Umnikelo kaDarwin biology kafushane. Yini umnikelo ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kuye kwenziwa uCharles Darwin?

Namuhla, bambalwa abangaphika ukuphika umnikelo omkhulu Darwin eziphilayo. Igama Usosayensi ajwayelekile zonke omdala. Abaningi ungase uthi, in a Ngamafuphi, uyini umnikelo ka Darwin eziphilayo. Nokho, ukunikeza imininingwane bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe bayoba mbalwa kakhulu. Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, uzokwazi ukukwenza.

Impumelelo ye AmaGreki asendulo

Ngaphambi echaza igalelo Darwin emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, uchaze ngamagama ambalwa mayelana impumelelo kwabanye ososayensi endleleni ekutholakaleni imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Anaximander, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u, e-6th ekhulwini BC. e. Wathi umuntu wavela esilwaneni uyavumelana. okhokho bakhe emkhunjini okuthiwa embozwe izikali wahlala emanzini. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho, ekhulwini lesi-4. BC. e., u-Aristotle waphawula ukuthi izici kunenzuzo ukuthi ngezikhathi avele izilwane, nemvelo isagcine, ukuze abenze iphila esikhathini esizayo. A nozakwabo ngaphandle idatha izimpawu afe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Aristotle wadala "isitebhisi sokuphumelela izidalwa". It ikhona eziphilayo ukuze kusukela kunazo elula eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu. Lokhu amatshe ezitebhisini waqala futhi saphela ngokukhululwa indoda.

Transformism nethi indalo

EyiNgisi M. Hale e 1677 owaqamba igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" (kusukela Latin. "Ukuthunyelwa"). Wachaza kubo ubunye ukuthuthukiswa zomlando ngabanye eziphilayo. Ngo biology ekhulwini le-18 uvele transformism. Le mfundiso mayelana nendlela ukushintsha nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane. It wayephikisa endalweni, owawuthi uNkulunkulu wadala umhlaba nazo zonke izinhlobo zihlala zinjalo. Ukuze abasekeli transformism libhekisela usosayensi French Georges Byuffor nesiNgisi wamazwe Erazm Darvin. Okokuqala ezihlongozwayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Jean-Baptiste Lamarck encwadini yakhe 1809, "Ifilosofi wesayensi." Nokho, izizathu kweqiniso kwembula igama uCharles Darwin. Umnikelo biology yalesi usosayensi kubaluleke kakhulu.

Okufanela kaCharles Darwin

Yena kungokwalabo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nisekeliwe ngokwesayensi. Wachaza ke emsebenzini wakhe unelungelo "The Origin of Species esebenzisa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo." Le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-1859, Darwin. Umnikelo biology kungenziwa kanje. Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukwehluka zofuzo, kanye umzabalazo khona. Ngo countering umphumela ongenakugwenywa lokhu ukushintshashintsha iba ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okuyinto ukusinda okukhethekile of abantu ezinamandla kohlobo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela labahlanganyela ngayo kabusha izinguquko ewusizo lezinceku kuthiwa zanqwabelana futhi wafingqa, njengoba kwaphawula u-Charles Darwin.

Iqhaza biology of ososayensi yayo neyaziwayo ukuqhubeka nocwaningo kule siqondiso. Ukuthuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo yesayensi waqinisekisa ukuthi imfundiso kaDarwin ilungile. Namuhla, Ngakho-ke, igama elithi "imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo" futhi "imfundiso kaDarwin" livame ukusetshenziswa njengoba omqondofana.

Ngakho, thina chaza kafushane okomnikelo Darwin eziphilayo. Sinikeza sihlolisise umbono wakhe.

Kokuma okuye kwaholela imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Okokuqala Ngaqala ukucabanga mayelana izizathu ukuthi phakathi kwezinhlobo kukhona ukufana ezithile futhi umehluko, uCharles Darwin. Umnikelo biology, saziwe kafushane, wenzé akuyona ngokushesha. Okokuqala kwaba ukuba bahlole impumelelo ngaphambili zabo, kanye ukwenza nohambo kaningana. Bona utshelwa usosayensi emaphuzwini abalulekile.

Ukutholakala main wenza eNingizimu Melika, zibe nemiklamo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Lokhu amathambo giant edentates, efana Kumabheja yesimanje kanye armadillos. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Darwin umxhwele cwaningo kwezilwane ukuthi abahlala Galapagos Islands. Usosayensi ekulezi ziqhingi ezinezintaba-mlilo enomsuka yamuva, zinhlobo ehlobene eduze zezintaka, okuyinto azifane ezwekazini, kodwa ingashintshwa ukuze imithombo ehlukahlukene supply - umpe izimbali, izinambuzane, imbewu eqinile. UCharles Darwin ngokuthi lezi izinyoni beza lesi siqhingi bavela ezwekazini. Ushintsho iphutha nabo zichazwe nge lithathelwe nezimo ezintsha khona.

UCharles Darwin waphakamisa impikiswano ukuthi speciation waba nendima zezemvelo. Ososayensi baye baphawula inqubo efanayo, futhi ugu lweNyakatho Afrika. Ukuhlala eziqhingini Cape Verde izilwane, naphezu ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye zilwane ezihlala kuleli zwekazi, ngemva bonke bangabafundi izici ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Darwin abakwazanga ukukuchaza ukudalwa izinhlobo kanye nezici igundane Tuco-Tuco, siwachaza. Lezi namagundane siphile komhlaba ku Burrows. Bona zibukeka sekuqhamuke Young, kamuva ababa abayizimpumputhe. Zonke lezi kanye nezinye eziningi amaqiniso kakhulu Inyakazisé ukholo kwenziwe usosayensi endaweni ukudalwa kwezinhlobo. Darwin babuyela eNgilandi, lapho izisethile umsebenzi wokuvelela. Wahlela izosingatha le nkinga umsuka zilwane.

imisebenzi Okukhulu

umnikelo kaDarwin ekuthuthukiseni biology uvezwa eziningana imisebenzi yakhe. Ngo-1859, emsebenzini wakhe yena generalized enokwehla Ukukhetha impahla imikhuba eziphilayo bosuku lwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenzisa imiphumela imibono yabo wenza ekuhambeni kwakhe. Bophezela nga him emkhunjini "Beagle" Luzoba njani uhambo emhlabeni wonke iyicacisa izici we kwemvelo zinhlobo ezahlukene.

UCharles Darwin wanezela umsebenzi oyinhloko "The Origin of Species ..." impahla oluyiqiniso encwadini yakhe ezayo, esanyatheliswa kuyi-1868. It is njengoba laziwa 'Guqula sezilwane ezifuyiwe izitshalo kutshalwa. " Kwesinye umsebenzi, ebhalwe ngo-1871 ( "The Descent of Man kanye nokukhetha ngokocansi"), ososayensi baye phambili umbono wokuthi indoda livela kukhokho kwenkawu-like. Namuhla, abantu abaningi bavumelana nalokho isiphakamiso ukuthi uDarwin waveza. Iqhaza eziphilayo kuye wamvumela ukuba abe negunya elikhulu emhlabeni yesayensi. Abaningi ngisho ukhohlwe ukuthi umsuka indoda kusukela nezinkawu - kuphela umbono ocatshangelwayo, okuyinto, nakuba kungenzeka kakhulu, kodwa noma kunjalo akazange kwafakazelwa ngokugcwele.

Impahla ifa kanye nendzima yayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesisekelo imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela ufuzo kuyinto impahla okungukuthi, ikhono eziphilayo ukuphinda izinhlobo umzimba jikelele ekuthuthukisweni siqu eziningi izizukulwane. Bekanye ufuzo kokuhlukana kuqinisekisa ukwehluka nokuphikelela amafomu ukuphila. Kuyinto ngesisekelo kwemvelo emhlabeni organic lonke.

Ukushikashikekela khona

"Ukulwela khona" - umqondo ukuthi kuyinto enkulu e-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Charles ayisebenzisile ubheke ubudlelwano ezikhona phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Darwin belisebenzisa ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwezimo abiotic nezinto eziphilayo. izimo Abiotic kuholele ekusindeni abantu ezinamandla, futhi ukufa fit kancane.

amafomu amabili kokuhlukana

Ngokuphathelene kokuhlukana, Darwin ezikhonjwe amafomu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala of them - kokuhlukana ezithile. Kuyinto ikhono labantu kohlobo ezindaweni ezithile usabela ngendlela efanayo lezi zimo (nenhlabathi, isimo sezulu). Eyesibili ifomu - simo esishubile lingaqinisekile. uhlamvu wakhe awuhambisani nezinguquko ebonwe izimo zangaphandle. kokuhlukana Akuqinisekwa ngamagama esimanje ibizwa ngokuthi wezakhi.

kuguquka

I kuguquka, ngokungafani kuya ifomu kuqala, sitholwa njengefa. Ngokusho Darwin, izinguquko lobuncane iyakhula e subsequent zukulwane, nasemkhakheni kuqala. Ososayensi ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuvela indima juqu fanele kokuhlukana lingaqinisekile. It kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo eziyingozi noma uhlangothi, kodwa kungase kube abanye ababezibiza ngokuthi ethembisa.

Mshini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Ngokusho Darwin, umphumela ongenakugwenywa ukushintshashintsha zofuzo umzabalazo khona kuyinto sokusinda nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo amasha engcono ngiyijwayele impilo in the medium efanele. Futhi ngokuhamba kwemvelo, kukhona kubhujiswa lesi langakufanelekela, okungukuthi ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. indlela yayo yesenzo iyafana zendalo ukuze abalimi, ukuthi eligoqiwe umehluko engacacile okuncane ngabanye, kusukela lapho-ke kwakheka ezincwadini adingekayo eziphilayo, kanye umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo.

Konke lokhu, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi kwashiwo futhi kwabhalwa okuningi Charlz Darvin. Umnikelo biology, kuchazwe kafushane, akugcini ngalokho siyatshelwa. Nokho, ngokuvamile, liye labizwa esibonakala impumelelo yawo ebanzi. Manje ungakwazi ukunikeza imininingwane mayelana ngayiphi biology zikaDarwin kwethulwa.