UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: Biography, izithombe, izingcaphuno

Against okushisa aphansi, eduze zero ngokuphelele, yamazinga aphezulu, okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze synthesis nuclei-athomu - okungukuthi uhla umsebenzi wesikhathi eside Academician Kapitsa. Wayengumuntu kabili iqhawe Socialist Labour and waklonyeliswa Stalin Prize kanye KaNobel.

ebuntwaneni

UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ogama biography izokwethulwa kulesi sihloko, wazalelwa Kronstadt ngo-1894. Uyise, leonid Petrovich ukuthi ungunjiniyela lempi futhi wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa kwalesi Kronstadt izinqaba. Umama - Olga Ieronimovna - kuyinto onguchwepheshe temdzabu izincwadi zezingane.

Ngo-1905 Petya ayekufunda esikoleni, kodwa ngenxa intuthuko abampofu (ezimbi inikezwe Latin) umfana eshiya wakhe ngonyaka. Tadisha academician esizayo uyaqhubeka e Kronstadt esikoleni. Waqeda ngayo honours ngo-1912.

Ucwaningo e-University of

Ekuqaleni, uPyotr Kapitsa (bheka isithombe. Ngezansi) uhlele ukutadisha physics kanye mathematics umnyango Petersburg University, kodwa lapho akazange athathe. Le nsizwa banquma ukuzama inhlanhla yakhe "Polytechnic Institute", futhi sikufisela bamoyizela. Peter libhaliswe ku umnyango electromechanical. Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala insizwa abanamakhono wamonyuka ukunakwa UProfesa A. F. Ioffe futhi idonse intsha ukuba ucwaningo ezindaweni zokucwaninga lalo.

Army futhi lomshado

Ngo-1914, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa waya Scotland okwesikhathi ngamaholidi. Kukhona ulwazi lokuthi uhleleni ukuzijayeza English abo. Kodwa Okokuqala Umhlaba, futhi le nsizwa yayingumuntu bakwazi ukubuyela ekhaya ngo-August. Ngo Petrograd, wayengumuntu kuphela ngo-November.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1915, Peter wayenikela ngezinkonzo phezu Western Front. Wamiswa esikhundleni sokuba ambulensi umshayeli. Futhi, wayeqhubeka e iloli yakhe elimele.

Ngo-1916 waba demobilized, noPetru wabuyela ekolishi. ngokushesha Joffe esitatimendeni ulayishe insizwa umsebenzi yokulinga endaweni yokucwaninga physics futhi badonseleka iqhaza mhlangano zabo ezingokwenyama (kuqala eRussia). Ngawo lowo nyaka Kapitsa eshicilelwe Isihloko sakhe sokuqala. Futhi, washada Nadezhda Chernosvitova, woza indodakazi ukuba ilungu leKomiti Central we ubusosha Party.

Sebenza Institute entsha Physics

Ngo-1918 A. F. Ioffe wahlela Research Institute Physics kanye kuqala eRussia. UPyotr Kapitsa, izingcaphuno okuyinto ungafunda ngezansi, ephothula Polytechnic kulo nyaka futhi wasuka ngokushesha eziyisa kuthisha.

Kakhulu isimo post-wamavukelambuso akazange athembisa yini nesayensi yangempela. Joffe esitatimendeni isiza ukugcina workshop abafundi siqu, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uPetru. Wanxusa Kapitsa ushiye Russia, kodwa uhulumeni akazange imvume. Yasiza Maxim Gorky, wabe esenikwa kubhekwe umbhali ezinethonya kunazo. Peter wavunyelwa ukushiya yase-England. Ngokushesha ngaphambi Ukuhamba Kapitsa Petersburg kokugqashuka Umkhuhlane. Ukuze uthole ngenyanga nsizwa wayeshonelwe umkakhe, indodakazi kuzalwa, indodana noyise.

Imisebenzi e-England

Ngo-May 1921, uPitrosi weza England njengengxenye Russian Academy of Sciences Committee on. Umgomo oyinhloko ososayensi iye ekubuyiseleni izibopho yesayensi, kuliwa nokuvukela. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, i-physics uPyotr Kapitsa bazinza Cavendish Laboratory eliholwa uRutherford. Wathatha le nsizwa ukuba ukuqeqeshwa wesikhathi esifishane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, acumen ubunjiniyela amakhono okuhlela nokucwaninga usosayensi Russian kwagxila elinamandla 'uRutherford.

Ngo-1922, Kapitsa zobudokotela eCambridge University. igunya lakhe kwezesayensi lwanda inchubekelembili weJiyomethri. Ngo-1923 yena yanikezelwa umfundaze Maxwell. Ngemva konyaka, usosayensi baba Iphini Lomqondisi we Laboratory.

ushade

Ngo-1925, Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa ehlala e-Paris Krylov, ngubani wamethula indodakazi yakhe u-Anna. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, waba umka nososayensi. Ngemva komshado, uPetru wathenga indawo Huntington Road komhlaba ukwakha indlu. Ngokushesha lapha kuzovela ekukhanyeni namadodana akhe - U-Andrew no-Sergey.

iqhawe Magnetic

UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ogama biography sekufikile kibo bonke zesayensi ezaziwayo, ngenkuthalo uyaqhubeka efundelwa izinqubo tingucuko nuclei futhi ukubola enemisebe. Efika up ukufakwa entsha Isizukulwane namandla amakhulu kazibuthe kanye uthola imiphumela irekhodi, 6-7 izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane enkulu kunalena eyedlule. Landau ke awakholelwa kuye "kazibuthe iqhawe emhlabeni."

Buyela eU.SSR

Ngokuhlola izakhiwo insimbi kazibuthe, uPetru Leonidovich Kapitsa waqaphela isidingo sokuba ashintshe izimo zokuhlola. Dinga aphansi (gel) lokushisa. Kuyinto emkhakheni lokushisa ongaphakeme physics usosayensi usezuze impumelelo enkulu. Kodwa ucwaningo ngale ndaba, uPetru Leonidovich ngichithe ekhaya.

Izikhulu kuhulumeni waseSoviet njalo ukumqhubela endaweni ehlala njalo ohlala e-USSR. Ososayensi bebelokhu benesithakazelo e isiphakamiso esinjalo, kodwa isuke isihlale isikhathi njalo wawubonisa inani izimo, indaba ebaluleke kunazo zonke lapho - uhambo oluya West njengoba oyifunayo. Uhulumeni awuhambanga phambili.

Ehlobo lika-1934 Kapitsa nomkakhe bavakashela eSoviet Union, kodwa sebefika ukuya e-England, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-visa abo kukhanselwe. Kamuva, u-Anna sivunyelwa ukuba sibuyele ukuze izingane ziyise eMoscow. 'URutherford nabangane kaPetru ngabuza uhulumeni wamaSoviet ukuvumela Kapitsa ukuba baphindele eNgilandi ukuze uqhubeke. Kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya.

Ngo-1935, uPyotr Kapitsa, Biography iDemo okuyinto bonke ososayensi, eholwa Isikhungo Izinkinga Physical we-Academy of Sciences ezaziwayo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uvume kulesi sikhundla, wafuna ukuthenga imishini, okuyinto besebenza kwamanye amazwe aphesheya. Ngaleso sikhathi, 'uRutherford kakade washiya isikhundla sakhe ekulahlekelweni umsebenzi ezibalulekile futhi ithengiswe imishini kusuka elabhorethri.

Incwadi kuHulumeni

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich (isithombe enamathiselwe isihloko) wabuyela ekhaya ekuqaleni ekuqothulweni kaStalin. Ngisho kulesi sikhathi esinzima, yena ngesankahlu bavikela imibono yakhe. Ukwazi ukuthi konke kuleli zwe enquma abaphathi abaphezulu, wayevame wabhala izincwadi ngomzamo bahlanganyele ingxoxo engagwegwesi futhi lihlaba ngokuqondile. Kusukela ngo-1934 kuya ku-1983, usosayensi waya ezibiyele izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-300. Zilethwa ukungenela Petr Leonidovich ivela emajele nasemakamu atakulwa ososayensi abaningi.

umsebenzi ephakeme kanye ukutholakala

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni physics njalo wathola isikhathi imisebenzi yesayensi. On akhululwe England isethaphu, yena baqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe endaweni emasimini oqinile magnetic. I ucwaningo abathintekayo abasebenzi kusukela Cambridge. Lezi ucwaningo baqhubeka iminyaka eminingana futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ososayensi baye ephethwe yokuthuthukisa ophephela unit, sekuyinto eyanele Ziyancibilika emoyeni. Ukufakwa akudingi zangaphambi Ukupholisa ngomoya helium. It ngokuzenzakalelayo selehlile ngesikhathi ukunwetshwa endaweni datendere ekhethekile. ukufakwa gel okunjalo manje selisetshenziswa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe.

Ngo-1937, ngemva ucwaningo kakhulu kule ndawo Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa (uMklomelo KaNobel usosayensi emva kweminyaka 30 azonikezwa) zathola ayisisekelo. Wathola lo mkhuba superfluidity ane-helium. Isiphetho eyinhloko isifundo ngaleso lokushisa ngezansi 2,19 ° K viscosity ku-intanethi. Eminyakeni eyalandela Petr Leonidovich wathola nezinye izenzakalo ezingasadingeki e-helium. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusatshalaliswa ukushisa kuwo. Ngenxa yaleli ucwaningo isayensi entsha - physics kwenani uketshezi.

Ukugwema ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ibhomu le-athomu

Ngo-1945, iSoviet Union yaqala uhlelo ukuthuthukisa izikhali zenuzi. UPyotr Kapitsa, ogama amabhuku bebelokhu ethandwa emphakathini yesayensi, yenqaba ukuhlanganyela kuwo. Ukuze lokhu yena lisusiwe kusuka imisebenzi yesayensi wafaka uboshelwa endlini iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Njengoba usosayensi ophucwa ithuba ukuxhumana nozakwethu. Kodwa uPyotr Leonidovich awuzange udangele futhi ucwaningo baqhubeka unqume ukuhlela laboratory at dacha kwakhe.

Kwakulapho, in the izimo zazingavumi kahle, nguye owasungula ephezulu amandla electronics, elaba isinyathelo sokuqala Fusion amandla kwakuwukuthi. Kodwa ucwaningo agcwele usosayensi wakwazi ukubuyela kuphela ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngo-1955. Waqala ukufunda ephezulu lokushisa plasma. Made esikhathini ukuvulwa kwakheka isisekelo isikimu of a ophendulayo iArmagedoni ka isenzo esiqhubekayo.

Abanye ucwaningo lwakhe eyakufakela ugqozi kabusha lokusungula abalobi yesayensi. Imicabango yabo mayelana ukuzama ukwenza zonke umbhali. Peter Kapitza naye wafundelwa ngaleso sikhathi a Fireball futhi hydrodynamics izingqimba mncane okusamanzi. Kodwa isithakazelo esijulile wamemeza izakhiwo plasma, futhi microwave ugesi.

Izikhangibavakashi phesheya futhi uMklomelo KaNobel

Ngo-1965, uPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa wathola uhulumeni imvume yokuya Denmark. Lapho, yena yanikezelwa ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide ka Niels Bohr. I-physics wabheka laboratories zendawo enikeza inkulumo ukuze amandla aphezulu. Ngo-1969, usosayensi nomkakhe lokuqala wavakashela e-United States.

Maphakathi no-October 1978 usosayensi wathola incwadi yocingo evela Swedish Academy of Sciences. Isihloko kwaba yila mazwi: "UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. UMklomelo KaNobel ". Physicists selikhona ucwaningo eziyisisekelo emkhakheni okushisa aphansi. Lokhu kuyizindaba ezimnandi, 'ayakuhlwithwa' usosayensi ngenkathi umoya "Barvikha" eduze eMoscow.

Izintatheli owayamukela-inthavyu, wacelwa: "Yimuphi kulaba impumelelo yomuntu siqu yesayensi ucabangela ezibaluleke kakhulu?" UPyotr Leonidovich wathi ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu usosayensi owakhe lo msebenzi zamanje. "Ngokwami, ngenzani manje Fusion yenyukliya", - Wanezela.

inkulumo Kapitsa sika e Stockholm eyayingavamile e irisidi premium. Ngokuphambene iziqondiso, enikeza inkulumo hhayi aphansi-lokushisa-physics, kodwa mayelana plasma bese elawulwa iArmagedoni ukusabela. UPyotr Leonidovich wachaza isizathu leli lungelo. Usosayensi wathi: "Kwakunzima ukuba ukhethe isihloko for KaNobel inkulumo. Nganqoba umklomelo ucwaningo emkhakheni okushisa aphansi, kodwa akaze axoxisane kuzo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Ngo sikhungo yami, yebo, qhubeka nokuhlola lesi sihloko, kodwa ngiye kwi ekutadisheni izinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze ukusabela iArmagedoni. Ngikholwa ukuthi manje le ndawo yinhle futhi olufanele, njengoba kuzosiza ekuxazululeni isondela amandla esibucayi. "

Usosayensi wafa ngo-1984, kancane, engakayihlanganisi iminyaka engu engu-90 iminyaka engu-. Ekuphetheni, sethula amazwi yakhe edume kunazo zonke.

izingcaphuno

"Inkululeko Human kungenziwa nomkhawulo ngezindlela ezimbili: udlame noma indlela abantu abakhuliswe ngayo kwase moya ingqondo."

"Umuntu uyisidalwa abasha nje ukwenza izinto abayiziwula."

"Awukwazi icala isayensi-mbumbulu kubhekwe. Kodwa ukuntula kwabo ukuqashelwa - ke ngempela kuyinto isayensi-mbumbulu. "

"Umuntu Talented owazi lokho ekufunayo."

"Geniuses musa zisenza sibe inkathi, kodwa inkathi ozalwa."

'Ukuze sijabule, umuntu kumelwe uzibone khulula. "

"Loyo ijubane. ukuchayeka kuphela akuyona kwamahora ambalwa, futhi iminyaka eminingi. "

"Musa ukusibekela, kodwa ugcizelela kuwukuphikisana. Bona neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. "

"Isayensi kumele kube elula, kumnandi futhi kumnandi. Kuyefana nasendleleni ososayensi ".

"Inkohliso esibalulekile uhlelo yeningi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwamasabatha inqubekela phambili inombolo encane yabantu. Uyokwanelisa isifiso sabo iningi umane ukuwunqanda. "

"Ukuphila - like a game card, lapho iqhaza, zingayazi imithetho."