Lokho uPytheas wathola ekuhambeni kwakhe

UPytheas wayengomunye walaba lasendulo ngesiGreki ocean abacwaningi. Waphila phakathi ngu-380 futhi 310 BC. e. Isihloli esizayo ozalwa kuleli koloni Massalia (manje edolobheni French of Marseille). Akumangazi ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukuhamba nokwatholakala.

Ukubhukuda uPytheas

Ngonyaka 325 BC. e. Hellene engumthengisi waya kohambo lwakhe oludumile kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile. Yini wavula uPytheas, kwaba ngaphandle ezweni elalaziwa ngaleyo nkathi amaGreki. Washiya izinsika of Hercules - ukuphakama uphawu, okuyinto nokuntula Strait of Gibraltar. Kwake kwathi ngo-Atlantic Ocean, uPytheas imikhumbi ephethwe enyakatho. Njengoba abagibeli bemikhumbi yasendulo wavula eBrithani.

Zonke owavula uPytheas, sabhalwa emibhalweni yakhe ( "On the Ocean" futhi "Zemleopisanie"), okuyinto, ngeshwa, azifinyelelanga kithi. Nokho, libizwa izazi ezifana Polybius noStrabo. Lezi nezazi-mlando ezingenamandla okusolisayo okutholakele "ezweni lasenyakatho." Amahlebezi nezinganekwane mayelana naseBrithani sekuqinisekisiwe esikhathini Yuliya Tsezarya umbusi ongumRoma ngo I. kuphela BC. e. Lonke ulwazi mayelana esiqhingini ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi noma kunjalo enyukela emibhalweni uPytheas. Ngenxa asele ekhonjiwe amavesi lingahambisani singaphetha ngokuthi isihambi zafika okokuqala ogwini UK ke ukuvakashela kulesi siqhingi edume of Thule futhi ekugcineni yavela ogwini aseBaltic Sea, lapho ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala misela amber eziyigugu. Yini wavula uPytheas, lawushaya umcabango ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, ngakho abaningi abazange bakholwe izindaba zakhe.

Thule isiqhingi

Lesi siqhingi edume of Thule echazwe itilosi, okukhulunywe ngayo indaba yakhe "On the Ocean". Ngakho ngokuqinisekile akwaziwa onjani phansi uPytheas wathi. Kamuva, e-Thule ivame ukuhlotshaniswa Iceland noma ezinye archipelagos wezilwandle enyakatho (Faroe, Orkney, Shetland kanye le Hebrides). Le ndawo kubhekwa emaphethelweni yonke, okungafanele abantu nje abakwazi.

Abanye abacwaningi, kuhlanganise uStrabo, osolwa uPytheas ukuthi zonke izindaba zakhe mayelana Thule kukhona eqanjiwe. Kodwa abadumile Arctic wamazwe Nansen, kakade ekhulwini XX, wayekholelwa ukuthi le wamazwe yamaGreki asendulo wavakashela ogwini Norway lwakubo. Lokhu kucatshangwa futhi unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa khona. UPytheas uhambo babhekane imihlola engakaze ibonwe njengoba usuku elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye ukukhanya polar. Okunjalo abakhileyo Mediterranean ungakabi ngimbone. Lezi zemvelo nobuntu zindawo, ngale kwe-Arctic Circle. Ngakho-ke, Nansen kungaba okulungile nokucabanga kwakhe Norway. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kube Ephakathi eScandinavia kubhekwe esiqhingini (kanye Tula). ice okuPhakade, okwakukhona imingcele zemvelo wezilwandle enyakatho, wamukelwa amaGreki asendulo ukuze elinye izwe futhi umbuso kankulunkulu Kronos.

uhambo inhlangano

Yini wavula uPytheas, yaba Siwusizo abantu of eMarseilles. Babefuna ukuthola indlela emfushane eya tin British kanye Baltic amber. Le mikhiqizo ibhekwa njengeyigugu kakhulu emakethe Antique. Lapha nomthelela wokuncintisana phakathi amakoloni isiGreki waseFenike eziningi ngamazwe aseMedithera nase Black iziLwandle. Ngakho-ke kungaba yiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi uPytheas khona owenza futhi ompofu. WAKHE OMFUSHANE Wakhonza njengombonisi ebalulekile kazwelonke, okuyinto ukhathazekile ithonya namandla omunye izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu wamakoloni.

Yiqiniso, uPytheas wayenalo ulwazi olubanzi lwesifundo nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Wakwazi ukucacisa latitude lomuzi lwakubo. ezifundweni zakhe futhi izibalo ezisetshenziswa ososayensi abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye wabo kwakuyisazi sezinkanyezi nesazi sezibalo Hipparchus WaseNicea, owayehlala e-BC II leminyaka. e. Ukuze abale latitude ka uPytheas futhi linquma ukuphakama ilanga emini.

Nokho, ukuze ahlele uzothatha uhambo olude kangako, nolwazi mariner isiGreki kwakungekhona okunqumayo ngokwanele. Wayefanele ukubhekana ukumelana abaseFenike. Bona balawula izinsika Hercules, nokuvikela ugu ye-Iberia (iSpain namuhla), lapho-ke akuvumelekile bangaphandle. Ngenxa imithombo kusele izingxenyana nje ze futhi akuphelele futhi ngakho-ke wahlala okungacaci ukuthi Pifeyu wakwazi ukunqoba le nkinga.

France kanye UK coast

Kodwa thina simzwile ukuchaza Celtic. Ngakho, eminyakeni eminingi edlule eyaziwa ngokuthi iFrance. UPytheas umzila lidlule ogwini, owakhiwe Ostim. Umcwaningi uye wachaza eBrithani, wathatha ukuba esiqhingini elingunxantathu, kanye nezimayini tin ngezizwe wendawo. emkhawulweni eNingizimu-ntshonalanga yezwe kwakuhambelana nokuka iCape, anibizela Belerionom. Namuhla, kuyinto Cornwall.

ulwandle iBaltic

AmaGreki ayekholelwa ukuthi ogwini aseBaltic, lapho uhambo yaphela uPytheas, liyizwe wasenganekwaneni. I-Eridanus komfula, lapho amber limbiwa, bekulokhu ongenakuwufinyelela abantu iMedithera. Wayephinde elihlobene ne ISCYTHIA zasendle. Lezi ukungafani phakathi imithombo idale ukudideka, ngenxa okuyinto okunzima ukuyiqonda lapho uPytheas ufinyelelwe. Geographical okutholakele amaGreki Ingahlanganisa Jutland nhlonhlo. Leli zwe kwaba umngcele wemvelo phakathi North kanye Baltic iziLwandle.

Tanais

Ngokuthakazelisayo, imithombo lezinombolo futhi umfula Tanais, echaza uPytheas. okutholakele Geographical ngokushesha bakhe abakwazanga nomthelela kule ndawo, ngoba izwi e amaGreki yesimanje ngokuthi Don emaqeleni Black Sea. I ukudideka ubangelwa yokuthi amaGreki kwadingeka umbono okuncane mayelana lapho ISCYTHIA uphela. Cishe, uPytheas ngokuthi Tanais Elba, lapho wakwazi ukuvakashela ngesikhathi tour yakhe oLwandle iBaltic. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubaluleka ezitholwe zakhe kunzima overestimate, ngoba enwetshiwe ukuhanjiswa amaGreki mayelana nezwe elibazungezile.