Inkinga Environmental - ke ... ngezimbangela zezinkinga eziphathelene nezemvelo. Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo Zomhlaba

inkinga Environmental - kungcono noshintsho oluphawulekayo kwemvelo ngenxa yemithelela yabantu, okuholela ukwehluleka isakhiwo nekusebenta izinhlelo zemvelo (namathafa) kanye okuholela imiphumela ezomnotho, ezomphakathi noma ezinye ezimbi. Lo mqondo - anthropocentric, kusukela ushintsho ongathandeki ubunjalo ukulinganisela ngemibandela yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani.

ngezigaba

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo Zomhlaba elihlobene ne kumalungu kahle landscape, evamile izigaba eziyisithupha:

- komoya (ezishisayo, umonakalo omkhulu obangelwa imisebe, ukungcoliswa mechanical noma amakhemikhali emkhathini);

- amanzi (ukungcoliswa izilwandle nasolwandle, njengoba Ukuwohloka amanzi engaphansi kanye ebusweni);

- geomorphology Geological (kusebenze negative geomorphology Geological icubungula impumuzo ubunzima isakhiwo Geological);

- inhlabathi (inhlabathi ukungcola, salinization, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, deflation, waterlogging, njll ...);

- biotic (nokwehliswa kwesithunzi izimila namahlathi, ukunciphisa ukwehluka zinhlobo, nedlelo akanhlanhlatsi, njll ...);

- landscape (ihlanganiswe) - Ukuwohloka izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izindawo eziphenduka ugwadule, ashaya kombuso ezimisiwe zindawo ezivikelwe, njll ...

Ukuze izinguquko main emvelweni bemvelo ukuhlukanisa izinkinga ezifana nezimo:

- Landscape-zofuzo. Vuka ngenxa ngokulahleka kwezinto zofuzo amasayithi semvelo esiyingqayizivele, yokwephula ubuqotho uhlelo landscape.

- anthropoecological. Kubhekwe isihlobo yezinguquko izimo kanye nezempilo eziphilayo.

- Natural lamandla. Okuhambisana ukulahleka noma Ukuwohloka kwemithombo yemvelo, zilulaza inqubo yomsebenzi wezomnotho endaweni ethintekile.

Illumination ezengeziwe

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo imvelo kodwa embodiments ethulwa ngenhla kungenziwa labizwa ngokuthi elandelayo:

- In imbangela eyinhloko - eco-ezokuthutha, zezimboni, ubunjiniyela wokubacindezela.

- Ngokusho nokucija - hhayi abukhali, ngokulinganisela abukhali, abukhali, ebukhali kakhulu.

- Ngokwe-eyinkimbinkimbi - okulula, okulukhuni, nzima.

- On solvability - Solved Solved nzima, cishe zingaxazululeki.

- ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezithintekile - endaweni, esifundeni, kwamaplanethi.

- On isikhathi - esifushane, eside, cishe inyamalala.

- ukufinyelela esifundeni - inkinga ka enyakatho yeRussia, izintaba Ural, emathafeni, njll ...

umphumela asebenzayo yokuphila yasedolobheni

Idolobha ngokuthi uhlelo zenhlalakahle kanye lokubala ubuningi babantu kanye nomnotho has izakhiwo sendawo izindlela zokukhiqiza, labantu unomphela, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo eyayenziwe wadala futhi ifomu ezimisiwe inhlangano emphakathini.

Isigaba samanje lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu libhekene yokwanda okusheshayo inombolo kanye nosayizi zasemizaneni. inombolo ikakhulukazi enkulu edolobheni eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu abantu esikhula ngokushesha. akhawunti Bona cishe elilodwa amaphesenti wezindleko indawo le planethi, kodwa umthelela wabo emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba kanti imvelo enkulu ngempela. Asuka nemisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ebangela izinkinga zemvelo. Kulezi zindawo elinganiselwe uhlalwe ezingaphezu kuka-45% inani labantu emhlabeni, ukhiqiza cishe u-80% bonke kwekhabhoni engcolisa umkhathi hydrosphere.

izinkinga Ecological amadolobha, ikakhulu ezinkulu, esinzima nakakhulu ukuxazulula. I emikhulu edolobheni, lo kakhulu siguqulwe izimo zemvelo. Lapho kuqhathaniswa emaphandleni, ezindaweni lamadolobha amadala kakhulu izimo zemvelo zokuphila zabantu zimbi kakhulu.

Ngokusho semvelo Reimer, inkinga kwemvelo - yiliphi mkhuba elihlobene ne umthelela abantu emvelweni nasembulungeni reversibility yomthelela we bemvelo abantu nezinqubo ako.

Imvelo kanye landscape izinkinga omuzi

Lezi zinguquko ezimbi esikhathini esiningi ixhunyaniswe nokucekelwa phansi landscape amadolobha. Ngaphansi emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni ukushintsha zonke izingxenye - komhlaba futhi kwamanzi, nesimo sendawo yokwakheka komhlaba, flora nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, ikhava inhlabathi, izici zezulu. izinkinga Urban kwemvelo futhi amanga neqiniso lokuthi konke izingxenye ophilayo kohlelo sebeqala ukuzivumelanisa eziguquka ngesivinini izimo, okuholela ukuncipha zinhlobo ukwehluka futhi ukwehla endaweni izitshalo eliwumhlaba.

izinkinga Resource-kwezomnotho

Zihlotshaniswa isikali ukusetshenziswa enkulu ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, ukucutshungulwa yabo futhi esikhiqiza kwemfucumfucu enobuthi. Izimbangela izinkinga zemvelo - ku Ukungenela komuntu ku landscape yemvelo inqubo lwekutfutfukisa nokusaphaza ezingabonisi ukucabangela.

inkinga anthropological

inkinga Environmental - kuba izinguquko hhayi kuphela ongathandeki izimiso zemvelo. Ingase futhi iqukathe e Ukuwohloka ezisemadolobheni labantu impilo. Yenqaba izinga ezindaweni zasemadolobheni imayelana nani ukuvela izifo ezihlukahlukene. Imvelo kanye izakhiwo begazi abantu owawubumba phezu ezingaphezu kweyodwa yeminyaka, awukwazi ukushintsha okushesha njengokungena nezwe elibazungezile. Ukungafani phakathi lezi izinqubo ngokuvamile iholela ukungqubuzana phakathi imvelo kanye emvelweni yomuntu.

Uma ucabangela ngezimbangela zezinkinga eziphathelene kwemvelo, siphawula ukuthi abaluleke kakhulu wabo ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento lithathelwe okusheshayo eziphilayo kwizimo imvelo, futhi ngemva lithathelwe - lena enye yezimfanelo eziyinhloko wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Imizamo ukuthonya ijubane le nqubo aliholeli lutho oluhle.

Isimo sezulu

inkinga Environmental - kuwumphumela nokuxhumana phakathi imvelo kanye nomphakathi, okungaholela inhlekelele yembulunga yonke. Okwamanje, izinguquko ezilandelayo ezimbi kakhulu zenzeka eplanethini yethu:

- Inani elikhulu imfucuza - 81% - emkhathini.

- amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu eziyishumi square komhlaba kwaluqeda futhi ahlupheke ugwadule.

- Ishintsha umkhathi.

- wephule kwabantu ungqimba lwe-ozone (isibonelo, umgodi wabonakala phezu Antarctica).

- Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule luye lwanyamalala ezindaweni ubuso umhlaba izigidi ezingu-180-hectare ihlathi.

- Ngenxa emhlabeni ocean ukungcola ukuphakama amanzi awo luyanda njalo ngonyaka amamilimitha angu ezimbili.

- Kukhona okuqhubekayo kule ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo.

Njengoba sabala ososayensi, umhlaba uyakwazi nxephezela ngokugcwele ngoba ukuphazamiseka komuntu kwezinqubo ezingokwemvelo, uma oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa ngeke idlule amaphesenti omunye inani, kodwa manje bangamaphesenti eduze amaphesenti ayishumi. amathuba compensatory we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli is ngendlela engenathemba ibukelwa phansi njengoba yalokho, imvelo yale planethi is eziwohlokayo.

Imvelo eyamukelekayo amandla embundwini ngokuthi isilinganiso 1 TWh / ngonyaka. Nokho, it is kakhulu lidlule, ngakho wabhubhisa izakhiwo kunenzuzo imvelo. Empeleni, singakhuluma mayelana ekuqaleni impi yezwe yesithathu, okuyinto ngokumelene imvelo lwesintu. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi abawinile kule ukuphikiswa umane akukwazi.

amathemba esidumazayo

Ukuthuthukiswa global zezinhlekelele lihlotshaniswa nokwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu emhlabeni. Ukuqinisekisa izidingo okwandayo kumele kube ukusetshenziswa kathathu aphansi kwemithombo yemvelo emazweni aphezulu ukuthuthukiswa futhi ibambe iqhaza ekwenzeni ngcono inhlalakahle uthi ngabanye. I engenhla sici ovumelekile - abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu nambili. Uma abantu emhlabeni kuyoba ngaphezulu bese ezintathu bhiliyoni ezinhlanu uzobe nje ziyafa ngenxa yokoma nendlala unyaka ngamunye.

Izibonelo ezemvelo ka embulungeni yonke

Ukuthuthukisa "Amagesi Abamba Ukushisa Emkhathini" esanda abe more and more ukusabisa inqubo Earth. Ngenxa yalokho zokushintsha ibhalansi ukushisa planethi kanye izinga lokushisa ukwanda. izinkinga eziyizimbangela kukhona "greenhouse" amagesi, ikakhulukazi isikhutha. Umphumela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kubangelwa ukuncibilika kancane kancane iqhwa, nakho kuholela ekwandeni ezingeni Okwezwe Ocean.

nemvula ene-asidi

Imbangela eyinhloko zalesi simo negative yaziwa njengenye sulphur dioxide. Field we imithelela emibi kwezulu acid libanzi. Ziyakwazi kakade isimiso semvelo abaningi kubathinta kanzima, kodwa umonakalo kakhulu isetshenziswa izitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, isintu angase abhekane okukhulu ukulahlekelwa phytocenoses.

Amachibi ezinganele

ukuntuleka kwamanzi ahlanzekile kwezinye izifunda kukhona ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo wezoLimo umphakathi ngezidingo kanye umkhakha. It adlala indima ebalulekile, kunokuba eliningi, kanye izinga kwemithombo yemvelo.

Ukuwohloka "amaphaphu" planethi

ukubhujiswa Mindless, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokusetshenziswa engasimeme izinsiza ihlathi kwaholela ukuvela enye inkinga ezinkulu zemvelo. Scaffolding waziwa ukunikeza ukumuncwa isikhutha, okubangela "greenhouse" futhi ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa eyodwa tonne yezimila ukhululeka amathani 1.1 kuya 1,3 oksijini emkhathini.

Ungqimba lwe-ozone iyahlaselwa

Ukubhujiswa ungqimba lwe-ozone kuyiplanethi yethu kwasekuqaleni lihlotshaniswa ukusetshenziswa CFCs. Lezi amagesi asetshenziswa emhlanganweni ifriji amayunithi futhi ezihlukahlukene amathini. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi phezulu emkhathini ungqimba lwe-ozone ukujiya liyancipha. Isibonelo esimangalisayo zinkinga emgodini-ozone phezu Antarctica, indawo ngokuqhubekayo okwandisa futhi usephumile nangale kwemingcele yaleli zwekazi.

Isixazululo ezinkingeni phansi kwemvelo embulungeni yonke

Ingabe unayo ithuba ukugwema izibhicongo womuntu emhlabeni wonke? Yebo. Kodwa-ke kudingeka athathe izinyathelo ukhonkolo.

- Ezingeni zomthetho ukusungula imithetho ecacile nemvelo.

- Ukusebenza wezinyathelo eyodwa nokuvikela imvelo. Kungenzeka, isibonelo, imithetho iyunifomu international namazinga ukuvikela isimo sezulu, namahlathi, izilwandle nasemkhathini, njll

- liphakathi kuhlelwe umsebenzi olunzulu sokubuyiselwa ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo esifundeni, idolobha, idolobha kanye nezinye izinto eziqondile.

- Ukufundisa nokukhuthaza ukuqwasha kwemvelo nokuthuthukiswa zokuziphatha ngabanye.

isiphetho

intuthuko Technical buthola isivinini, kukhona ngcono njalo izinqubo zokukhiqiza, sesimanje imishini, ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha amazinga kahulumeni ahlukahlukene. Nokho, kuphela ingxenye encane emisha siphathelene ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kuphela ekuhlobaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo zonke amaqembu omphakathi kanye isimo kuzosiza ukuthuthukisa isimo emvelweni emhlabeni. Sekuyisikhathi ukubheka emuva ukuqaphela okulindele kithi esikhathini esizayo.