Izinganekwane basendulo baseGibithe: izici, onkulunkulu, izinganekwane

Ancient Egypt, kumnyama noma kubomvu, uhlala wemiphakathi ephucuke oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke. Kusenzima ngokuthi "isipho seNayile" futhi kubhekwa lapho kwazalelwa khona imibhoshongo kanye Sphinx, fixed amehlo akhe ku kwezihlabathi enkulukazi. Esidlule nezamanje lokhu ilizwe okwakuthandelene ndawonye imicu izenzakalo zomlando izindaba emangalisayo. izinganekwane sidilizwa - ke ngempela isipho esibalulekile kusiza izazi-mlando zanamuhla ukuba ukwembula izimfihlo eziningi esikhathini esidlule kuleli. Lokho babeka raison d'être yaseGibhithe lasendulo kanye nokuxhumana zabo imvelo.

Izici Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe

Ngisho ngaphandle kokuba isazi-mlando, noma yimuphi umuntu uyazi ukuthi izinganekwane kwanoma iyiphi ngempucuko yasendulo isekelwe umbono wezwe abantu ethile. Ancient Egypt izinganekwane anazo izici isimanga zazo ebiyelwe izimpawu eziningi ukufihla yemicimbi zezwe. Qonda kubo ngokusebenzisa nemakhata ingqondo cishe ayinakwenzeka. Lokhu kudinga ukubukeka zefilosofi ngasiphi obangela yezinhlamvu zamagama. Kuyini isici esiyinhloko ngalezi zindaba zasendulo? izinganekwane basendulo baseGibithe, ngaphezu kwakho konke, umuntu okuthiwa akusho melanani izenzakalo zamanje, hhayi ukuya ngokumelene lokho manje okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isiphetho, ngoba sonke senziwa naphezu 'komyalo abahlakaniphile ", bayophendukela esintwini.

Heroes of the izinganekwane of Ancient Egypt

I izinganekwane sokuqala esenziwa eGibhithe zalotshelwa, ngokunembile, wathi ngisho nangaphambi ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe abadumile. Bona equkethwe izindaba ngokudalwa zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinganekwane baseGibhithe lasendulo iqukethe izindaba mayelana emzabalazweni wonkulunkulu. Ngokungafani nezizwe eziningi e-Eastern, abaseGibhithe akakuthandanga zihlanganisa izinganekwane zabantu abavamile, ngakho izinhlamvu zabo eziyinhloko bekusolo onkulunkulu abaningi. Ezinye abaseGibhithe ohlonishwayo nabathandwayo, kuyilapho abanye esatshwe noma esatshwe obala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani labantu waseGibhithe lasendulo kwakubhekwa esondele isimiso saphezulu, ngoba, ngokuvumelana nawo wonke izinganekwane efanayo, onkulunkulu basendulo babehlala phakathi kwabantu, futhi inzalo yabo baba amakhosi, futhi wanakekela abantu bakhe.

Onkulunkulu + nonkulunkulu, amashinga umsizi

Mayelana kwani naphezu kobani ezixoxwa Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe? Onkulunkulu - balingisi labagcamile imisebenzi enjalo nakwezinye izizwe eziningi. Futhi lwaseGibhithe lasendulo iyathinteka. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, zonke zawonkulunkulu baseGibithe lahlukaniswa laba okuhle nokubi. Uma kuqala ungase "ukuxoxisana" ngosizo iminikelo, lona wamuva angazanga isihe futhi kungenzeka lungadambisa intukuthelo yakhe kuphela ngemva kokuba ukuletha iminikelo emikhulu izimpilo zabantu. Sekuyisikhathi ukukhumbula zonke izidalwa ephakeme aseke okukhulunywa izinganekwane baseGibhithe lasendulo.

onkulunkulu Ephakeme e-Egypt waba ezimbalwa, kwakuxhomeke ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni isimo. AbaseGibithe emhlabeni wayelihlonipha futhi akuhloniphe welanga uRa, futhi oFaro babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli izingane zakhe. Ngezinye eThebes (elibangise eNhla neGibhithe), kwakubhekwa njengento ku-Amoni-Ra - unkulunkulu umoya ilanga, ngenkathi e Lower Egypt chitha Atum - unkulunkulu ukushona kwelanga. Ku Heliopolis, elise Lower Egypt, unkulunkulu omkhulu wayebhekwa Geb, unkulunkulu umhlaba, futhi e Memphis - Ptah. Yilelo manje ezihlukahlukene. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinganekwane baseGibhithe lasendulo, unkulunkulu ilanga wayengeyedwa. Ngalezo zinsuku, abaseGibhithe adunyiswe hhayi kuphela inkanyezi, kodwa futhi esigabeni khona emhlabeni: ekuseni nakusihlwa ilanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba umsuka ahlukene waphezulu inhlamvu yelanga livele unkulunkulu Aton.

Ngaphandle izidalwa ezichazwe ngenhla, izinganekwane lonkulunkulu basendulo baseGibhithe okukhulunywa nezinye izinto akukho ezingabalulekile futhi enethonya,. indima eqakathekileko le kwakungekaNkulunkulu Amat (unkulunkulukazi retribution bo ono), Apis (umxhasi wenzalo amandla), kanye Mount (unkulunkulu entathakusa noma ilanga liphuma). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile ohlangothini oluhle ku izinganekwane okukhulunywa Anubis, u-Isis, u-Osiris kanye Ptah. Unonya, ngakho engathandwa Ephakeme Kokuba eGibhithe zazibhekwa ezilandelayo: Sebek - unkulunkulu emachibini noma emifuleni, zemikhaya evelele ukuze kushwelezwe okungase kuphela ukuba alethwe kuye izisulu eziningi, uSeti - inkosi imimoya ehlane, Sekhmet - unkulunkulukazi impi, nonya futhi asinalo uzwela bonke abantu.

Ethile ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile kukhona izinganekwane baseGibhithe lasendulo ngokudalwa abantu wezulu nomhlaba, ukuthi emhlabeni. Izizinda ezahlukene indima esemqoka waseGibhithe wabelwa unkulunkulu olulodwa, kuyilapho abanye beye kuye noma abasizi noma simelana futhi itulo. Kwakukhona elilodwa kuphela iphuzu contact ka lezi zinkombandlela kosmogonisticheskih - unkulunkulu kaNuni, efanekisela Primal Chaos.

Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngokuphathelene ekudalweni kwezwe ngokuvumelana Heliopolis

Inani labantu base-edolobheni waseGibhithe-Oni nasezindaweni ezizungezile ukukholelwa iqiniso lokuthi kwasekelwa izwe, noma kunalokho, kuzo zonke izinto emhlabeni, aphethwe sibonga Atum. Ngokombono wabo, ke lo nkulunkulu uyisidalwa sokuqala esaba khona ekujuleni kaNuni - ketshezi inkulu, abandayo kanye amnyama. Hhayi lokuthola indawo okuqinile leyo angakwazi uzama ukudala ukukhanya nokushisa, Atum wadala uBheni-Ben - a egqumeni olwandle phakathi ezingaphili abandayo.

Ngemva engabaza ngalokho ukudala Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNkulunkulu wanquma ukwenza Shu (unkulunkulu umoya), okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini ukunyakaza kobuso ulwandle, Tefnut (umhlaba ukuze unkulunkulukazi), okuyinto lwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Shu asibhubhi ukuthi izokwakhiwa. Noone zibona leso simangaliso, Shu futhi Tefnut wanikeza umphefumulo amabili. Kusukela kuleli zwe elisha kwakungekho ukukhanya, onkulunkulu lokuqala ngokungazelelwe silahlekelwa. Atum ithunyelwe befuna Eye wakhe, okuyinto ngokushesha kwaholela abantwana bakhe nomkhulu. Injabulo Atum izinyembezi, babeqathaza emhlabeni okuqinile ziphenduka abantu.

Shu futhi Tefnut, Okwamanje, wabeletha Geb futhi Nut, naye ngokushesha owaqala ukuya baphile ndawonye njengendoda nomfazi. Maduzane, Nut esibhakabhakeni unkulunkulukazi wabeletha u-Osiris, uSeti noHorus, u-Isis kanye Nephthys. Zonke umndeni yaphezulu, ngokuvumelana la manga, iyona enkulu ayisishiyagalolunye konkulunkulu baseGibithe. Kodwa lokhu akulona version kuphela komyalelo wokungabi ukubukeka nezidalwa ephakeme, futhi kungakho ubukhulu babo. izinganekwane basendulo baseGibithe iqukethe izindaba ngaphezulu ezimbalwa ngale ndaba.

Ukudalwa Okwezwe: Memphis cosmogony

Ngokusho inguqulo sokudalwa echazwe emiqulwini ababetholakala Memphis, unkulunkulu kuqala esavela ekujuleni kaNuni, kwaba Ptah, okuyinto umhlaba okuqinile. Umzamo lowo wabakhipha kuthiwani ngezwe uqobo lwalo futhi umzimba yazuza. Ptah unqume ukwakha umsizi ukwaziswa okufanayo nga which he sekukhona, okungukuthi, kusukela phansi kweqiniso. Eyokuqala wazalwa Atum, okuyinto ukusungulwa izifiso uyise nebumnyama kaNuni omkhulu ayisishiyagalolunye konkulunkulu baseGibithe. Ptah ubengase abanike ukuhlakanipha namandla.

okufushane Theban ngemvelaphi emhlabeni

EThebes umlando umsuka emhlabeni kuba athé ukwehluka kulawo balandela kwezinye izindawo yaseGibithe lasendulo. Umehluko sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu - isibalo onkulunkulu: kwezinye izinguqulo kwaba the Nine? Elikhulu, Theban kusikisela ukuba khona ezintathu Ophakeme: Mina - unkulunkulu wenzalo u-Amoni - unkulunkulu ilanga futhi impi unkulunkulu Montu. UMdali wemikhawulo yomhlaba yayisempini kubhekwe min. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, min UAmoni kakade inikezwe njengoba unkulunkulu, efanekisela ilanga, okuyinto kunikeza ukukhanya, ukufudumala kanye kwesivuno ocebile.

Germopolskaya cosmogony ngemvelaphi emhlabeni

Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu onkulunkulu baseGibhithe lasendulo wonkulunkulu 'sokuqala' esasikhona okufushane lasezinganekwaneni ekudalweni kwezwe, atholakala Hermopolis. Ngo ekujuleni Chaos Omkhulu (kaNuni) yayibuswa amabutho sibhekiswe ukubhujiswa, ehlanganisa amabhangqa amathathu onkulunkulu futhi vaasam Niaut wakubonakalisa wokulahlekelwa Tenema futhi Tenomuit elisho ukunyamalala ebumnyameni, kanye Gereh futhi Gerecht - onkulunkulu ngowobusuku nobumnyama. Kwatheleka emaphahla lamane wawonkulunkulu, wanika amabutho omuhle: Huh futhi Hauhet (onkulunkulu infinity), Emini futhi Naunet (onkulunkulu amanzi), Cook futhi Kauket (onkulunkulu amnyama), u-Amoni kanye amunet (onkulunkulu ezingabonakali). Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi Omkhulu Eight. Swimming isikhathi eside olwandle, baye wadala iqanda wakufaka endaweni kuphela amanzi - Fire Hill. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile aphume ke achanyuselwa Ra abasha, owanikezwa igama Khepera. Ngakho onkulunkulu baba eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi bakwazi ukumsiza ukuba enze kudalwa kwebantfu.

Impilo emva kokufa ku izinganekwane kwabaseGibhithe

Akukhona nje ekudalweni kwezwe izinganekwane kanye izinganekwane waseGibhithe lasendulo zanikezelwa. Inkolelo eyayivamile lizwe, wagabadela khona ngendaba yokuphila ngemva kokufa. Ezinganekwaneni zaseGibithe, kwelizayo kwaba umfula lamakhulu akhatshana, phakathi ogwini eyayibonakala sihamba izikebhe. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi imiphefumulo abantu abafile, ngokuvumelana izinganekwane, ngemva ukushabalala umzimba kwenzakala esikebheni wathatha uhambo olude phakathi imihlaba wabaphilayo nabafileyo. safinyelela kuphela osebeni olungaphesheya, umphefumulo sekwephuzile kungaba ukuzola. Impumelelo lolu hambo enikeziwe onkulunkulu: Anubis esasiphethe ekulondolozweni umzimba ngaphambi komngcwabo futhi emva Selket Awuvikela umphefumulo ofile, Socar Awuvikela amasango eHayidese, ephelezelwa Upuat umphefumulo ngesikhathi evakashele eMfuleni Olufile.

ukubaluleka Elikhulu nalo odlale ukulondoloza izidumbu, yena waba mummified okuyiwona, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo kwezitho zangaphakathi ezitsheni ahlukene. Ngokusho yetinsita umuntu engase Reborn uma imicikilisho kuyenziwa ncamashi njengoba kushiwo ngumthetho omkhulu ohlakaniphileyo.

zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi kuleli izinganekwane waseGibhithe

Yehlelwa izinganekwane yaseGibhithe futhi isihloko lasendulo ezifana umzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Kuze kube manje, elihunyushwe izindaba eziningi mayelana indlela onkulunkulu baseGibhithe walwa nezidalwa okubi saphezulu, avamise ethulwa ngesimo izingwenya izimvubu. Fighter main ngokumelene nabo kwaba Yiqiniso, unkulunkulu welanga, kanye nezisebenzi phezulu ekubuyiselweni oda were yasekuqaleni - Shu, Montu, chickpeas nabanye. Ngokusho izinganekwane, Ra impi yokulwa nobubi ziyenzeka nsuku zonke, hhayi kuphela emhlabeni wabaphilayo, kodwa futhi abafileyo.