Brick: usayizi. Usayizi silicate isitini mhlophe

Ngokuhamba nomlando wayo, ukuthuthukiswa isitini uye washintsha eziningi. Kodwa kuze kube manje, lo isiqeshana impahla yokufakelwa uhlala esetshenziswa kakhulu itshe ukwakhiwa ongaphakeme liphumele.

Umkhawulo yobudala izitini, noma Ingabe-ke isikhathi umhlalaphansi?

Eyabaningi zokwakha isitini umncintiswano ukusetshenziswa komlando ungenza ngokhuni noma ngamatshe kuphela. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwalo atholakala ubufakazi eziningi ezibhaliwe Asia. izitini Found futhi imivubukulo baseMesophothamiya nabaseGibhithe lasendulo China. Impucuko laseGibhithe, iGrisi, iRoma eByzantium futhi kamuva asetshenziswa kabanzi le ndaba yokwakha. Ngakho ukuthi yi-izibalo zilinganisela kakhulu engu ubumba isitini lineminyaka okungenani eziyinkulungwane 5-10.

Umlando osayizi tile zobumba, futhi isitini plinths

Yiqiniso, umkhiqizo, ngemva kwesikhathi wazalela zifana kancane ukuze yesimanje. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa ubumba labadubuli ubuchwepheshe kwaba kude, kanye Ubukhulu komugqa isitini Ceramic wehlukile okwamanje. Kodwa izitsha zobumba namatshe lasendulo ngesiGreki, ayesetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa, omisiwe ngomlilo. Kuhhonela ukuthi ayakhiwe eduze into, babe lezivakashi futhi adiliza usuku lokulungisela imikhiqizo. Bekanye zemabula, ngezitini, ogama Ubukhulu abangu nhlobonhlobo ngenkathi esuka 600 × 300 kuya kwangu-600 × 30 × 300 × 90 mm, kwaba yezinto ezinkulu isakhiwo eGreece. Esikhathini art WaseByzantium of wokwakha seluthole sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha ukuthuthukiswa. Benkathi Ephakathi isikhathi wasebenzisa izindlela yokuxuba nezinye izinto zokwakha eziningi namathayili evumela sokwakha omangalisayo izakhiwo sobumba.

Inkathi lokulibala nokuvuka

NgeNkathi Ephakathi eziningi ubuchwepheshe lasendulo Ngishoné ehlobo, njengoba nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eYurophu zisebenzisa ezekhethelo izinto zokusetshenziswa - itshe yemvelo, ukhuni adobe ngezinye izikhathi. Kodwa e-Eastern WaseRoma, okuyinto isikhathi eside wahlala isimo njengomuntu onethonya elikhulu kakhulu esifundeni, ebeka ubuciko amabhlogo Ceramic ukugcina nokuthuthukisa. izitini WaseByzantium ezishile kabani Ubukhulu zihlukile (kusuka 290 x 115 x 31 mm 350 x 350 x 51 mm) kwahlala isikhathi eside ngeziningi zezinto zokwakha ethandwa kakhulu ekuqaleni ephakathi. Ekhulwini xv waseConstantinople bawa, kodwa amakhono wezingcweti yayo iye ilahleke. Izakhamuzi nombaleki zombuso, ukuthi zathuthelekela Europe, kakhulu nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni we lizisho-Italy futhi uthi enamandla kakhulu endaweni yesimanje eFrance, eJalimane nabanye.

Evolution izimfanelo isitini: isisindo, isayizi, izinto zokusetshenziswa

Ngemva kwalokho ubuchwepheshe umkhiqizo wokwakha izitini njalo savela. Ukuhlonza izici impahla kanye nokugcina nenqubo esiqinile zayo Isitembu ukukhiqizwa impahla. Yande yasungulwa eNetherlands and zenyathi yayo - clinker. Izici ehlukile ukukhiqizwa yayo kwaba labadubuli lokushisa njalo luyanda 1100-1500 ^{° C,} futhi usebenzisa njengoba impahla eluhlaza tonkoizmelchonnyh Clays fusible. izitini Ezivamile Ceramic osayizi Dutch zazisuka 150 x 70 x 35 mm (okuthiwa midget) futhi kuze kufinyelele 280 x 130 x 80 mm (ubukhulu esigodlweni). Kwakunesidingo futhi ezinkulu-format ukulibuka - 280 x 130 x 70 mm, ogama lakhe behlonipha St. Martin. Sasisetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa zenkolo nemibhoshongo. Igama clinker sekukhona sibonga umsindo esasenza Klink. Yasungulwa lapho uthephwe ukusebenza qualitative komkhiqizo. Ngo ithoni bese bokuhluka "ukushaya" isitini wazibonela amakhosi enqunywe ukuphela komsebenzi. Amatshe ngomsindo lihle futhi ukubukeka yasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe umthwalo esindayo izakhiwo noma ambozwe. Indaba ezisele, olungena ngaphansi culling, elisetshenziswa ezicijile ukwakhiwa, kuvuleke ezitaladini kwesinye, ezindaweni ezingabalulekile ezibucayi. Ngenxa yalokho, clinker, emelanayo ukucindezeleka mechanical futhi umelana imijikelezo ezingaphezu kuka-300 "nqabela-ncibilika" baba phezulu zobumba enamandla egcwele. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo kwakhiwa isikole ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo entshonalanga Yurophu, okungadingi nginikeze izikhundla zabo kuze kube manje.

Ukubeka ezingeni eliphezulu usayizi Ceramic odongeni izinto eRussia nase-Europe

Imizamo yokuqala elifanele nenkundla isitini kunezimpande endulo hoary. ERussia, lezi zinyathelo ingaphezu uPetru I. Uma isitini kabani usayizi kwaba 280 × 140 × 70 mm, kwaba kakhulu ayethanda. Control wabe eseya lapho ngosizo lwezindinganiso ekhethekile ababekanye master ngasinye. It ifinyelela ubunye ezithile. It LESIGCONO lapho eboshiwe nomkhiqizi esephetha bungler ukuhlanza amanzi. Phela imizamo elifanele isikhathi waphikiswa kusukela abalimi ezithengisa imikhiqizo ngamunye futhi bafuna ukunciphisa usayizi yabo ukonga izinto. Lo mkhuba maqondana nokwenza kahle Ceramic osayizi itshe usukela kulo XVII-XX eminyaka, hhayi kuphela e-Russia, kodwa futhi amazwe aseYurophu. Lokhu kwakubangelwa lula ukusebenza imikhiqizo ezivamile ukuthi musa izinkinga miniaturization yabo emakhiyubhi noma ngokweqile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyanda zisebenzisa ezahlukene usayizi itshe Ceramic e-Europe, enika isakhiwo ikhubalo futhi okwakhe. Futhi lokhu kungenxa anhlobonhlobo ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala lapha ngenzansi.

Izinhlobo nosayizi imikhiqizo Ceramic ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene

Ethandwa kakhulu esikhathini esidlule futhi manje isitini, izilinganiso ezikhonjiswayo ngamamilimitha ngokuvumelana kohlelo lamazwe omhlaba izinyathelo.

Dutch:

• midget (150 x 70 x 35);
• esigodlweni (280 x 130 x 80);
• zokuxhumana. Martin (280 x 130 x 70 mm);
• esigodlweni ezincane (285 x 135 x 85);
• esigodlweni esikhulu (285 x 135 x 85).

Belgian:

• "Imicibisholo" (180 x 85 x 50);
• "Brussels" (200 x 95 x 60);
• "VA" (210 x 100 x 70);
• "URoman" (220 x 105 x 40);
• "Module 50" (190 x 90 x 50);
• Roman ezinkulu (240 x 105 x 40).

German:

• -8 intshi "Goldstein" (190 x 90 x 40);
• -8 intshi (195 x 92 x 50);
• OF (220 x 105 x 52);
• WF (210 x 100 x 50);
• WF uqweqwe (210 x 100 x 65);
• Roman (240 x 115 x 40);
• esigodlweni (330 x 250 x 69).

Danish:

• ifomathi evamile (DNF) (228 x 108 x 55);
• esigodlweni (290 x 140 x 90).

European:

• EF (240 x 100 x 71);
• isitini mncane (DF) (240 x 115 x 52);
• 2 DF (240 x 115 x 113);
• 3 DF (240 x 175 x 113);
• 4 DF (240 x 115 x 238);
• 8 DF (240 x 240 x 238);
• 10 DF (240 x 300 x 238).

Isidlo sasekuseni:

• standard (250 x 120 x 62).

Russian:

• sesquihydrate (250 x 120 x 88);
• izitini Single - usayizi 250h120h65 mm;
• Dual (250 x 120 x 138).

Norwegian:

• standard (230 x 110 x 65).

Austria:

• standard (250 x 120 x 62).

Prussia:

• esigodlweni "neMarienburg" (320 x 150 x 90).

IBhabhiloni (310 x 180 x 70).

Stone WaseByzantium (290 x 115 x 31).

isitini Russian futhi ubukhulu bawo namuhla

umumo yesimanje wayo ucezu Russian materials ubumba atholwe kuphela ngo-1927. Ngandlela-thile kamuva imibhalo normative avele nenkundla isitini Ceramic olulodwa kanye namagugu nengxenye futhi ifomu double. Ekugcineni, akuyikuthengiswa ngayo, lezi idatha evunywe yethula ukusetshenziswa iyunithi ezivamile nesilinganiso timphawu tesakhiwo izakhiwo kanye izinto, ngokweBhayibheli inguqulo yakamuva ye GOST 28984-91 yabizwa ngokuthi "module". Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, igama elithi elilodwa isitini isigamu is hhayi ukuqinisekisile izibalo, kusukela ukuphakama kwalo uma ziqhathaniswa ongashadile 88: 65 ≈ 1,35. Incazelo enjalo yako ijagoni we izimiso zokwakha. Ngokuvamile leli gama lisikisela isinqumo silicate isitini ezimhlophe okungukuthi 250 × 120 × 88 mm. Ukukhiqizwa kwemifino kusuka isihlabathi nomcako yayitholakala ukubonwa ngekhulu XX, ngemva eqa qualitative e ukukhiqizwa yezimboni zokwakha zamakhemikhali. Ngokusebenzisa ezomile amasu ucindezele futhi zamagama autoclaved calcium silicate izitini, usayizi, intengo namandla izici akuzona eyanelisayo, kuthathwe niche izinto kwesakhiwo ukuthi usebenze umswakama ngaphandle okushisa aphakeme. Phela, izindleko 1 m ³ imikhiqizo enjalo iqala ku- $ 180, ngakho bayindlala.

Ekugcineni, esimweni isitini noma konke isiqala nje ...

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa amabhlogo Ceramic nosayizi yabo waphinda kuqinisekisa ukuthi kunoshintsho e ukusetshenziswa izimpahla ucezu akakude. Ngemva ukuziphendukela embonini yezokwakha akuyona emi namanje.