Izitshalo Relic. Izinhlobo izitshalo esifuze

Izinsalela - kukhona eziphilayo ezigcinwe izwe ezindaweni ezithile kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, naphezu ushintsho nemibandela khona. Ziyakwazi izinsalela amaqembu yokhokho, okuyizinto okusakazekile kwezinkathi Geological esidlule. Igama elithi "esifuze" lisuselwa reliquus Latin, elisho ukuthi "lonke."

izitshalo Relict nezilwane ongowenani elikhulu ngokwesayensi. Ziyakwazi abathwali ulwazi kanye kungaba okuningi ukutshela mayelana imvelo engokwemvelo esikhathini esidlule. Ake ukubazi nge isitshalo eziphilayo labizwa ngokuthi esifuze.

izitshalo esifuze Geographical

Ngu ezindawo relict zezitshalo ezigcinwe endaweni ethize njengoba insali kwezinkathi esidlule Geological lapho nemibandela khona okuningi ezahlukene kusukela namhlanje. Ngakho, i-Neogene (ephakeme) izinsalela zihlanganisa ihlathi ukwakha izihlahla (onsundu, zelkova, nabanye abambalwa), eziningi siluhlaza nezihlahla (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, ruscus aculeatus, rhododendron pontic et al.), Futhi izitshalo utshani ezikhulayo Kolkhida. Lena zinhlobo sasivumela ukushisa-onothando izitshalo esifuze, ngakho agcinwa ezindaweni sezulu efudumele.

Izibonelo relicts glacial kukhona cinquefoil marsh, ikhula eCaucasus, futhi birch yemifino, walondoloza eYurophu Ephakathi.

relicts Phylogenetic (izinsalela zamathambo ophilayo)

Lezi zinhlobo ekhona njengamanje basonta taxa, cishe ngokuphelele izigidi yokuqothulwa eminyakeni ethile edlule. bayalondolozwa, njengoba umthetho, ngenxa inyumbazana ngenxa yazo basukela amaqembu ezithuthukayo ezingaphezu. Ngu izitshalo esifuze phylogenetic zihlanganisa njenge-ginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, zama-welwitschia.

ginkgo

isihlahla Relict, ingenye omdala Emhlabeni. Ukutadisha zezinhlobo ezimbiwa phansi abonisa ukuthi ginkgo yobudala akuyona iminyaka million kunaleyo 200. Bavele ekuqaleni Permian Late, kwathi phakathi nawo akhulise Jurassic kakade okungenani 15 izizukulwane ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo biloba ) - zilwane nje ulondoloze kuze kube manje. Kuyinto isitshalo lezihlahla okuqondene gymnosperms. ukuphakama Its 40 amamitha. Izihlahla zinezikhathi uhlelo impande evuthiwe, amelana uma isimo sezulu sisibi, ikakhulukazi ukuze imimoya enamandla. Kunezenzakalo ukuthi Usufike yobudala ayizinkulungwane 2.5. Iminyaka.

Ngenxa ngaphezu ginkgo gymnosperms ephethwe uphayini sonwele kubhekwe ngaphambilini isitshalo yethu futhi basonta uphayini, nakuba wehlukile kubo. Nokho, kuze kube manje, kukhona ukusikisela ukuthi amadlozi yiwona lasendulo ginkgo imbewu Izinhlobo.

kubonakala Ngaphambili lezi okuthiwa izinsalela zamathambo ophilayo kungenzeka kuphela e-China ne-Japani. Kodwa namuhla, lesi sitshalo kutshalwa amapaki kanye Botanical izingadi eNyakatho Melika kanye zone ezinesimo sezulu Europe.

Metasequoia

Libhekisela uhlobo lwe of AmaConifers Cypress umndeni. Okwamanje, kukhona kuphela esifuze walondoloza - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). izitshalo Ukuntuleka kwalesi silwane babe emahlathini aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Baqala ukufa kancane kancane ngenxa ushintsho sezulu kanye nokuncintisana ezihlahleni ezibanzi enezicabha. zezinhlobo Ukuhlala yalesi sihlahla atholakele ngo-1943. Ngaphambi kwalokho, Metasequoia itholakala kuphela ngesimo zamathambo futhi kubhekwe yokuqothulwa.

Kuze kube manje, lezi zitshalo esifuze zayo ezigcinwe kwezinye zasendle kuphela ezifundazweni Sichuan futhi Hubei (enkabeni yeChina) futhi zifakwe International Red Book, ngoba kukhona on the esengozini yokuqothulwa.

Ngenxa isikhalazo ezibukwayo Metasequoia Simila izingadi namapaki-Asia Ephakathi, e-Ukraine, eCrimea, eCaucasus, kanye e-Canada, e-United States futhi emazweni amaningana aseYurophu.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) kungokwalabo uhlobo lwe nezitshalo eziqhakazayo Aptingievye umndeni kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezinhlanu. Yande izitshalo idatha esifuze babe esikhathini ephakeme. Imbangela yokuqothulwa yabo eYurophu kwakuwukunqoba ice omkhulu phakathi Ubudala Ice. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nomthelela ukunyamalala zinhlobo kusuka eNyakatho neMelika neMpumalanga Ekude.

Namuhla Liquidambar ezivamile eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia.

Ingabe izihlahla mikhulu lezihlahla ukuthi akhule 25-40 amamitha, namahlamvu palmate-Lobed futhi izimbali ezincane, bahlangana inflorescence globular. Isithelo has a bok ukubukeka amabhokisi, ngaphakathi okuyinto kukhona sebuningini imbewu.

equisetum

Lezi izinsalela - isitshalo uhlobo lwe of semithambo walondoloza sibaningi futhi izinombolo manje zinhlobo-30. manje Zonke izinhlobo ezikhulayo utshani zisetshenziswa. Sikwazi ukukhula ubude ngamamitha ambalwa. Uhlobo olukhulu iyona horsetail giant (Equisetum giganteum). Lapho ubukhulu isiqu, ukuthi aseqeli 0.03 m, ke singafinyelela ubude obungamamitha esiphezulu 12 metres. Growing horsetail giant eChile, Mexico, Peru ne-Cuba. Kukhona futhi luyakhula futhi ifomu ezinamandla kakhulu - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). Ezingeni ukuphakama 2 m ububanzi 10 cm.

Okushukunyiswa horsetails libhekene ukuqina okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto alichaza khona Silica. Izitshalo futhi abe izimpande kakhulu athuthukile izimpande adventitious ngaleso ISIZINDA lapho amelana kakhulu ezicini ezihlukahlukene enqabayo futhi kungaba asinde ngisho umlilo wequbula. Horsetails zivamile emazwekazini kakhulu, ngaphandle Australia kanye kuphela-Antarctica.

Wollemi

Pine relict komuthi kwakumelela okuwukuphela - Wollemi yizicukuthwane (Wollémia ngeNobilis). Kuyinto omunye izitshalo endala. Sikhula emuva esikhathini Jurassic. Lesi sitshalo wayebhekwa njengomngane ezingasekho isikhathi eside. Nokho, ngo-1994, Wollemi kwatholakala omunye wabasebenzi we National Park -Australia ngu-David Noble obubusa udumo futhi yaqanjwa ukubukwa (ngeNobilis - "enhle"). Kwatholakala cishe lonke relict Grove. Ubudala yemithi endala ngakuthola kusolakala iminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000.

Wollemi isihlahla impela high. Ngakho-ke, ungaba 35-40 amamitha. izitshalo amahlamvu namaqabunga ezifanayo ngokuphelele Agatis Jurassic, zikhona iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-150 edlule futhi uzakuthathwa ukhokho wezinsalela zamandulo Wollemi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwenkathi Jurassic.

sciadopitys

Kukhona ifomu elilodwa kuphela - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). Esikhathini kwezinkathi Geological esidlule, lolu hlobo izihlahla kwaba ukusabalala omkhulu. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi izinsalela zabo zatholwa Cretaceous eJapane, Greenland, Norway, Yakutia, esifundeni esise-Ural.

Kuleli qophelo embhalweni izimo zemvelo sciadopitys likhula kuphela kwezinye iziqhingi kwakufika eJapane, lapho kugcinwa ezingeni ukuphakama 500-1000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle e-ezinomswakama emahlathini asezintabeni, kanye phezu nasemithambekeni, in the kwemihosha ezikude zeminqumo.

Sciadopitys - isihlahla esihlale siluhlaza has a umqhele pyramidal. ikhule kumuntu ukuphakama 40 m usayizi isiqu selilonke -. Ukuze 4 amamitha. Libhekene ukukhula kancane kakhulu. Umuthi evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "zikaphayini isambulela" ngenxa isakhiwo eyingqayizivele izinaliti. inaliti wayo esiyisicaba nokuba ubude obuphakathi kuze kufinyelele 0,15 m, whorls zamanga yakha futhi basakaza ngaphandle emaceleni, njengokungathi spokes isambulela.

izithelo Sciadopitys kukhona Izigaxa okusaqanda, isikhathi yokuvuthwa okuyinto iminyaka emibili.

Njengoba sciadopitys kungaba isikhathi eside ukuba sikhule izigubhu, ke livame ukusetshenziswa ukulima zokuhlobisa njengoba izitshalo endlini futhi abamba ukushisa. Njengoba isiko epaki owethulwa eYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-19.

zama-welwitschia

Zama-welwitschia emangalisayo (welwitschia mirábilis) - kwezinhlobo esekhona kuphela. Elinye lamalungu amathathu ayengaphansi kunalokho eziningi ekilasini gnetalians ezenzeka namuhla. igama layo Zama-welwitschia emangalisayo ke wathola ngenxa yokuthi iba khona engavamile.

Lesi sitshalo akathandi yini otshanini noma isihlahla noma emthini. Kuyinto isiqu awugqinsi, 15-50 cm aphumele ngaphezu kwamanzi umhlabathi. Ingxenye esele lifihliwe ngaphansi komhlaba. Futhi kanjalo amahlamvu relict ukufinyelela 2 ububanzi futhi 6 metres ubude. Yobudala ezinye zezinhlobo engaphezu kwengu-2000.

Zama-welwitschia kuyinto Locus wengxenye ningizimu-ntshonalanga Afrika, okuyi enamadwala lwaseNamibia ehlane, itholakala ngasogwini Atlantic. Lesi sitshalo ivelakancane ukuthola amamitha angaphezu kuka-100 kusukela ogwini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuba ngempela ibanga elingako onganqoba mists ukuthi zama-welwitschia ungumthombo amanzi anikeza ukuphila.