"Imiphefumulo Dead": impendulo ku umkhiqizo. "Imiphefumulo Dead" by Nikolai Gogol

Enye yezincwadi enkulu ukuthi uN V Gogol wabhala - kungcono "Imiphefumulo Dead". Izibuyekezo ababephila ngesikhathi eziningi uNikolai Kwabamaziyo eduze, bathi umbhali akuyona umuzwa wokuzibona sibalulekile. Ubona ngokuthi ungumuntu othiwa emgomweni othile omkhulu.

Umqulu wokuqala izinkondlo, kanye nekhophi

Kwaba le ncwadi futhi saba umnikelo wakhe omkhulu ukuba umlando izincwadi. Gogol umsebenzi waqala iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili namashumi amathathu, emva nje impumelelo amanoveli akhe. Lesi yisikhathi inkhulumomphendvulwano okukhulu nomlobi Aleksandrom Sergeevichem Pushkinym, ngubani aphakanyisiwe esiqintini "Imiphefumulo Dead".

UNikolai kwakuwukubekelwa imingcele imvume ukushicilelwa umqulu wokuqala ngonyaka kwekhulu le-19 amane-yesibili, hhayi ngaphandle nobunzima. Ezinye izichibiyelo Kwenziwa umbhalo ngaphezu intando kombhali. Kushintshwe isihloko senkondlo kwaba. Nobe kunjalo, incwadzi namanje weza ngco kulofundzako.

It yanyatheliswa kuyi ukuphrinta esitolo YaseMoscow University. Umlobi ngokwakhe ngokuthi incwadi "Imiphefumulo Dead, noma The Adventures of Chichikov". Lokhu kwanika ezinye izici komkhiqizo adventure inoveli. Gogol wakwazi ngisho beveza ukubukeka ncwadi yakho.

Umtapo ucwaningo ngaqhubeka ikhophi Pisarskaya, okuyinto umbhalo wesandla aqinisekisiwe UNikolai, okufakazela ubuqiniso umbhalo. Futhi republication noma yimuphi umkhiqizo ke uqhathaniswa Ngokwesibonelo elondolozwe ku ezindongeni eMoscow University.

Umkhiqizo "Imiphefumulo Dead". Izibuyekezo futhi uhlobo wesimanje

Njengoba le ncwadi yanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "The Adventures of Chichikov, noma Dead Imiphefumulo", ngezindlela eziningi-ke sengathi kwakunjani sesiphila, inoveli ukukhanya ukuthi umfundi ayikasethelwa engabuyeli kokuphakeme. Yileso censors futhi labo abanquma uguqule isihloko.

A abacwaningi ezincwadini zanamuhla ukutadisha umsebenzi "Imiphefumulo Dead" (libuyekeza kubo umgomo okungaphezu ngokubona abahleli, abahlala ngenkathi Gogol), okokuqala aveze ukuthi umkhiqizo isiqu engavamile - inkondlo. Umfundi yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye esetshenziswa yokuthi lolu hlobo kufanele abhalwe amavesi afana "Demon" noma "Prisoner of eCaucasus". Futhi UNikolai inikeza temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba yayo. Njengoba nje u-Alexander wayeke enikeziwe indalo yayo engengaphansi eziyingqayizivele "Eugene Onegin", okuyinto inoveli, kodwa ivesi. Lezi imisebenzi emibili ekhethekile ezithinta bebodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungathandi uhlobo.

Kodwa kwakukhona izinkondlo lasendulo, futhi akubiza incwadi yakhe kule uhlobo, Gogol igxile onobuhle Antique. Engqondweni yakhe kwakukhona emikhulu, uhlelo umsebenzi owenziwa emhlabeni wonke enkulu eyayizoba aqukethe imiqulu emithathu.

Scale design kanye nezinkinga zansuku zonke zokuphila izinhlamvu

Kuze kube manje, abaningi ujwayelene nalesi umsebenzi elihle wabhala N. V Gogol. "Imiphefumulo Dead" - kunalokho olwaba olubaluleke kakhulu, indalo asankondlo lapho umlobi wazama ukucula sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia nobuhle nomoya walo kazwelonke. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke usindwa abafundi iphutha izinto ezimbili: kulolu hlangothi - a ububanzi emikhulu lomsebenzi, futhi ngakolunye - ezinye izenzakalo ngalelo nani eliwubala ezifuywayo owayephila ukuphila Russian.

Nge bodwa njengokungathi akaphenduli. Ngisho ekuqaleni inkondlo usetha twist engacacile okuphazamisayo lapho ngesakhiwo uxoxisana eminye imininingwane ezincane phezu esangweni lomuzi yencwadi uhlamvu.

Okwakushiwo igama lomkhiqizo

Siyini isisekelo sokuma isihloko sencwadi, okuyinto sidalwe Gogol ( "Imiphefumulo Dead")? Phela, umphefumulo ayikwazi isifile, awufi. Lesi sihloko ithwala indida. Kodwa kukhona esinye kubaluleke kakhulu UNikolai isisusa - is ukudayiswa umphefumulo. Kulokhu, kanye kukhona inhlangano nge into ngawo womabili udeveli.

Isilingo, okubi futhi yamademoni empilweni - elikhona izenzakalo abavamile kakhulu. Yilokhu umbhali wafuna ukugcizelela e "Imiphefumulo Dead" yakhe, okuqukethwe okuyinto efika kuqala akusho ukumisa umfundi ukucatshangisiswa. Ukuze uzwisise inhloso yombhali, kubalulekile ukuba bajwayelane ngendlela yakhe yokuloba.

Uhlelo kosozimali noma ukungenela udeveli

Gogol imvelo satirical we lelandzisako e "Imiphefumulo Dead" yasheshe sengikubambile nabantu bangesikhathi nenzalo. Kodwa mina UNikolai ngokuyinhloko umbhali ezingaqondakali. Ngaye, kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunoMbuso kwenzekani bephambene ukuphila.

Chichikov, ngokuqinisekile nguSathana. Noma ubani othenga umphefumulo. Futhi, isibonelo, abaninimhlaba "Imiphefumulo Dead", ngubani ayibone kuyo yonke incwadi, izinhlamvu ukucasha Infernal. Noma "nojeke mug" - isisho izikhulu ukugconwa kwekhulu. Incazelo esifanelana bha isithombe esihogo empumulweni.

Lokho kubaluleke kakhulu. Gogol akazange nje ukugxeka ukwazi kosozimali eRussia, lapho ugcizelela iqiniso lokuthi loluhlelo - lena ukuphazamiseka ngqo e zabantu izimpilo esihogweni. Futhi izithombe "Imiphefumulo Dead" - ubufakazi oqondile.

Yamadivayisi wemiphefumulo efile

Zonke izenzakalo ezenzeka emsebenzini, njengoba uma singaphansi komthetho. Okungukuthi, kuze kube labantu elatholakala esisha sabantu serf akuzange kwenzeke, akekho owaziyo ukuthi yini laba bantu bafile. Ngakho-ke, basuke ngokuphelele atholwe bukhoma ngokomthetho.

Naphezu unya ngalezi zinqubo, they bophezela ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi abantu basukile isandla eyodwa kuya kwenye, njengoba izinto. Yilokhu ufunwa ukugcizelela Gogol. "Imiphefumulo Dead" - umsebenzi ukuthi aliyona ngaphandle isizathu ubukela phansi hhayi kuphela ukungalingani kwabantu ngabanye, kodwa futhi isakhiwo ngokwaso aluphelele, ngaleso sikhathi e-Russia.

Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana ubuhlakani, noma izwe phantasmagoric

nokushintshashintsha eziningana kuhilelani ukuntula nengqondo izenzakalo. Kusukela ekhasini lokuqala umfundi egxilile abanye emhlabeni phantasmagoric lapho kakade akucaci ukuthi kukhona imithetho logic, ngokoqobo, noma akusiyo iRussia komthunzi walo. Ezinye obungangatshazwa, isikhala otherworldly lapho bonke liyabonakala kodwa emuva. Ngakho isiqinisekiso design esihle owawusekelwe indalo yakhe, NV Gogol. "Imiphefumulo Dead" kwakufanele aqukethe imiqulu emithathu, futhi ngamunye kubo kubonisa ukuthi igunya elithile: Hogo Purgatory nePharadesi. Futhi umqulu wokuqala - lokhu tshwala, otherworldly, purl ohlangothini Russian.

Abalingiswa umkhiqizo engavamile

Futhi umbuto bese uyavuka: "Luhlobo luni lwabantu ukuphila ezweni elinjalo?" Phendula kuye nzima impela. Abaningi izinhlamvu umsebenzi ngokuvamile akudingeki amagama, abanye babe, kodwa ukukhuluma, sibiza umfundi comedy.

Gogol kuyinto igalari izinhlobo zabantu. Ngamunye wabo limelela yimuphi uhlamvu benelukuluku. Ngokwesibonelo, Manilow - kokuzula kwengqondo, amakhala - a rollicking, i-latitude saba abangenangqondo, Plyushkin - ukuhaha. Kodwa kulendawo phakathi "Imiphefumulo Dead" zibonisa ikakhulu izimfanelo ophansi ukuthi abakhona emphakathini.

Ukuba khona Biography of the izinhlamvu usebenza

Gogol Kuyonquma ukuthi kukhona Biography of the iqhawe noma cha. Kule, okokuqala kunakho konke, futhi kuncike izici zawo. "Dead Imiphefumulo" has lenqwaba izinhlamvu, kodwa ngamunye wabo prehistory lalo.

Manilow Mayelana nomlobi uthi kungcono bashada cishe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Mayelana Sobakevich kancane xaxa, kodwa mayelana Chichikov noElija utshelwa ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwenzeka. Akukhona nje lokho abayikho manje, kodwa futhi ngomlando wabo, yebo, iminyaka engamashumi ebuntwaneni. Bawa ngezansi namanye amaqhawe komkhiqizo, kodwa ifilosofi UNikolai Vasilyevich okusho zingalondolozwa ukuthi namanje, banayo ukujula. Kuyinto lokhu futhi waqinisekisa biography yabo emsebenzini.

Uma uthatha lezo abafundi lokuqala safike bajwayelane umsebenzi "Imiphefumulo Dead", ukubuyekezwa kanye nemibono uyavuma ukuthi uhlamvu Chichikov sika oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke. Noma ngabe owenza okuhle, noma samuntu nesilingo Infernal. Nakanjani kunzima kakhulu ukusho.

Akanhlanhlatsi kudalwa Gogol

Okubalulekile samanje ngokwanele encwadini UNikolai kwehliswa kwelizinga lyrical, impatho oqondile yemlandzi ngco kulofundzako. Futhi omunye kunazo yesiteleka isezingeni nje ekupheleni khona umqulu wokuqala we "Imiphefumulo Dead".

Lapha umsindo umbuzo edumile Gogol sika: "Russia, kuphi azithwalele" Kodwa impendulo lokhu okwashiwo yile ndoda akukho. Futhi lokhu ukuthula imisindo elikhulu kakhulu umkhiqizo ekupheleni. indlela ephakeme Russia akaqondakali. Futhi kungenzeka kanjani ukuba umuntu ukubikezela uma ezweni lapho esihogweni nolungile, ngempela futhi kumnandi kangaka eyinkimbinkimbi okwakuthandelene.

Lo msebenzi okubangelwa izimpendulo eziphikisanayo kakhulu ngoba eRussia ngaleso sikhathi kakade wawuzwa ngokujulile isidingo kabusha, ukuqedwa serfdom futhi kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. Futhi UNikolai ngasho ngezwi ngesidingo lemfundo zokuziphatha zonke lomphakathi.