Carbide: Formula, Isicelo kanye Properties

Umhlaba uyazi eziningi ezahlukene chemical compounds: oda amakhulu ezigidi. Futhi sonke, ufana nabantu, kukhona umuntu. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthola izinto ezimbili ezithinta ukufanisa izakhiwo wamakhemikhali nezibulala ngokomzimba yemihlobo ehlukeneko ukumelwa.

Omunye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu izinto wezinto ekhona ekukhanyeni ezimhlophe carbides. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamathonya izakhiwo zabo isakhiwo, ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kancane ubone ubuqili irisidi yabo. Kodwa okokuqala, kancane ngomlando ekutholakaleni.

indaba

metal carbides formula okuyinto thina give ngezansi, akuzona compounds zemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-molecule awo bathambekele ukubola nabo amanzi. Ngakho-ke, kuyafaneleka ukukhuluma mayelana zamagama lokuqala carbides.

Nokho, Kusukela 1849 kukhona izinkomba synthesis Silicon Carbide, ezinye zalezi imizamo ukuhlala engaziwa. ukukhiqizwa Emikhulu kwaqala ngo 1893, i-American wemithi Edward Acheson indlela kamuva ngegama lakhe.

Umlando calcium Carbide zamagama akulona ulwazi oluningi ezahlukene. Ngo-1862 wathola usokhemisi German Fridrih Voler, amalahle zinc tho ne-calcium ne amalahle.

Manje ake udlulela izihloko mnandi: zamakhemikhali izakhiwo ngokomzimba. Kuyinto kuzo amanga okushiwo ukusetshenziswa kwalesi isigaba izidakamizwa.

izakhiwo

Kasibili lonke carbides zihlukaniswa ubulukhuni yabo. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye ukudla okuqinile ku le Mohs esikalini kuyinto tungsten Carbide (9 kweziyi-10 amaphuzu kunokwenzeka). Ngaphandle kwalezi izinto kukhona refractory kakhulu: encibilika lokushisa ezinye zazo ifinyelela degrees ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.

carbides Iningi amakhemikhali inert bese uxhumana inombolo encane izinto. Ababona oncibilikayo iyiphi imithi yokususa ingcekeza elenkani. Nokho, ukuxhumana angabhekwa by Ukuqedwa ngamanzi, ukubhujiswa yizibopho ekwakhekeni hydroxide metal kanye hydrocarbon.

Mayelana ukusabela yokugcina, nezinye ukusabela eziningi ezithakazelisayo chemical ezihilela carbides kuzoxoxwa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

chemical izakhiwo

Cishe zonke carbides uxhumana amanzi. Ezinye - kalula futhi ngaphandle Ukushisa (isibonelo, i-calcium Carbide), kanti ezinye (isib Karbid Kremniya) - umhwamuko lapho eliwu 1800 degrees. ngaleyo ndlela reactivity incike uhlobo zokukhulumisana ukuxubana, iphuzu esizoxoxa ngalo kamuva. Esikhathini ukuphendula amanzi ukuze zikhiqize hydrocarbon ezahlukene. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba hydrogen eziqukethwe amanzi, ixhunywe carbon ku Carbide. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kwenzeka hydrocarbon (njengoba kungenzeka njengoba nokukhawulela, nemisho lemagalagala unsaturated), kungenzeka, esekelwe Valence we-carbon eziqukethwe indaba kokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma nje sinesimo Carbide calcium, ogama Ifomula CAC _2, siyabona ukuthi siqukethe C ₂ ^2- ion. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuba unamathisele ezimbili ze-hydrogen ion nge aphethe +. Ngakho, sithola lesi sithako C ₂ H ₂ - acetylene. Ngendlela efanayo kusuka kwakwakhe ezifana aluminium Carbide, ogama ifomula Al ₄ C _3, thina CH _4. Kunganjani C ₃ H _12, ubuza? Ngemva ion ine ophethe 12. Iqiniso lokuthi inombolo enkulu ngama-athomu ye-hydrogen kunqunywa 2N ifomula + 2 lapho n --athomu carbon. Ngakho, kuphela ekhuthaza formula C ₃ H ₈ (propane) angase aziphilele njengoba ion nge icala 12 ukuwa ku ezintathu ion nge icala 4, okuyinto ukukhiqiza, lapho kuhlangene proton methane-molecule.

Kuyathakazelisa carbides namachibi ukuphendula. Abakwazi zenzeka njengoba Izingxube lapho zihlatshwa eqinile oxidizing-ejenti, kanye e ukushiswa ezejwayelekile-mpilo emkhathini. Uma yonke into icacile nomoya-mpilo: etholwe okisda amabili, khona-ke namanye oxidants ezithakazelisayo. Zonke incike ubunjalo metal akha lesi Carbide, kanye nohlobo lwamathekisthi oxidant. Ngokwesibonelo, Karbid Kremniya, ogama ifomula sic, by ukusabela nenye nitric futhi acid hydrofluoric, yakha hexafluorosilicic acid ne-carbon dioxide. Futhi ngesikhathi ukusabela okufanayo kodwa munye kuphela nitric acid, sithola a oxide Silicon ne-carbon dioxide. Ngu oxidizing ejenti futhi zihlanganisa halogens futhi chalcogens. Ababhekana ngayo noma iyiphi Carbide, ukuphendula ifomula kuncike oyiyo.

metal carbides ifomula okuyinto sahlola - hhayi kuphela bale ekilasini compounds. Manje thina ukuthatha sibhekisise ngalinye compounds ngokuphakeme ezimbonini ezibalulekile alesi sigaba bese ucoca isicelo yawo empilweni zethu.

Yiziphi carbides?

It kuvela, Carbide, ogama Ifomula, isibonelo, CAC _2, uhluke kakhulu isakhiwo kusukela sic. Futhi umehluko ikakhulukazi ubunjalo isibopho phakathi kwama-athomu. Esimweni sokuqala sisebenzelana a Carbide usawoti-like. Lesi sigaba compounds ubizwa ngokuthi yi ngakho ngoba empeleni oziphatha njengongqingili usawoti yalo, olukwazi dissociating ku ion. Lesi sibopho ionic ibuthakathaka kakhulu, futhi lokho kwenza kube lula ukuqhuba ukusabela hydrolysis nokuguqulela nabanye abaningi, kuhlanganise budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye ion.

Esinye, mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu ngokuphakeme ezimbonini obuka covalent carbides kukhona carbides: ezifana, isibonelo, sic noma WC. Basuke izimpawu high density namandla. Futhi inert futhi refractory ukuba alulaze amakhemikhali.

Kukhona futhi carbides metal-like. Kunalokho, lingabantu ababekade kubhekwe njengento Alloys ngezinto ne-carbon. Phakathi kwalezi bungabonakala, isib, cementite (yensimbi Carbide, ogama ifomula kungaba ezahlukene, kodwa cishe isilinganiso: Fe ₃ C), noma yensimbi. Banezinhliziyo umsebenzi chemical Lesisemkhatsini degree phakathi carbides ionic futhi covalent.

Ngayinye yalezi-zinhlobo esincane sixoxa isigaba zamakhemikhali has isicelo salo esisebenzayo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa kuphi kanjani ukusebenzisa ngamunye wabo, sizoxoxa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

ngokoqobo carbides

Njengoba sesixoxile, carbides covalent babe uhla enkulu kwezicelo ezingokoqobo. Lokhu izinto olwalwenza noma ukusika izinto, futhi esiyinhlanganisela esetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene (isib, njengoba yezinto anabamemezeli zempi umzimba), futhi izinsimbi zemoto, amathuluzi kagesi, kanye Ukushisa izakhi, futhi amandla enuzi. Futhi lokhu akuyona uhlu oluphelele kwezicelo yalezi Carbide superhard.

Isicelo encane kufanele carbides usawoti-ukwakha. Iyaqondakala indlela abasabela ngayo amanzi asetshenziswa njengoba indlela laboratory ukuthola hydrocarbon. Ngenjongo yokuthi, njengoba kwenzeka, siye kakade okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla.

Kanye covalent metal-carbides ube isicelo wonke embonini. Njengoba sishilo, lolu hlobo metal-contact zezakhi yetifundvo ensimbi, nensimbi kanye nezinye compounds lensimbi carbon inclusions. Ngokuvamile, zensimbi izinto ezinjalo iphathelene ekilasini d-izinsimbi. Yingakho avame izibopho covalent ungaphenduki, kunjengokungathi busuka isakhiwo sensimbi.

Ngombono wethu, izicelo okungokoqobo compounds ngenhla kwanela. Manje ikuvumela ukubheka Uhlelo lokulungiselela yabo.

Ukuthola carbides

Okokuqala okubili izinhlobo carbides okuyinto sixoxe, okungukuthi covalent futhi saltlike uzilungiselele kakhulu ngendlela elula: by ukusabela oxide timphawu kanye coke ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Kulesi ingxenye coke, eyakhiwa carbon athomu ixhunyiwe ku-elementi sakhiwa oxide, Carbide kanye namafomu. Enye ingxenye "ucosha" ukuncipha komoya-mpilo bese lwakha i-carbon monoxide. inqubo enjalo amandla kakhulu ukusetshenziswa, ngoba kudinga nokugcina lokushisa eliphezulu (komyalelo wokungabi 1600-2500 degrees) ezonini ukuphendula.

Ukuze ezinye izinhlobo zezakhi usebenzisa ukusabela okunye. Ngokwesibonelo, yokubola ekhuthaza okwagcina unika Carbide. Ifomula ukuthi bayavuma incike kwakwakhe ikakhulukazi, ngakho xoxisana ke ngeke senze njalo.

Ngaphambi kokuba ngiphethe athikili yethu, sizoxoxa ngeminye carbides ezithakazelisayo futhi ukhulume ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

compounds ezithakazelisayo

sodium Carbide. Ifomula we kwakwakhe C ₂ Na _2. Lokhu kungenziwa lalimelela njengoba acetylide (isb umkhiqizo esikhundleni sama-athomu ye-hydrogen ku acetylene phezu ama-athomu-sodium) kunokuba Carbide. Ifomula chemical akuvezi ngokugcwele lezi ubuqili, ngakho badinga ukubheka isakhiwo. Lena into esebenzayo kakhulu futhi singalokothi sithintane no-amanzi ngenkuthalo baxhumana yona yakha acetylene futhi alkalis.

magnesium Carbide. Formula: MgC _2. Indlela ezithakazelisayo yokuthola ekhuthaza ngokwanele asebenzayo. Omunye wabo kuhilela sintering magnesium fluoride calcium Carbide ashisa kakhulu. Lokhu kuphumela imikhiqizo ezimbili: i-calcium one-fluoride, futhi ufuna ukuba Carbide. Ifomula okunjena ulula, futhi ungakwazi uma ufuna wayifunda izincwadi ezikhethekile.

Uma ungaqiniseki ngokufanele iwusizo yayo ngezinto ezifunde isihloko, bese esigabeni esilandelayo ukuphi.

Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu ewusizo empilweni?

Nokho, okokuqala, ulwazi chemical compounds alinakuba engadingekile. Njalo kungcono ukuba ulwazi ahlomile kuka uhlale ngaphandle kwalo. Okwesibili, abaningi obaziyo mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu compounds ezithile, ngcono ukuqonda izindlela kumiswa yabo nemithetho ubavumele ukuba khona.

Ngaphambi kokuya ukuphela, ngingathanda ukunikeza iseluleko esithile ekutadisheni le nto.

Indlela ukulufunda?

elula kakhulu. Kumane ingxenye yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Futhi ufunde kusobala yizincwadi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Qala ngolwazi esikoleni futhi uqhubekela okuthuthukile, kusukela izincwadi baseyunivesithi wabahlinzeki.

isiphetho

Le timu akuyona elula futhi kuyisicefe njengoba kubonakala efika kuqala. Amakhemikhali Ungahlala kube ezithakazelisayo, uma uthola ke injongo.