I Yak-40. Ezindizeni ezithwala wase-USSR. Yakovlev Design Bureau

Ngokuvamile lapho sizwa mayelana civil zezindiza izindiza, sethula indiza enkulu ukuthi ingandiza izinkulungwane amakhilomitha kwemigwaqo. Nokho, amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amane kuwo emoyeni Kwenziwa imigqa emoyeni wasekhaya, ubude okuyinto 200-500 amakhilomitha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi basuke kulinganiswa kuphela amashumi amakhilomitha. Kungenxa ngenhloso ezifana kanye Yak-40 yadalwa. Yona futhi le ndiza eliyingqayizivele futhi kuzoxoxwa ngani esihlokweni.

ngokuphindaphindiwe lokuqala

Yak-40 (isithombe enikezwa esihlokweni ebonisa ukuthi izindiza) waba ngowokuqala eSoviet Union futhi emhlabeni umgibeli jet, okuyinto lwakhiwe bahlinza izindiza basekhaya. Waba izindiza ngowokuqala USSR, okuyinto lathola isitifiketi airworthiness eNtshonalanga kuze isitifiketi okufanayo ezweni lethu. I Yak-40 kwaba Airbus lokuqala yasekhaya wathola nezitifiketi eJalimane nase-Italy. Wabuye waba ngowokuqala izindiza Soviet lidlule wonke amazinga airworthiness BCAR England nase-United States - FAR-25. Umsebenzi ku izitifiketi izindiza iye yasiza ekusheshiseni inhlangano irejista yayo izindiza eSoviet Union, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-namazinga airworthiness, kanye nentuthuko embonini yethu, eziningana amayunithi zokwakha ukuthi ukuhlangabezana namazinga "eNtshonalanga." Ngaphezu kwalokho, waba umgibeli airliner lokuqala kuya Yakovlev Design Bureau.

Umthengi wokuqala kanye nokuphawula kusukela ochwepheshe

Italy yaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni, usezuze Yak-40. Wabuye ihlelwe kokwethula ukusebenza eliphezulu umshini. Okuzoqondiswa by test umshayeli M. G. Zavyalov nama-pilot-Italian, indiza wenza ngendiza ephuma enhlokodolobha Italy e-Australia. Lo mzila yathinteka ngaphandle ukwehluleka futhi iloli. Ngo-April 1970 umagazini i-French Aviation Magazine yaphawula ukuthi Yak-40 kungokwasekuqaleni design, ubungako kanye indiza izici. E-West, kukhona nhlobo izindiza ezingase basiphikise lisha Russian. E-US, kuphela athuthukile misebenzi yokwakha, ukuqaliswa lapho kwakufanele athathe indawo nje eminyakeni embalwa.

Zonke izazi emhlabeni wanikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu kanye izindiza Russian Yakovlev Design Bureau.

Ukudala izindiza

Ngu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Yak-40, onjiniyela kwaqala ngo-Ephreli wonyaka 65th kwekhulu elidlule. Injongo le ndiza entsha yayihloselwe ukuthatha indawo onobuhle ephelelwe yisikhathi piston Il-12, Il-14 futhi Li-2, obesebenza izindiza basekhaya. abenzi bezindiza Soviet wathatha unyaka owodwa kuphela ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa sibonelo. Ngakho, ngo-October 21, 1966 ukuhlolwa umshayeli Arseniem Kolosovym yaqale ephakanyiswe prototype emoyeni - the Yak-40. Isici esikhethekile yikhono indiza ukuba akhumule kusuka airfields eziwubhuqu. Kwakuthinta kugqugquzelwa margin okweqa isakhiwo izindiza, wasibeka onjiniyela Yakovlev Design Bureau.

"Fighter kaphalafini" noma "insimbi Butt"

Yak-40 (isithombe ngenhla imibukiso) kuyinto umshini kakhulu elula eyenzelwe kwendiza phansi izisebenzi abaneziqu yesibili. Ngemva kwakhe kwakuhlangene izidlaliso ezimbili - "yensimbi Butt" (usayizi elincane futhi uchichima dymlenie amandla amayunithi) kanye "Fighter uphalafini" (I-ephakeme petrol). Lokhu Airbus has a nokwethenjelwa eliphezulu kakhulu nokuphepha komsebenzi. Yak-40 kungathatha off uma omunye izinjini ezintathu, futhi ukwenza indiza kwenye amandla amayunithi. On airfields ungakulungele umsebenzi izikhonzi lula ezizimele inhlamvu kudivayisi, iladi ukusonga, controllability eliphezulu imoto. Ufaka izinjini ngesikhathi ezingemuva fuselage kuye kwanciphisa vibration futhi umsindo.

zabasebenzi impumelelo

Ubude izindiza Soviet umkhakha ekhiqizwa 1011 amayunithi Yak-40 imodeli. Inkinga samiswa ngo-1981, kodwa lokhu akuzange kuphele impilo indiza. engaphezu kwamashumi amane ku yomoya wezwe - akuyona ubufakazi best of the ukuthembeka umshini, elungile izixazululo lwezobuchwepheshe izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingavela lapho kudalwa lo imodeli! Futhi abaklami bocwepheshe Minsk Aircraft yokulungisa Plant hhayi kuphela izinguqulo ezintsha empilweni indiza yesibili, kodwa futhi ngokuhlanganyela ongoti Yakovlev Design Bureau Kuye kwanikezwa adaliwe - laboratories flying, okuyinto usanda yazuza ukubaluleka emnothweni kazwelonke. Le ndiza Russian wathola isicelo ebanzi kakhulu. Ngakho, ngo-maphakathi nawo-seventies we Yak-40 esikhundleni ngokugcwele Veterans Il-12, Il-14 futhi Li-2 ne izindiza basekhaya. Njengoba kahle indiza ka ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-angamakhulu amathathu izwe, Bani ezibulala ngomsebenzi ngo-1988 zithutha abantu abangaphezu kuka ayisishiyagalombili million. Futhi umlando lokhu izindiza ingakamiswa igcwaliswe. isipiliyoni Operating lokhu model ezweni lethu kanye namazwe nesishiyagalombili angaphandle nakanjani yabonisa ubuze besimo isinqumo ukuhoxiswa ukukhiqizwa Yak-40. Ngakho, esikhundleni izinjini ngophethiloli izinjini kahle yesimanje ezovunyelwa ukwandisa zokukhiqiza ukuthekelisa indiza.

nokuthengiswa

Ukuthunyelwa lokuqala Yak-40 izindiza ukuthekelisa yaqalwa ngo-1970, ngemva kweminyaka emine nje ngemva Take-off imodeli umshayeli. Sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi e-Asia, e-Europe ne-Republic of Cuba ke sekudayiswe amayunithi 125 okuhlukile ezahlukene izakhiwo kanye ukuhlela kabusha. Export onobuhle njengoba kuqhathaniswa serial kwadingeka eziningi umehluko ukubunjwa yasendlini lokuzula imishini. Lezi umgibeli izindiza USSR enikeziwe emazweni nesishiyagalombili: Afghanistan, Angola, eBulgaria, eHungary, eVietnam, Zambia, e-Italy, Cambodia, Cuba, Laos, eMalagasy Republic, Poland, Syria, eJalimane, e-Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, eYugoslavia. Ngo-2000, le nkampani eKamchatka ithengiswe izindiza omunye Honduras. Kusukela ngo-1967, i-Yak-40 kwaba umhlanganyeli zonke nokucwala zezindiza eNgilandi, eJalimane, eJapane, e-Italy, eFrance, Sweden nakwamanye amazwe. Yona futhi le ndiza edume kwaba ngesibonakaliso indiza, ukwenze amakhilomitha angaphezu kwayikhulu nabayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu nokuthi wahambela amazwe amaningi, hhayi kuphela e-Europe kodwa futhi Asia, eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Australia. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Yak-40 yiyona airliner lokuqala Soviet, okuyinto wadayiswa emazweni kosozimali nge siqu zezindiza athuthukile umkhakha yabo. Lezi izindiza namuhla eziqhutshwa izindiza lamazwe ayishumi nesithupha.

portrait lobuchwepheshe

Manje cabanga Ukucaciswa. Yak-40, ngokusho idatha iphasipoti, senzelwe ubude elilodwa nesigamu ayizinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Iphiko has a endaweni kahle esikhulu - 70 square metres, okwenza bakwazi ukulahla uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu multislit enezinto futhi slats. Ijubane Cruising kuyinto 510 km / h. Umqondo oyinhloko isakhiwo izindiza kwaba lula, inhlanganisela ezintathu jet izinjini kanye iphiko elikhulu, ukusuka okusezingeni eliphezulu kokwehla ukusebenza. Ukudonsa amandla amandla iyunithi kuyinto amathani nengxenye. Enye inzuzo ukuthi injini powerplant Ngokwesilinganiso, okuyinto ahlelwe ku fuselage, it has a wagxila reverse - idivayisi ekhethekile evumela ukushintsha isiqondiso igesi ekusakazeni qeda phakathi unyathela amabhuleki indiza. Le yunithi kuye kwanciphisa mileage imoto ngesikhathi kokufika kuze kube ayi-400. Futhi onogada kukhona ukutjhugulula ubulungu akuyona injini kanye izindiza. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ubunye sokuphehla amandla futhi lula esikhundleni iyunithi phakathi. I chassis umshini ifakwe ezithambile Damping uhlelo, kunciphisa ingcindezi phezu evulekile. Konke lokhu kuye kwenza ukuba izindiza suka nezwe ngokuphepha emhlabathini, nabenza isivumelwano inhlabathi.

Abanikeze asebenza nabo esifanelana abantu ababili: induna co-pilot, kodwa ungasetha esihlalweni lwesithathu, uma kunesidingo. Cab ingilazi ibaluleke bafudumale electric. Thenga Yak-40 kangangokuthi umthamo abagibeli 27 kuya kwezingu-32. Indiza ifakwe yesimanje Avionics Acrobatic navigation imishini okukuvumela ukuthi zindiza ubusuku nemini, endaweni izimo sezulu kunalokho ezingezinhle. Isisetshenziswa kuhlanganisa: sasilokhu, umkhathizwe yokufakelwa, izinhlelo ohlangothini, ikhampasi kazibuthe, ezimbili othomathikhi isiqondiso othole, kursoglissadnuyu kokwehla uhlelo, umsakazo altimeter ngoba emachibini aphansi. Airplane ifakwe kahle kakhulu emoyeni-ukushisa uhlelo ukuvimbela Uqweqwe izindlu. Radio sezulu radar kusiza ukuthola khona isiphepho izimpi endleleni indiza. Ngokusho idatha iphasipoti, umthombo airliner kuyinto amahora ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu, futhi ukuphila service - kuze kube iminyaka engu-25.

intsha yesibili

Ngo-1999, Yakovlev Design Bureau onjiniyela baye bakhiqiza izifundo kanye izibalo, eyabonisa ukuthi impilo tekusebenta izindiza kungenziwa kabili ngazo ukuqinisa design kanye intuthuko we airframe. Isevisi Uhlelo isandiso kuzovumela izinkampani ukuze hlehlisa isidingo ukuthenga izindiza ezintsha ezizoba songe imali eside. Yesimanje Uhlelo kuhlanganisa esikhundleni izinjini powertrains ezishibhile.

Izingozi

Baningi abantu, ngisho nalabo njalo ukusebenzisa umoya zenethiwekhi, kukhona uyesaba yini ukuhamba ngendiza. Futhi indiza njalo ukuphahlazeka neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni lezi zokwesaba. Abantu abanjalo kuyize ukukhombisa izibalo, owawuthi, e ukushayisana kwezimoto ukubulala ezingaphezu kuka ukuphahlazeka. Lesi simo sengqondo wachaza kalula, ngoba lapho kuphahlazeka, nakuba ezingavamile kakhulu, kuyilapho inqwaba kubantu bayabulawa. Ihlala ukushaqeka, hhayi kuphela ngoba izihlobo izisulu, kodwa futhi abantu ongabazi. Ngokusobala, ukwesaba alichaza yokuthi umgibeli Awukwazi ukushintsha lutho, kwakungekho lutho kuncike, ubapha yena nokuphila kwakhe ezandleni umshayeli imishini soulless.

Ngakho, sicabanga izibalo zokulahlekelwa izindiza Yak-40. Disaster kanye nokulahlekelwa izindiza nangenxa yezinye izizathu, ngoba umlando engu-amane ezingaphezu kuka lokhu model Udlule isithiyo amaphesenti ayishumi. Ngakho, 117 izindiza nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada ngoba ekuqaleni ukusebenza. Yale mishini 46 kwaphulwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile ngenxa yeziphambeko abashayeli bezindiza futhi air traffic abalawuli. Labo abasele abanga-71 Yak-40 zalimala, nganoma isiphi isizathu, afakiwe futhi izindiza abhidlizwa ngesikhathi ezempi ngo ezindaweni ezinothuthuva lapha. Phela, lo wokugcina umshini yokuthi lulahlekile - ke airliner, ezilimele ngesikhathi impi ngoba IDonetsk sezindiza Meyi 26, 2014.

Yakovlev Aircraft

Ngesikhathi Yakovlev Design Bureau linomlando othakazelisayo. Kusukela izindonga kwavela eziningi imishini ezahlukene, kusukela izindiza zempi ukuze Jets jumbo. Kukhona ayatholakala njengoba ezemidlalo ekhethekile injongo onobuhle, isibonelo, ukuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza. Ake ucabangele ezinye zazo, ezifana Yak-42. Le modeli yasungulwa maphakathi nawo-70s kwekhulu elidlule izindiza ukuba nemizila main eduze eSoviet Union. ukusebenza Commercial lokhu izindiza okwaqala ngonyaka ka 80th. Phakathi 194 uchungechunge ukukhiqizwa indiza yakhe ngeminyaka 1980-2002. Kulaba, 42 Yak-64 base unit ephelele futhi 130 - ukulungiswa ethuthukisiwe ye Yak-42D - anda isisindo ukuthatha-off futhi ububanzi. I isivinini sokuntweza emoyeni 700 km / h. Indiza yakhelwe esiphezulu indiza ibanga amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezine. I gumbi umgibeli yakhelwe izihlalo 120. Lokhu indiza ayidingi ukukhangisa, impumelelo yakhe ibonisa ukuthi babeshaye esikhonkosini. Phela, nabo basuke waqopha umlando emhlabeni ayisishiyagalolunye! Ngakho, ngo-enye yazo Yak-42, eyenzelwe imigqa eduze, ayikwazanga silingane nebanga elivela inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia ukuze eKhabarovsk. Okumangalisayo namanje Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphambi kokudalwa amamodeli Yak-40 futhi Yak-42 Yakovlev Design Bureau eba multi-umgibeli izindiza ngokuvamile engakathenjiswa umshado. lunye yabo eyinhloko - kungcono ezemfundo, ezemidlalo nakwezempi zempi.

indiza Yak-18

Yona futhi le ndiza uyinzalo le UT-2l ukukhulula 44 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Yenzelwe ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala abashayeli bezindiza. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, lo Yak-18 kwaba amalungiselelo yokuqala omkhulu zokufundisa. Ngo umqondo wakhe, imishini, kanye nomklamo waveza umqondo indiza sezulu esibi futhi ebusuku. Indiza ifakwe iyunithi amandla ephethe namandla 160 amalitha. isekhondi., variable iphimbo bendiza aeromechanical. Isakhiwo fuselage uhlobo nokuphathelene nazo ngamapayipi ensimbi. Ikhala we zamabhodlela avaliwe ukusebenza kubhaklazeka, nomsila is limbozwa ngendwangu. Stabilizers futhi keel abe Uhlaka lensimbi elinezinhlangothi izinzwane eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kakhulu okwenyanga. Wing - dvulonzheronnoe, detachable, ngesigaba isikhungo. console lokuxhuma futhi yonke ingxenye sosizo ukuze ohlangothini ilungu lokuqala has a bezinhlamvu eqinile lapho okunye limbozwa ngendwangu. Imodeli Yak-18, zonke ukushiyeka esasisandulele sekususiwe, ke asishintshi neze futhi elawulwa kalula izindiza, futhi okuhle handling izici. I ngesivinini esiphezulu indiza 257 km / h, ukukhuphuka 4 m / s, engamamitha esiphezulu amamitha anamane amawaka, ububanzi - amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane, isivinini lokufikela 85 km / h. I Yak-18 unikezwa eziningi zomculo ezihlukahlukene kwenza kungenzeka ebusuku futhi "abayizimpumputhe" flying.

I Yak-18T - ukuguqulwa umshini we Yak-18. Lena ukukhanya esisetshenziselwa izindiza. Ungomunye indiza nephephile esetshenziswa ezikoleni indiza. It kwashiwo ngokusemthethweni omunye izindiza izingqungquthela lobuchwepheshe, imishini 650 Yak-18T ziye zafinyelela amahora angaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi ngaphandle iphutha elingathí sina lobuchwepheshe. In the version yesimanje, lokhu izindiza inikeza yizinhlobonhlobo, kungaba umgibeli, ukufundisa nokuqeqesha, ezempilo, izithuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa ukuba iqaphe uwoyela negesi yamapayipi, izintambo zikagesi, imigwaqo ebizayo kanye nasemahlathini, kanye ukuthutha abagibeli abathathu ukuba ibanga amakhilomitha anamakhulu mahlanu.

indiza Ezemidlalo kusukela Yakovlev Design Bureau

Meyi 8, 1979 esibhakabhakeni eduze Tushino airfield kwakukhona ndiza encane nge amaphiko amakhulu abomvu. Plane nge lula kwentaba aerobatics adumileyo kwenziwe: izigubhu, izihibe, liyaphenduka. Iso abanolwazi kwakuyodingeka ngokushesha saphawula ukuthi leli gama Akuyona inkambiso ngokuba bendawo ezemidlalo olulodwa Yak-50, umfuziselo ezahlukene. Elikhulu lantern abanikeze asebenza nabo eziphambili waveza ukuthi lo mshini double. Phakathi kokwehla bakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi ezinye umehluko: kokwehla ichopho futhi ekhaleni kokwehla igiya. Kwaba indalo entsha kusukela ubunjiniyela design bureau Yakovlev - the Yak-52 izindiza bakwazi ukwanelisana ngenxa yezinto eziningi ezidinga kakhulu futhi engqubuzanayo. Lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba ukuqeqeshwa ezemidlalo apharathasi idinga sakugcina ukuzinza eziseceleni, ngomzamo nje omncane, okumele wenze umshayeli ukulawula ingalo umshini. Kufanele ngesankahlu kalula enze aerobatics. Futhi izindiza for ukuqeqeshwa kokuqala, it is, kunalokho, kumelwe abe asishintshi neze futhi kunzima ukuphatha kanye engakutholi abasuke bengene shí tailspin.

Umshini ngoba ukuqeqeshwa indiza yomculo kumele ajube ithimba isethi sasivumela esiqinile navigation lokuzula imishini, futhi ezemidlalo nguqulo ye kuyoba kubangele umthwalo owengeziwe. Nge kwabo bonke lobu bunzima futhi wabhekana iqembu onjiniyela kanye abaklami. Noma kunjalo, abaklami bezindiza abhekana ngayo lo msebenzi ngokuthi "omuhle kakhulu" kanti ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka: the Yak-52 yakhiwa esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Lena monoplane kabili metal. I fuselage - Semi-monocoque, it has a ukusebenza ulwelwesi metal. It uxhuma uzimele countersunk riveted. Wing - olulodwa-Spar, ahlome enezinto lokubikezela, elenga shompolnye loop bese kulawulwa umoya isilinda. Cantilever umsila iyunithi. Fin isimame futhi mayunithi dvulonzheronnoy isikimu. Yak nesishiyagalolunye-piston 52 unikezwa osabalalayo drive iyunithi nomthamo 360 amalitha. a. nge-othomathikhi variable iphimbo bendiza. Navigation imishini indiza ikuvumela ezindiza izimo zezulu ezingezinhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu isethi ejwayelekile amadivayisi, lokhu imodeli ukusetha exchange rate ohlelweni, VHF radio kanye othomathikhi isiqondiso othole. Lapho kuyoba njalo ukukhishwa yasemoyeni aqondisa, into navigation owengeziwe futhi imishini ndiza adiliza.