Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens futhi Sparta

Ngu isimiso sezomnotho yamadolobha yamaGreki asendulo zihlanganisa imisebenzi emakethe lezimpahla, imisebenzi kanye nezinsiza ukuze uthole inzuzo futhi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo izakhamuzi yamalungu. Imisebenzi yezomnotho Athens njengoba Sparta iye ikakhulukazi igxile ezolimo. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ihlanganisa ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, sisizwa ukufinyelela yezindlela zasolwandle.

Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens wehlukile Sparta, ngenxa izinhlangano ezahlukene kanye indlela yokuphila. Nakuba kokubili izinqubomgomo enifana - kucashwa kwebantfu izigqila sikwazi ukwanelisa zonke izidingo iqembu elibusayo. Caught in isikweletu kanye ukulahleka kwendawo, abalimi bakwazi futhi awela ngosizi lothandekayo futhi unike isivuno ezweni labo njengoba ukukhokhwa izikweletu.

Imibandela ukuthuthukiswa imisebenzi yezomnotho eGrisi lasendulo

Ngo Hellas lasendulo wayehamba ngejubane futhi intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe - ezichaza nokuqala kwenkathi zakudala. Njengoba ligcwele kuzo yensimbi, okuyinto abathintekayo ukukhiqizwa - kusukela izikebhe, kwathatha umlingisi serial. Ukubukeka imali eyengeziwe yashesha ukuthuthukiswa workshops kanye kwaba umfutho ukuze ukuhweba ebanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuhlala amapulazi amancane kanye naphakathi, izikweletu ubugqila base ngokuya ezivamile. Cijela kwenani labantu kwathinta isimo phakathi kwabanikazi bamazwe - umzabalazo obuqinile insimu.

Uchotshoziwe ongumlimi iziza futhi ingqondo ezandleni imikhaya tribal zasebukhosini. Konke lokhu kusho ukukhula yalesibhicongo nezokulima. Emphakathini siyabhubha ukuzinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uzovela imibuso kobushiqela. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe wenza imisebenzi izikebhe ukuzimela kwezomnotho nezenhlalo. Sihlanganisa ne ukuhweba. Emphakathini kukhona ungqimba sabantu elawula lo msebenzi - ukwazi ukuthi exhumene umsebenzi kwezomnotho kuphela ukuhweba. Ukuze afeze lemiqulu emikhulu umsebenzi ziyizigqila esetshenziswa. Nezikweletu ebugqilini buthola amplitude yayo, abalimi abaningi zonakale wancishwa umhlaba.

Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens futhi Sparta, neRoma kwadingeka izici zayo siqu futhi ihluke kakhulu empumalanga. ukuchuma kwezomnotho nokuthuthuka yayisekelwe labour senceku, izigqila baba nabakhiqizi zonke ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo lezo izinqubomgomo kulezi. Bafika isigaba impi noma izigqila, ezimakethe ekhethekile. Ngokuvamile phakathi kwezigqila kwakulotshwe yilabo abamele abantu ngowezizwe owayethengisa ebukhosini elibusayo. UMbuso asivunyelwe ukwenza labo izakhamuzi zabo.

Ezolimo in Ancient Greece

Ezolimo main umsebenzi, izakhamizi wakhula likakolweni nebhali, kodwa umthamo zokuvuna enganele. Ngenxa sezwe elinamagquma futhi inhlabathi enamadwala kwakunzima belima ukuhlakulela. endaweni Local ekahle ukutshala omnqumo, izihlahla zezithelo, imivini. Ingadi indawo okusanhlamvu nokulima. Ngenxa sokuvuna eliphezulu iminqumo amagilebhisi, bendawo akuyona kuphela imali yezidingo zabo, kodwa uyabandakanyeka ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo. Nokho, kuye kwadingeka ukuba igagasi zomsebenzi, ngubani baba yizigqila.

NamaGreki ezifuywa imvu, abasebenzi kanye izilwane ezithwalayo. Izinkomo zizalela wayekhona, kodwa ngezinga elincane. I inyama nobisi amaGreki asendulo iphathwa nandaba kakhulu futhi akazange ukuzisebenzisa njengoba ukudla main. Ngokuzalanisa amahhashi ezomnotho Athens eGreece yasendulo futhi akazange akhokhe a lot of ukunakwa. Ezolimo kwaba okuhlukahlukene, ethule umkhiqizo imigqa.

Craft in Ancient Greece

Phakathi kwamagatsha ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqizwa wezandla bungabonakala ukwakhiwa kanye shipbuilding, ukunaka kakhulu sakhokhwa zobumba kanye ukwelukwa, izimayini kanye Blacksmithing izikebhe. Kwakukhona imihlangano yokufundisana ezincane, ezibizwa ngokuthi ergasteria. Imiphumela imisebenzi, ezifana nesidingo esilokhu sanda base impahla eluhlaza, okuyinto kwakunganele ezindaweni zendawo, ukuminyana emakethe ekhaya iwayini namafutha, ukunwetshwa emkhakheni ukukhiqizwa wezandla baye kwaphoqa amaGreki ukuhweba angaphandle asebenzayo.

Trade in Ancient Greece

AmaGreki yezandla futhi ukuhweba abangu kuhlobene. Amakhosi emakethe ithengiswe imikhiqizo yabo, ukuthenga izinto zokusetshenziswa namathuluzi umsebenzi izigqila, thina zithengiswa khona kanye nemikhiqizo ukudla. Esikhathini Ezimakethe zase ezazitholakala resin, ukhuni, lesikhumba, uju, izinyo lendlovu, yensimbi yezandla.

uhlobo Athene futhi Spartan yomsebenzi wezomnotho

Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens futhi Sparta ezingafani. Ngaphansi Uhlobo lokuqala waqonda isimo nge ezohwebo kanye izikebhe imisebenzi athuthukile, ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali. Kulezi ukukhiqizwa idolobha evuthiwe yayakhiwe zabasebenzi izigqila, uma idivayisi iku yeningi. zabasebenzi IMisa yezigqila - esinye sezizathu eliye lakhula ngempumelelo umsebenzi kwezomnotho. Athens, Megara, Rhodes, eKorinte - izibonelo izinqubomgomo enjalo. States kanye lolu hlobo ibhizinisi ngokuvamile etholakala eduze kolwandle, endaweni lalilincane, kodwa bakhona ngempela eziningi. Izinqubomgomo kwakungamadodana izikhungo ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kwaba ngaphansi kwethonya layo yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho - Athens babebhekwa njengabantu ababaluleke kakhulu.

Ngu uhlobo Spartan kuhlanganisa uthi nezokulima lapho ezolimo evelele - ukuhweba, ubudlelwane lezimpahla-imali kanye nemisebenzi yezandla kabi athuthukile. Kukhona inani elikhulu abasebenzi engaphansi, kudivayisi oligarchic. Lezi iinkhathi zihlanganisa Sparta, Boeotia, zaseThessaly futhi Arcadia.

imisebenzi Kwezomnotho Sparta eGrisi lasendulo

Ngemva kokunqotshwa indawo kahle-populated Doric basibona isidingo sokuhlangana ukwazi umhlali labantu ukulawula ukulondoloza ukuzithiba. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela ukubukeka ekuseni isimo. Ngo Sparta njalo wanqoba ezolimo. inqubomgomo Spartan yayihloselwe ekuthatheni amasimu omakhelwane bawo ukwandisa izindawo zabo. Ngemva ngamunye Messinian Izimpi iSparta (umndeni nomphakathi) ithole lelo zwe noma Claire. Basuke kuphela okumele zisetshenziswe, kuwahlukanise kwakungenakwenzeka. Claire wasebenza helots (yasemaphandleni), kanye Spartiates sonke isikhathi sakhe wanika lezempi, inhlangano yomsebenzi wezomnotho angithi bakhathazeka.

Ngemva Messinia elahlekile uzibuse, cishe kanye nazo zonke izakhamizi zalo baba helots. Njengoba umnotho Sparta sika waphumula nokusebenza kwabo. helot ngamunye ukhokha isakhamuzi inkokhiso esungulwe kuyinsakavukela corn, ibhotela, inyama, iwayini kanye neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo. Apofora (servage) kwaba cishe isigamu sezindela isivuno Imininingwane, lonke abasebenza avunyelwe okwamanje. Ngenxa yalesi ukuzimela ngokwengxenye ngezinye izikhathi kukhona kahle izakhamizi. Nokho, isimo sezenhlalo ka helots Nokho Kwakwethusa, ezikhulayo ethuthukisa ezomnotho Athens futhi enxusa lisebenzele msebenzi omkhulukazi ukuhlangabezana zonke izidingo zabo.

Sparta yesimanje

Kuze kube manje, umuzi elahlekile enkazimulweni yayo yangaphambili. Ekhulwini le-19 bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli yayo iye yakhiwa kabusha. Modern Sparta - dolobha elikhulu, okuyinto izivakashi. Iningi insimu esabelwe imisebenzi yezolimo. Ngo-2001, inani lezakhamuzi, kwakukhona abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi 18. Man. Iningi labantu basekhaya ukwenza kwezolimo. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa ngokucubungula izithelo omnqumo ezisawolintshi. Lokhu Sparta wayedume kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ehlobo ungabona ngisho umkhosi yokudumisa iminqumo. Nge inqubo sicubungula isithelo lezi zihlahla zingatholakala edolobheni Museum. Chemical, ugwayi, zendwangu nezimboni zokudla umelwe e yesimanje Sparta amabhizinisi amancane.

Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens in Ancient Greece

Umlando ekuseni of Attica futhi Athens (idolobha elikhulu) ayiqukethe ulwazi oluningi. obusa Kuvaliwe ngokuthi eupatrides ukwazi, nakho konke okunye abantu khulula - the demo. Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens endulo kwakuxhomeke lomtshikatshika esigabeni sesibili yezakhamuzi nezigqila. Lesi sakamuva kungafaka phakathi abalimi abancane kanye naphakathi, shipowners, abathengisi, ababazi amancane, njll ... Ngo 7-6 eminyaka BC. e. kule ndawo yasemaphandleni ungaphakathi ukwehla, abantukazana ezonakalisiwe, kuyo ingumhlabathi ngokuya wokulahlekelwa. Ibhali - ezivamile okusanhlamvu izitshalo ezingase zingatshalwa phezu kwezwe Attica. C 6 leminyaka BC. e. Ezolimo bagxila ukutshalwa iminqumo amagilebhisi. Ekujuleni Attica ekhishwe izinhlobo ezibalulekile zemabula, ubumba plastic elisetshenziswa zobumba. Futhi, le ndawo idume ezimayini abacebe esiliva kuleli zwe. Engxenyeni eseningizimu ye Attica, nabo bebekhona ezimayini zensimbi. Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens endulo savela sibonga emazweni evundile Pedion ethafeni etholakala eduze nedolobha.

Ubiza inzuzo eyeqile futhi ukuhweba akuyona ovamile kakhulu, kodwa ekugcineni uyazimuka. Land iyingxenye ye impahla yomndeni, engakutholanga yokuthengisa noma ukubuyiselwa isikweleti. Nokho, zababolekisa ngemali-Eupatridae thina beveza indlela lapho umkweleti, ngokomthetho amakhosi ezisele, empeleni kwakufanele sithathelwe indawo yizinto eziningi esivunweni kusukela insimu yalo. aristocrats Abaningi babesezindaweni ahlanganiswe sibonga ukuhweba zasolwandle, kunokuba ngabanikazi bomhlaba.

Njengoba sekunama-Solon uchungechunge yezinguquko, umsebenzi kwezomnotho ayekuthola ngcono Athens. Ukuze usebenze yokulima amazwe izigqila, abantu bezinye izizwe, ukuphila emphakathini nasemnothweni ingxenye khulula omphakathi liphuma khona. Solon evumela ukuba bachithe izwe liba inzuzo enkulu ezinkulu-eupatrides abanikazi bamazwe. zizalela Bakhuthazwa izitshalo horticultural, kunciphise izindleko isinkwa sibonga ukuthekelisa nokudayiswa phesheya leminqumo yamafutha kuvinjelwe okusanhlamvu nokuthengiswa. Income izakhamizi ngcono.

Njengoba indaba uthi, Solon wayekhuthaza ukunwetshwa yezandla, siqaphela ukuthi akunakwenzeka okulinganiselwe evundile ukuba kondle abantu. Bonke obaba kufanele afundise indodana yakhe ukuba noma yiliphi ikhono, noma indodana uzokwazi, umthetho, ukuze senqabele exhegwini, uyise asekelwe. izingcweti abaningi abavela kwamanye amazwe kwakuxhomeke umsebenzi kwezomnotho, Athens endowed ukuthuthela emzini amakhosi ubuzwe bazo. Kanye nokufika kwalolo zikamashiqela Pisistratus sithuthukiswe amandla nezomnotho kulo muzi. Nge kokwandiswa kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni liye landa futhi inani izikebhe workshop, usebenza echwebeni, ukuhweba kanti imikhumbi yezempi. Ukuze umsebenzi badonseleka hhayi kuphela izigqila kodwa bafuna wasekela abantu babengenalo izwe, kanye ukusebenza ukukhetha okufanele. Kuziwa ukudalwa izimakethe ezintsha zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ukudayisa imikhiqizo imisebenzi yezolimo e-Athens futhi lonke Attica. Iningi kwanikwa yokuthengisa zamafutha omnqumo. Ugu Black Sea wanika abavubukuli nezazi-mlando isitifiketi zokuhweba kanye Northern Black Sea Athens phakathi nokubusa Pisistratus - Attica zobumba.

Athens yesimanje

Ingxenye yekhulu le-19 yesibili kwaphawulwa ukukhula kwezomnotho e-Athens. Ngemva komuzi yaba inhloko-dolobha, kukhona amabhizinisi ezimbonini. Ngenxa isimo yayo evumayo kwezomnotho kanye womhlaba, main olunqamula onguthelawayeka uphume eGreece yezindlela zasolwandle ivulekile. Esikhathini Greater Athens ezingaphezu kwesigamu sabantu eqashwe e embonini yokukhiqiza. Kukhona izindwangu, isikhumba kanye nezicathulo, izingubo, ukudla, amakhemikhali, nensimbi futhi steel, ukuphrinta kanye nezinye izimboni. Igceke lemikhumbi, zokuwuhluza Metallurgical namafutha wahlala eduze Athens ngemva kwempi. Ngonyaka leli dolobha izibambo amathani angaphezu kuka-2.5 million lamafutha zithutha ngokusebenzisa iningi ukungeniswa (70%) kanye u-40% omkhiqizo othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Amabhange ngobukhulu YesiGreki e-Athens. Ukuphela 2009 kwaphawula ukuqala komnotho kunemnotfo.

Imisebenzi yezomnotho e-Athens futhi Sparta

ukubukeka edolobheni, kanye nokunyakazisa umnotho wase-Athens Sparta, baye kakhulu washintsha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kunengqondo ukuthi balahlekelwe amandla abo, kodwa akekho owaziyo ukuthi wayeyoba ukubhala umlando lezi zinqubomgomo ezimbili lasendulo esikhathini esizayo.