Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-Sokuthula SaseWestphalia Spain neyaziwayo kutimela Holland. Imigomo Sokuthula SaseWestphalia. impi engu-30 (1618-1648)

Esinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwekhulu le-17 - empini iminyaka engu-30 1618-1648. Kwaba khona abangu-cishe wonke amazwe aseYurophu, ke ushiye ngemuva izigidi abalimala. Iphuzu juqu kule mpi ubeke inkontileka ngokuthi "Sokuthula SaseWestphalia". Imiphumela yakhona kwaba kuhle kakhulu kulo lonke ikusasa umlando European. Waboshelwa 15 no-24 Okthoba 1648, ngemuva zingxoxo, okwaqala ngo-1644 futhi ayikwazanga ukwanelisa izimo bonke abahlanganyeli.

Sokuthula SaseWestphalia ngo-1648

Yena kuhlanganiswe eMünster futhi Osnabrück zezivumelwano zokuthula waphetha lo nyaka e SaseWestphalia. Edolobheni eMünster ubambe izingxoxo nezinhlaka ezimele YobuKatolika, futhi Osnabrück - kuthabathela ecaleni amaProthestani. Ngezinye izikhathi Sokuthula SaseWestphalia, futhi zihlanganisa sivumelwano waphetha Januwari 30 Ngawo lowo nyaka, Spain kanye Izifundazwe United yeNetherlands, okwaphela neMpi Eighty Iminyaka ', njengoba zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kula mazwe futhi abacwaningi sihlole ingxenye Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu.

Uyini izinkontileka sobunye?

Osnabrück inkontileka siyisivumelwano waphetha phakathi uMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma, Sweden futhi kuncike kubangane bawo.

Munster uMbuso WaseRoma iye esayinwe France kanye emazweni asekelwa ke (lokhu kufaka Netherlands, Venice, nase Savoy, Hungary). ezimbili Lezi iinkhathi sebelithathile ezinjalo ngaphambili ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo isiphetho ingxenye enkulu yeYurophu, ngoba ngowesithathu, nokubaluleke kunakho konke, inkathi abagxeka Iminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu neMpi, kwaba negalelo ekuchithweni ziba ngcono kwe-amabutho amaRoma, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo kwehlukana yabo esikhathini esizayo. Sokuthula SaseWestphalia ikakhulukazi esiqokiwe amalungiselelo enquma izinguquko indawo, isakhiwo kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo e njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma.

Imiphumela empini iminyaka engu-30

Ukuchitheka saphela amazwe efanayo? Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-Sokuthula SaseWestphalia Spain neyaziwayo ngokuzijamela Netherlands. Futhi, ngokuvumelana le dokhumenti, izwe ukuthi iwine iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu '- France neSweden, kwamiswa guarantors ukuhambisana emhlabeni. Lezi onamandla ukulawula izenzo yesivumelwano esisayinwe, futhi ngaphandle kwemvume yabo, kwakungeke ukushintsha isihloko olulodwa. Ngakho, wonke kulo lonke elaseYurophu wavikelwa yiziphi izinguquko global obungaholela usongo ukuphepha kwe-emazweni amaningi. Futhi njengoba, sibonga isivumelwano, uMbusi German ayibanga namandla, kwamandla ezinkulu ayezifuna ungesabi yethonya lakhe. Sokuthula SaseWestphalia nomthelela obalulekile redrawing indawo, ikakhulukazi esivuna amandla onqobayo France naseSweden.

Enye yalezi izinguquko ezinkulu kumephu kwakuwukuthi ngaphansi kwemigomo ye Sokuthula SaseWestphalia Spain neyaziwayo ngokuzijamela Izifundazwe States. Lesi simo, waqala impi yayo wenkululeko ngokumelene Catholic Spain njengoba ukuhlubuka, etholwe 1648 ukuqashelwa international.

Lokho ithole lizwe ukuthi bayinqoba impi?

Ngokusho isinqumo sithathwe emhlanganweni ukusayinwa Sokuthula SaseWestphalia, umbuso ka-Sweden ikhokhwe umnikelo 5 million talers. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahamba esiqhingini Rügen, Western Pomerania futhi ingxenye East (nge eStettin), emzini Wismar, le ukugcotshwa ka Verdun kanye archbishopric waseBremen (Bremen idolobha ngokwalo akubangakho).

Sweden baya umlomo emifuleni eminingi imikhumbi enyakatho yeJalimane. Ukuba at ekuchithweni kwayo principalities isiJalimane, iNkosi ka-Sweden waba nalo yini ithuba ukuthumela amasekela Imperial Ukudla.

ukusayina eFrance Sokuthula SaseWestphalia kwenza kwaba lula ukuthola ubunikazi abakwaHabsburg, elise-Alsace, kodwa ngaphandle koMuzi Strasbourg, kanye sovereignty bishoprics eziningana e Lorraine. ubunikazi okusha emva kokusayina inkontileka futhi ukwandisa izenzo yezwe kwamsiza esikhathini esizayo ukuthatha isikhundla hegemonic eYurophu.

German Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Brunswick-Lüneburg futhi Brandenburg, okuyinto sasekelwa lizwe enqobile, futhi wathola izinzuzo - bakwazi ukwandisa Holdings zabo ngenxa kokujoyina bishoprics eligxile ezintweni zezindela. Ngu Saxony ngenxa yalesi sivumelwano ukuthi abaseBrithani basithatha Luzatsiya, bangena Bavarian Upper Palatinate. Elector Brandegburgsky futhi yimithombo abanazo bezwe lapho kwamiswa Prussia kamuva.

Lokho kwaletha emhlabeni ukuze amaJalimane?

Imigomo Sokuthula SaseWestphalia babe yokuthi uMbusi German wayeshonelwe esibalulekile amalungelo zabo zangaphambili. Kulokhu, izikhulu German uzibuse kusukela umbusi waseRoma, futhi bakwazi ukuba siphishekele Inqubomgomo ezimele angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Ngokwesibonelo, angabawa iqhaza ekwenzeni izinqumo mayelana kugqashuka impi nokuthula esikhundleni sabo kwaba ukunquma inani izintela, wawuncike kubo ukwamukelwa kwemithetho kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma.

izikhulu Specific ungase futhi ukungena ezivumelwaneni nezinye izifundazwe. Okuwukuphela kwento akatholakalanga kubo, - ekwakheni imifela-ndawonye nabanye amandla ngokumelene umbusi okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Ukukhuluma ulimi yesimanje, ngemva Ukusayinwa kwalesi sivumelwano izikhulu ezithile German baba yizinceku yomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kanye ukuthatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo impilo nezombangazwe zaseYurophu. Eqinisa isikhundla zabo zikhuthaza kumiswa isakhiwo sikahulumeni Germany yesimanje.

ukuphila sezenkolo emva 1648

Ngokuphathelene sphere enkolo, ngenxa Sokuthula SaseWestphalia eJalimane abe namalungelo alinganayo amaKatolika, abalandeli bakaCalvin futhi amaLuthela ibhaliswe ngokomthetho lo inkolo kwamazwe isonto, okuyinto kwenziwa e 20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XVII. Henceforth electors ukuhlonza ukuthi izakhamuzi ukuthi bakuyiphi inkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwemibandela ye Sokuthula SaseWestphalia Spain neyaziwayo kutimela Holland. Khumbula ukuthi umzabalazo wenkululeko kuleli zwe kwaqala imibhikiso ngokumelene Catholic Spain. Empeleni, lesi sivumelwano uye lwanika kwehlukana zezombusazwe Germany, kokuphothula kulesi umlando imperial khona kwalesi sizwe.

Ngakho, Sokuthula SaseWestphalia uye waqinisa kakhulu amandla France, ukukhulula ke kusukela lwaleli-imbangi, Spain, abathi indima yokuqala phakathi kwazo zonke uthi European.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile yalesi sivumelwano, okuyinto mlando zithi:-ke isisekelo zonke izivumelwano okwalandela European ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVIII, lapho French zenzeka. Onxiwankulu revolution. Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-Sokuthula SaseWestphalia Spain neyaziwayo ngokuzijamela Northern Netherlands. Futhi, ukuqashelwa international zezomthetho Swiss Union.

Inani Sokuthula SaseWestphalia

Ngakho, lesi sivumelwano ngokuthi umcimbi ukuthi libangelwa ukulandelana zwe lanamuhla, ohlinzekela khona emhlabeni isizwe-uthi futhi umphumela izimiso ezithile umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Isimiso sokulinganisela zezombusazwe, cishe lenzeka ngenxa zoMthetho Sokuthula SaseWestphalia. Isiko ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi indawo, zomthetho nezenzo zenkolo ezinyantisayo ubuhlobo States ezimbili noma ngaphezulu usebenzisa ukuphazamiseka eminye imibuso ezinamandla nezinethonya European ubonakele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Inani empini iminyaka engu-30 ukuze kwakhiwe isimiso somthetho zamanje

Umqondo "uhlelo Westphalian", okubhekise nezwe komthetho futhi endaweni eleza ngemva 1648, libhekisela ukuqinisekisa ubukhosi uMbuso mumbe endaweni yawo esemthethweni. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX imithetho yesivumelwano nemibandela Sokuthula SaseWestphalia buvezwa yimithetho njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma.

Ngemva ukubukeka isivumelwano ikakhulukazi ukuqinisa amalungelo ubuKristu ngilunge nge bendabuko LamaRoma Katolika ubuKristu, okuyinto ebaluleke kusukela umbono wesayensi kwamasiko. Nokho, izazi zesayensi eziningi amaphutha athile ezinhlinzekweni zoMthetho, okuyinto emva ukusayinwa inkontileka kwadingeka ukuba aphile izakhamuzi eJalimane. Ngakho, ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba ukuqhuba inkolo, umbusi amkhethile, ukuthi kusala inkululeko engokwenkolo ayiqhubekanga khona. Kodwa, naphezu kwazo zonke amaphutha, Sokuthula SaseWestphalia wayengubani ngempela umzamo wokuqala (futhi kuphumelele) ukudala uhlelo lomthetho ngamazwe.