Vegetative futhi Izitho zokuzala izitshalo

Izitshalo aqukethe izitho ezifana vegetative futhi zokuzala. Ngamunye wabo unesibopho kwimisebenzi ethile. Vegetative - sokuthuthukisa kanye nokudla, kanye Izitho zokuzala zezitshalo abathintekayo yokuzala. Lezi zihlanganisa imbali, imbewu kanye nezithelo. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo "ukuzalwa" benzalo.

izitho vegetative

Ukuvela izitho vegetative kwakuhambisana nezinga isidingo ukuthola nezakhi emhlabathini. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Umsuka - umzimba omkhulu isitshalo ngasinye bukhule emhlabathini.
• Escape.
• Stem.
• Ihamba obhekene-photosynthesis.
• Izinso.

Impande kuvamile kubo bonke izitshalo, njengoba ibagcine futhi feeds, ziphuma izakhamzimba amanzi. Kwaba emlonyeni wakhe kuphuma amahlumela, ezimila amahlamvu.

Lapho imbewu germinates emgogodleni kuqala. He is isitho avelele isitshalo. Uma impande amandla inzuzo, kukhona uhlelo of amahlumela. Khona-ke, kwakheka stem is. It ahlelwe ohlangothini amahlumela ukuze yakha amaqabunga kanye efihlekile.

Stem eshiya izisekelo azigone kusukela ezimpandeni izakhamzimba. Ingase futhi ukugcina amanzi okwesikhathi nesomiso.

Ihamba obhekene photosynthesis kanye negesi lokushintshisana. Kwezinye izitshalo, banayo nezinye imisebenzi, ezifana supply izinto noma ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Ngo ukuvela izitho kuthiwa ukushintshwa. Lokhu kusiza izimila ukujwayela ukusinda ngokwemvelo. Kunezinhlobo omusha ahlukile ngaphezulu nesingakhangi.

impande

umzimba vegetative ebamba stem ehilelekile ukumuncwa amanzi nezakhi emhlabathini kulo lonke isikhathi sokuphila kwayo.

Kuvele ngemuva ukubonakala ezweni. izitshalo Umsuka wasiza lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha emhlabathini. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kusenabantu rootless - moss futhi psilotoobraznye.

Ngo angiosperms ukuthuthukiswa impande iqala umbungu ukufinyelela phansi. Njengoba umzimba livela esitebeleni, okuyindawo amahlumela ukubaleka.

Impande yalo icala evikelwe ezimise-, esiza ukuthola izakhi. Lokhu kungenxa isimo sawo futhi okuqukethwe semali isitashi.

stem

Axial izitho vegetative. Isiqu uthela amahlamvu, efihlekile kanye nezimbali. He is umbhidisi nezakhi uhlelo impande kwezinye izitho zalesi sihlahla. Isiqu ngesikhathi zinhlobo herbaceous nazo uyakwazi-photosynthesis, efana amaqabunga.

Uyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo: ukuze isitokwe futhi zizalela. stem isakhiwo kuyinto Isigaxa. I epidermis, noma izicubu, ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo cortex eyinhloko. Ngesikhathi sifanamsindvo kuba esinophawu lwesehluleki, futhi amahlumela, ezifana sunflower, leaf.

photosynthesis umsebenzi wenziwa yokuthi kukhona chloroplast njengengxenye stem. Le into Uphendula carbon dioxide futhi amanzi aba imikhiqizo organic. Indaba isitokwe kungenxa isitashi, okuyinto asiqediwe ngesikhathi ukukhula.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, monocots ekunqandeni azigcina isakhiwo yayo ngesikhathi sonke umjikelezo wokuphila. Ngo dicotyledonous iguquka. Lokhu kungabonakala kuyi- cut somuthi, lapho akhiwa emasongweni esihlahleni.

ishidi

Lokhu ohlangothini umzimba vegetative. Amaqabunga kwesama, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti. Authority ehilelekile-photosynthesis, transpiration kanye negesi lokushintshisana.

isitshalo kwemvelo kuye kwaholela ekuveleni inyamazane zilwane. Amahlamvu azo ukubamba izinambuzane futhi sidla nabo. Lokhu umzimba zezimila siguqulelwa ameva noma isiqu esincane sesihlahla, kanjalo enza umsebenzi zokuzivikela besikhumba saleso silwane.

Amahlamvu babe base kuxhumene ngayo isiqu. Ngokusebenzisa kuziwa emaqabungeni izakhamzimba. Kumila angase akhule ubude noma ububanzi. Ngemva kwakhe sikhule stipules. Amahlamvu babe emithanjeni, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: ovulekile futhi ivaliwe.

Ubude bempilo ngalesi umzimba vegetative incane. Izihlahla bechitha amaqabunga awo, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje imikhiqizo imfucuza, ezisele ngemuva photosynthesis.

cloning

isitshalo ngasinye has umjikelezo yayo yokuphila. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama ukuveza esebenzisa izitho vegetative:

• Yemvelo.
• Artificial.

engokwemvelo yokuzala is ekhiqizwa amaqabunga, umoba, impande nezilimo eziyizigaxa, rhizomes, ama.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha Artificial:

• Hlukanisa ehlathini. Rhizomatous izitshalo zihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana futhi uhlezi.
• Indlela yesibili - is ukhula lwenkohlakalo egcwele cuttings. Kungenzeka hhayi kuphela izimpande, kodwa amaqabunga kanye stem.
• On the isitshalo umama ingasetshenziswa cuttings.
• Futhi okudume iyona ndlela ngokuxhunyelelwa. Lokhu yilapho omunye izitshalo Sashintshelwa kwelinye.

izitho vegetative ukusiza kanye imifanekiso, e reproduction. Izitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Uma ehamba phansi hlala impela isikhala esikhulu.

Umsebenzi we Izitho zokuzala

ukubaluleka kwabo isakhiwo imbali kuqinisekisa zinhlobo imifanekiso, Ukuvikelwa imbewu kanye Izindawo zabo okwalandela. Izitho zokuzala ka angiosperms - imbali, imbewu kanye nezithelo. Kancane kancane esikhundleni nomunye.

Imbali - kuyinto sicu Ushintshe, okuyinto kancane kancane kokushintsha ebusweni. Imbewu ongaphakathi, ukuvuthwa futhi uzuza izakhamzimba. Emva kokukhulelwa, ke phathelana fetus. Siqukethe ezihlukahlukene imbewu kanye pericarp, esivikela kuzo kusukela imvelo bangaphandle.

Vegetative futhi Izitho zokuzala izitshalo njalo basebenzisane. Ngaphandle nomunye, abakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo.

imbali

Emvelweni zonke izinto sihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi izimbali babehlala umjikelezo yabo kabusha. Njengoba sishilo, ezithweni zokuzala izitshalo kukhona imbali, nezithelo imbewu. Basuke oxhumene nomunye ukuze silondoloze ukuphila futhi unike amandla izizukulwane ezintsha wayeyozalelwaphi.

isitho okunjalo zokuzala zalesi sihlahla, efana imbali, unesibopho impova, ukuvundisa imbewu kumiswa. Kuyinto sicu esifushane, okuyinto lushintshwe inqubo yokukhula.

Cabanga, kwakhiwa okuyinto ovela imbali:

• Peduncle - Axial ingxenye.
• Calyx. Siqukethe sepals futhi agcinwe ezansi le inflorescence.
• Corolla. Lubhekele imbali umbala futhi yakhiwa amacembe.
• Stamen. It ikhiqizwa impova esisiza impova.
• Pestle. Lapha kulapho impova germinates.

Izimbali zihlukaniswe, esikhundleni salokho, ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane futhi gay. Uyini umehluko? Ngo ngithanda abesilisa nabesifazane kokubili stamen futhi pistil. Ngokwesibonelo, corn kanye ithanga. Unisexual, monoecious noma unomzimba eyodwa kuphela. Lezi zihlanganisa sembabazane, Hemp. Imbali yisona sakhiwo zokuzala zalesi sihlahla, okuyinto unomthwalo imbewu ukubuyabuyelela.

Iningi ngokuvamile kwakheka efihlekile. Lona iqembu izimbali eziningana. Ziyakwazi elula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi, okungukuthi, umuntu noma peduncle eziningana. Inombolo yabo bangase bafinyelele amashumi ezinkulungwane phezu isitshalo efanayo.

Inflorescence - iqembu izimbali. Itholakala enisemikhawulweni amahlumela kanye amagatsha emithi. Ngokuvamile-ke kwakhiwa inflorescence ka florets ezincane. Nazo ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswe elula eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka abe oluvala amasondo olulodwa, lapho wabeka izimbali. Lesi sakamuva babe amagatsha side.

Common izinhlobo inflorescences :

• Ibhulashi - cherry, lily we esigodini.
• UJakobe - amabele.
• Basket - Daisy noma dandelion.
• Izambulela - cherry.
• Isihlangu - eliphakathi kwe.

inflorescences eyinkimbinkimbi kukhona ezimbalwa ezilula. umsuka wabo ixhunyiwe umsebenzi kokukhulelwa. Kukhula inani izimbali, impova idluliswe ngokushesha.

isithelo

Izitho zokuzala izitshalo ngokuyinhloko ukwenza umsebenzi zokukhiqiza kabusha. Isithelo ivikela imbewu ukusabalalisa yabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Iza phambi ezomile noma namanzi. Imbewu akhiwa ngaphakathi izithelo, yokuvuthwa kancane kancane. Ezinye zazo anemisila amadivaysi ukuthi bayasiza ekusakazeni, isibonelo, i-dandelion emoyeni uyahlakaza.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu izithelo:

1. Seeded enezingxenye ezintathu - cherry, ibhilikotsi, peach.
2. Polyspermic nge uginindela - amagilebhisi.

Dry izithelo multi-seeded iyisithiyo - amahlumela, futhi ngaphandle kwalo - uphizi. Oak - seeded.

Izitho zokuzala ezimila eziqhakazayo ahlelwe ukuze imbewu basakazwa izindlela eziningana:

• Phezu kwamanzi.
• Ngu emoyeni.
• Nge izilwane.
• Samorazbrasyvayutsya.

Izidumbu ahlelwe ukuze isitshalo kuyinqubo yokuzalwa izimpande zizalela. Izithelo kuthiwa ingashintshwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izilwane zawo bathunyelwa. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa amadivayisi njenge izingwegwe, parachutes, umbala nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ukunambitheka emnandi.

imbewu

Ukwazi lokho isitshalo zitho zokuzala, sizwisise indlela ukukhiqiza kabusha. Imbewu nokuzala kanye kwenele ukulima esizayo. Siqukethe ikhasi, igciwane kanye nezakhi ivela stem.

Njengengxenye imbewu, amaphrotheni, amafutha kanye carbohydrate. Eqinisweni, i-fetus - ke iziqalo sifanamsindvo, izimpande namaqabunga. He is ingxenye eyinhloko yenzalo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi esisodwa noma ezimbili cotyledons.

Imbewu futhi ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene. Kwezinye izakhi ezitholakala endosperm, kuyilapho abanye izindwangu lingekho ngokuphelele amasheya.

Imbewu elingenamikhono ivikela kusukela izakhi, umoya nezilwane. Ngemva ukukhula kuyasiza ukuba axazulule le isitshalo. Ezinye izinhlobo zigcinwa isikhumba izakhamzimba.

Imbewu for abantu nezilwane, ukudla. Inani labo phansi phezulu ngokwanele, njengoba ku-fetus. Lezi zitho zezitshalo abathintekayo emjikelezweni, ebonisa ngokuphila kwezinambuzane nezilwane, ngaleyo ndlela babanike ukudla.

izitshalo ephakeme

yonke into ihlelwe kahle ukuze eziphilayo bakwazi ukhule njalo emhlabeni simila. izitshalo Ephakeme babe izitho ezifana ihlumela impande. Ahluke ukuthi umbungu livela inqubo sokukhulelwa.

Izitho zokuzala izitshalo ephakeme, uxhumana vegetative, esikhundleni isigaba esibalulekile. Bahlanganisa neminyango ezine:

• Izinhlobo zikhule ezindaweni esemanzi. Lezi zihlanganisa horsetails futhi wona club. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama-kufaka impande, stem kanye namahlamvu.
• Bryophytes kukhona iqembu Lesisemkhatsini. umzimba wabo wentiwa lendwangu, kodwa abanayo imithambo yegazi. Ukuhlala njengase elina enhlabathini eyomile. Moss hhayi kuphela eveza nge ezinhlamvu, kodwa futhi ngokocansi futhi vegetatively.
• Gymnosperms. Izitshalo endala. Ngokuvamile, lezi zihlanganisa AmaConifers nezihlahla. Abanaso eziqhakaza, kodwa akha izithelo Isigaxa nge imbewu ngaphakathi.
• Angiosperms. Izitshalo ezivamile. Ahluke ukuthi imbewu thembeke ezifihlakele ngaphansi kwesikhumba izithelo. Lokusakaza senzeka ngezindlela eziningana. Ahluke ukuthi babe besilisa kwezitho zobulili yesifazane isakhiwo.

Zonke lezi zitshalo akhule phansi u-Adalberto isikhathi eside. Yehluka nomunye by yokuzala futhi khona izitho ezihlukahlukene. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izimila kunethonya elikhulu ukuphila komuntu ngezinga elikhulu.

izitshalo eziqhakazayo

Lolu hlobo iyona enkulu kunazo zonke embusweni isitshalo. Eziqhakazayo, noma angiosperms, bakhula emhlabeni kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izinhlobo ukuvela ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningi.

The main Izitho zokuzala izimbali izitshalo - imbewu. Basuke ivikelwe izithelo ezozisiza iqhubeka kuze wokusabalalisa. Ngokuthakazelisayo, leli yilona qembu kuphela izitshalo ukuthi kungenziwa embondelene ukwakha umphakathi. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, izimbali zihlukaniswe zenyathi ezimbili: monocots futhi dicots.

Umehluko omkhulu izimbali ukuthi Izitho zokuzala zezitshalo - izimbali, izithelo nembewu. Impova kwenzeka umoya, amanzi, izinambuzane nezilwane. Isakhiwo izitshalo babe besilisa zarostok besifazane futhi kukhona kokukhulelwa double.

Imbewu ukuhluma elicwile amanzi aba maningi aze ahlanganise, bese esikhundleni izidakamizwa wajinge wanamatsela futhi lunikeze amandla ngoba ukuhluma. Ngoba kukhona igciwane embryonic, kamuva iba imbali, umuthi noma utshani.

gymnosperms

Lolu hlobo uvele eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Gymnosperms ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu, futhi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yabonakala imbewu. Ngokusho oyiyo izithelo - is esingu. Imbewu itholakala ngaphansi izikali neze evikelwe.

Ngo gymnosperms, izitho zokuzala kungaba ezinhlobo ezehlukene. Kwamanye uhlevane ke, abanye zifana amajikijolo.

Lezi zihlanganisa hhayi AmaConifers kuphela, kodwa futhi izihlahla lezihlahla. Ogwadule Kenya ikhula isitshalo emangalisayo, esesikhundleni amashidi ezinkulu ezimbili kuphela. umzala lakhe ephedra. Lokhu gymnosperm ukuthi ine encane round amajikijolo.

Inqubo impova

Njengoba ayaziwa ezithweni zokuzala izitshalo kukhona imbali, nezithelo imbewu. Lokho kunendlela sokukhulelwa, impova kuyadingeka, okwenza ukubukeka siyinzalo.

Ngo angiosperms, ukuhlangana lamaseli owesilisa nowesifazane. Lokhu kutholakala sibonga uMhloli Wemiqulu. Le nqubo sokudlulisela impova ziyisuse kwesinye isimila ziyiyise kwesinye. Kwezinye izimo, kukhona self-impova.

Ukuze uMhloli Wemiqulu abasizi ezidingekayo. Okokuqala, kungcono izinambuzane. Bona ukukuxoxela impova amnandi bawuthwale kusuka kwenye imbali kuya ku stigmas yabo namaphiko. Ngemva kwalokho, baqala umsebenzi wakho Izitho zokuzala izitshalo. Izimbali ukuthi zithola impova esebenzisa izinambuzane, zipendwe ngemibala egqamile futhi ecebile. Ngemva imidwebo, basuke bakhangwa iphunga elimnandi. Izinambuzane enephunga imbali, ashiye kude kakhulu.

izitshalo Wind-impova nazo ifakwe amadivaysi ezikhethekile. anthers zabo zitholakala ngokukhululekile ngempela, ngakho umoya ithwala impova. Ngokwesibonelo, izimbali zikabhabhulini umoya. Lokhu kuvumela unimpeded sife impova kusuka isihlahla eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Zikhona izitshalo e impova esisiza izinyoni ezincane. izimbali zabo abe ukunambitheka abukhali, kodwa ifakwe umbala obomvu. Lidonsa izinyoni baphuze umpe impova kwenzeka kanyekanye.

Evolution of izitshalo

Ngemva ukubonakala ezweni ishintshile nemvelo. Izitshalo ziye zashintsha kancane kancane futhi zithathelwe indawo Izinhlobo weza izimbali, kwezihlahla notshani. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ukubukeka impande uhlelo, izicubu namaseli.

Nge ezihlukahlukene Izitho zokuzala ka angiosperms uvele ezingaphezu futhi zenyathi. Ukuze zizalela yaqala ukubonakala ezinhlamvu kanye imbewu, okuyizinto amaseli lwegciwane.

Baqala ukuvela kancane kancane amahlumela, amacembe kanye izithelo. Ngemva izitshalo ichweba ziye zashintsha ngezindlela ezimbili. Abanye (gametophyte) kwase kunezinto ezimbili okufanele izigaba ukuthuthukiswa, kuyilapho abanye (sporophytic) lidlule komunye umjikelezo kwenye.

Izitshalo sebejwayele futhi savela. Spore izinhlobo zensimbi 40 amamitha eliphezulu. Baqala avele zonke izingxenye ezintsha okuzala ka izitshalo. kwemvelo yabo ixhomeke imvelo bangaphandle.

Kwakheka ngaphakathi umbungu imbewu, okuyinto emva kokukhulelwa futhi sishaye lihluma. Kwake kwathi ngo-phansi, yondliwa izakhi ziphenduka ihlumela.

Izinguquko Emculweni We-inqubo kokukhulelwa kuye kwaholela ekuveleni angiosperms, ogama imbewu abangu agodliwe izithelo.

Inani nezitshalo womuntu

izwe zemvelo ukuze kuzuze abantu abunakuqhathaniswa. Izitshalo hhayi kuphela ihlaba umkhosi amagesi nosawoti namanzi, kodwa eziguqulelwa izinto wezinto kudingekile ekuphileni. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo impande, amahlumela namaqabunga negesi lokushintshisana kwenzeka.

izitshalo Green buthelela izinto ezibalulekile organic, emoyeni nahlanza-carbon dioxide, kuyilapho yokumatisa ke umoya-mpilo.

Ngenxa imithombo yemvelo abantu bathola imikhiqizo ligugu, kudingekile ekuphileni. Izitshalo zibe ngukudla kwezilwane nabantu. Zisetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo ezehlukene ekukhiqizeni izimonyo.

Njengoba isitho zokuzala zalesi sihlahla isithelo kanye imbewu, ziye zaba esisemqoka ekudleni kwabantu. Amajikijolo ezimila ehlathini, efana cishe yonke into. Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, nowoyela nakho kuvele kwezimila. Peatlands - kuyinto ukuvela ulwelwe kanye Izinhlobo.

Vegetative futhi Izitho zokuzala zezimbali zidlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zabo. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo umsoco, ukuthuthukiswa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Lapho lo mjikelezo ukuphila kuphela, imbewu ziqhume bese esabalala kwesitshalo esisha.