokuthi "ukwanda kokukhiqizwa zokuthula ', njengoba isinqumo wayethunjiwe olukhulu - izinguquko ezinkulu emkhakheni wezolimo futhi oda ongumlimi zokuphila. Kodwa ukunganeliseki kwabo, abazange kwenza abantu banikwa ithuba lokukhetha ikusasa labo - yiya sokuthuthukiswa eSiberia, noma uhlale eYurophu eyayiyingxenye yeRussia.

Izimbangela ongumlimi Stolypin kwekuhlela kabusha

Imiphumela revolution 1905 wakwenza kwacaca - indlela umphakathi zokuphila ongumlimi abaselona usizo walo:

• ukukhula Industrial ukuthi engasenamahloni,
• Russia wahlala i amandla kwezolimo,
• I ukunganeliseki abantu bakhula.

Kuyadingeka izinguquko ezinqala kanye nokuthuthukisa engaba komnotho wezwe. Injongo eyinhloko yawo inqubomgomo Izindawo kwaba ngokunembile ukuthuthukiswa ezifundeni ezintsha.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX nekusebenta emazweni somphakathi begxekwa ngenxa abalimi wayengafuni ukutshala omningi ezweni, okungaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi bayithethe ezandleni nomunye umphakathi. Kwakudingekile ekuthuthukiseni nebuniyo bangasese nebuniyo bangasese.

inqubomgomo Immigration waba umgomo:

1. Ukusungula yangasese nokwehlisa ukunganeliseki abalimi.

2. yawoyise uquqaba abebengeneme kude enhlokodolobha.

3. Ukuze ufunde la mazwe amasha eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.

4. Yakha nemibandela ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo yezwe.

Legacy S. Yu. Vitte

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi isidingo sokuguquka ngisho baqonde S. Yu. Vitte. Ezinkondlweni zakhe wafundiswa zonke izinkinga inqubomgomo ezifuywayo Empire Russian futhi ngokuningiliziwe zibe izindlela zokuthuthukisa kubo. Uhlu futhi yayihlanganisa sesimanje ezindaweni ezolimo - okungukuthi, isidingo sokuthuthuka okusheshayo (ngenxa ubuchwepheshe hhayi umsebenzi wezandla) kanye ukudalwa umkhiqizo emakethe ukuncintisana.

Ekulungiseleleni kwekuhlela kabusha Stolypin esetshenziswa isipiliyoni Witte. Singasho ukuthi Stolypin iqalise kabusha, uzilungiselele, kodwa akuphelelanga Witte ngokuqondene ukwesula kwakhe. Nokho, awukwazi ukunciphisa ukubaluleka Stolypin, njengoba wakwazi ukukholisa Tsar uNicholas II e isidingo sokushintsha yabo futhi benza umnikelo siyinhloko inhlangano inqubo yokusetshenziswa yabo esiwusizo.

Okusho ongumlimi kabusha

Ingqikithi Inqubomgomo Izindawo kuyinto oxhumene ngokugcwele ukubaluleka izinguquko ongumlimi. Ngo-1905, ukuvuthwa ngesikhathi esisodwa izinkinga 2:

1. Economic.

2. Komphakathi.

Okokuqala obonakaliswe yokuntuleka kokudla futhi ukunciphisa ezingaba wezwe wezolimo. ipulazi Communal akazange anikeze ezingeni elifanele zokukhiqiza. Imakethe wayengeyena main isigwedlo isisusa - mncintiswano.

Esesibili - e nokushoda umhlabathi olimekayo. Ukuthuthukiswa insimu ka ngaphansi koMbuso akazange avumele abalimi kutfola umhlaba yazo ukuze bazisebenzise. Emva isinqumo yangasese ubunikazi iziza ngokuvamile tinhlangano temmango ayesezithendeni izibalo ngobukhulu. Lapha, kuvela isidingo kabusha nabalimi abancane, core owawungumnyaka Inqubomgomo wezifiki.

Imiphumela "revolution" ngokuthula

Umphumela we-nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo kwaba kabusha umphakathi kanye kudalwa ungqimba abanikazi bamazwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuba uMbuso Russian iminyaka 10 ukungena global yokuthengisa izimakethe. Kusukela eSiberia kuphela akhishelwe khona inombolo irekhodi uwoyela kakolweni. ERussia lezwakala ku isikhundla salo ehamba phambili emazweni angaphandle.

Kwezolimo, kwakukhona i izinguquko kwezezimboni. Okwesikhathi esithile esibekiwe, izimboni eziningi ngoba kucutshungulwa uwoyela kakolweni ezakhiwa, kanye nemikhiqizo eminye ehlobene.

ukuthuthukiswa umncintiswano buye baphoqa eMoscow Petersburg ibhizinisi uyalikhathalela izinga imikhiqizo, indlela wemfanelo enhlanganweni yokuzilibazisa lezisebenzi.

Settlement eSiberia neMpumalanga Ekude ke kumelwe ibe nenzuzo evela bengahambisani nohulumeni umbono. endaweni ongakasetshenzwa angase ethunjwa emazweni angomakhelwane.

inqubomgomo Izindawo Stolypin

iminyaka engu-40 ngaphambi ezintsha ashisekela izinguquko uPetru Abramovich, eSiberia wazama axazulule ngokuthumela iziboshwa wahlelwa setende wakhe. Nokho, kusukela ingxenye labo ababencishwe amathuba ngaphambilini sabantu, bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa yokuphila ekamu, ukuthuthukiswa zensimu njengoba enjalo akuzange kwenzeke. Akekho owayefuna ungajahi emizaneni iyagula.

Ngisho ngo-1889 kwathiwa lula ngokomthetho inqubo Izindawo eSiberia, kodwa umphumela oyifunayo asilethelwa.

Kule ndaba, Stolypin kwanqunywa ukunikela abalimi abazikhandlayo wavuma ngokuzithandela ukuyokwenza ukufunda nokuthuthukisa indawo evulekile, yebo, ngesisekelo inzuzo kubo. Ukuze anikele kwaba ezilingayo, savumelana ukuhambisa izakhamuzi futhi yakhokhwa ezweni.

Akubona bonke lalo labizwa lula, abaningi sebebuyele. Kodwa sibonga abalimi ikakhulukazi engumthengisi emizaneni eSiberia, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ashona kwakukhona ugesi kuka abakwazi ukuqhosha iziza ngaphambilini ongakasetshenzwa European Russia. Imikhaya eminingi abalahlekelwa isimo abathengisi, ekhombisa impilo yabo ehloniphekile endaweni entsha.

indlela Nzima land khulula

Bambalwa abantu khumbula, ekuphenduleni umbuzo "Bekuyiziphi imiphumela Inqubomgomo Izindawo?", Mayelana enye impumelelo ezibalulekile. Kukhula labantu ukugeleza, kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo angisebenzi, kanye ukuthuthukiswa imboni ukuvumele e isikhathi esifushane ukuqedela ukwakhiwa wesitimela laseSiberia.

Lowo mgwaqo kwaba "igolide-ndlela" eSiberia. Futhi hhayi nje ngoba zokuthutha limbiwa igolide dredges kuso. Nokunonophala sabantu ngenxa yokuthengisa kokusanhlamvu, ufulawa, ibhotela kanye nenyama baba Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ujantshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona w / umlayezo bakhangwa osanda kufika.

nokwenziwa kwabokufika

Kuzo zonke, mayelana 16% abantu bakuleli batholakale akazange athathe impande eSiberia abese ebuyela ingxenye European yeRussia. Phakathi neminyaka engu-kabusha - kusukela 1905 kuya ku-1914 - abantu mayelana 3.5 million kwesokunxele ukuhlola indawo entsha, futhi izinkulungwane 500 kuphela wabuya ..

Bomdabu abantu yeSiberia abakuthandanga omakhelwane babo entsha, ngokuvamile kubonakala nokuhilizisana labantu kanye kulezi zifiki. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Eskimo, Khanty, Mansi nezinye izizwe baqonde izinzuzo ngokubambisana neNhlangano izifiki, ngoba Babafundisa ukufunda nokubhala, ukuba basebenze amabhizinisi, ukujabulela izinzuzo impucuko, kuhlanganise imithi.

Uma ekuqaleni Izindawo ayekwazi ukufunda nokubhala cishe u-18% izakhamuzi eSiberia ke ngemva kweminyaka embalwa inombolo wabo wafika ku-80%. Emadolobheni, sidale zemfundo esikoleni, secondary futhi ephakeme.

Direction ezindaweni ezinabantu

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo eSiberia wehlukile evamile, akubona bonke abanikazi bamazwe ukwazi imithetho kwezolimo ezindaweni ezomile. Iningi lezifiki bekubudisi. Noma kunjalo, ukwamukela phezu isipiliyoni emazweni Nordic futhi abantu bomdabu of the North, abantu bakwazi ukuqopha isikhathi ukuya eMoscow Petersburg ezingeni zokukhiqiza ngaphandle yokugcina ayenganelisekile kakhulu. UNicholas II ezihlongozwayo lokuvala ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla umuntu ovela eSiberia, kodwa ngoba insimu yalo kwaba ingxenye yoMbuso, lenziwa imingcele enjalo.

• Ngo-1915 ku emazweni Izindawo Mills eziningana kweshumi ezakhiwa. rye laseSiberia nofulawa bebelokhu ukufuneka kakhulu European emakethe.
• Imfuyo nayo ithuthuka ngokushesha. Lokhu kwaholela ekukhiqizweni kwe-ibhotela, ubisi kanye neminye imikhiqizo yobisi. uwoyela laseSiberia ithengiswe phesheya, kanye isinxephezelo etholakale amasu kwezilwandle.
• Kuyinto engenakwenzeka yisho eSiberia, ungakhumbuli ezimayini zegolide. Isifunda zimali abanentshisekelo ngemva ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Kuningi izinkampani for the isizinda igolide nezinsimbi akhona ku imali angaphandle, okuyinto wanika ekuqaleni kuze ukuthuthukiswa kwezimayini ezintsha kanye dredges. Abaningi abathuthele kwamanye amazwe musa uthole izinzuzo oyifunayo, bangena ihlathi ukuzama inhlanhla yabo, abavukuzi ukusebenza.

Imiphumela kwenqubomgomo Izindawo Stolypin

Izinhloso kanye nemiphumela kwenqubomgomo Izindawo kaPetru Abramovich mlando ngokuhunyushwa ambiguously. Othile ecabanga ukuthi umsebenzi on ukuthuthukisa amasimu amasha lihlulekile. Ngemva emvuthwandaba walo, abazange kufinyelelwa - Angitholanga injabulo abantu babuyela ingxenye European yezwe abampofu, kwabantu labantu eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude wahlala ongaphakeme. Nokho, bambalwa acabangele ezingaba zezimboni kwenzeka izinguquko sebeklomelise kule nsimu.

Ngakho-ke, ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo "Bekuyiziphi Izinjongo kanye nemiphumela kwenqubomgomo Izindawo Stolypin" elihlukile imiphumela kabusha ongumlimi. Ngemva ugcwale ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kuze kube namuhla ISiberia iyisifunda enkulu yezimboni. Leli qiniso kungase kungabi kuyinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthi ukusebenza olwenziwa Petrom Arkadevichem izinguquko wamavukelambuso obunokuthula, kuhlanganise Izindawo izakhamuzi wengxenye European yeRussia.