Egypt, eThebes: umlando, nokuzwa, izithombe

EThebes - lingumuzi wasendulo elise elibangise eNhla neGibhithe, eduze Luxor yesimanje. AbaseGibithe endulo ngokuthi inhloko-dolobha yabo "Ukuhlanganyela okungukuthi," okusho ukuthi "umthetho" ( "ukunqoba umuzi"), kodwa amaGreki wabizwa ngokuthi "Fivei" noma "eThebes" (hhayi kudidaniswe eThebes eGreece). Homer ukhuluma "stovratnye eThebes". Izigodlo (El Uksur) wayibiza ngokuthi ama-Arabhu. Thebans sidilizwa ngokwabo imibhalo yabo ngokuvamile ebizwa ezweni lawo 'Niut ", okusho ukuthi" idolobha ".

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala

Lapho kwakukhona emzini eThebes (Egypt)? Indaba yakhe iya emuva eminyakeni. Ematheksthi eziphathelene III th. BC. e., ukuze silondoloze kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala emzini. Elokuqala okungesabo wokubusa uFaro Menkaure (Menkaure), owayephila cishe a BC XXVI leminyaka. e. Kodwa nokuqhakaza komuzi kwandulelwe anomlando omude.

I-Centre of Culture ka-Amoni

Esikhathini BC xxi leminyaka. e. EThebes sihlanganise inarha bese uba -dolobha yaseGibhithe, Nokho, isikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi kubusa Dynasty XI Ephakathi Kingdom. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela, omuzi aqala ukwakhiwa asebenzayo yamakhosi amathempelana omkhulukazi ohlongakeleko begodu onkulunkulu. Amun, unkulunkulu zendawo, aluthola isimo isimo. isikhungo zenkolo nezombangazwe yonke imibuso waqala eThebes. Ngu isimo ephatha endaweni enkulu Sudan yesimanje. Border safinyelela Libya entshonalanga. Nakuba iningi oFaro esakhiweni edolobheni uye wawuqondisa ingxenye enkulu izinsiza waseGibhithe lasendulo futhi eziningi ezibonakalayo ngaphandle kulona. isikhungo yamasiko Amun kweThebes babe waseGibhithe. Kube kwakhiwa ahloniphe unkulunkulu lamathempeli ezinkulu lasendulo.

Centre isimo engokwasezulwini futhi ukunyakaza Izigodlo

Ngemva ukuvuselelwa emzini Memphis, okuyinto yaba inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe ekhulwini XIV. BC. e., i-iThebes yasendulo (Egypt) agcinwayo indima isikhungo zenkolo namasiko elikhulu ezweni, ngisho kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka, kuze kufike isikhathi sokupheleliswa amaRoma. Ngesikhathi eqala mina yeminyaka BC Kuyinto maphakathi isimo engokwasezulwini, obadalwa e eseningizimu yeGibithe, abapristi Amun ngemva kokuwa balo Mbuso Omusha. Kwathi emveni kokuba njalo lapho kuba nokuvukela ezimbili (kuqala - eminyakeni 205-199 ke -. Ngo 199-186 BCE ...) Against lukaPtolemy, amakhosi ohlanga amaGreki. Nge ekusakazeni ubuKristu ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. e. endaweni eThebes isibe omunye izikhungo elikhulu ukuhamba Izigodlo.

Umuzi ku ezimbili nomlambo iNayili

Roma babhujiswa, acekela baphanga izakhiwo eziningi eThebes. ososayensi kuphela futhi abavubukuli kusukela suite Napoleon ephethwe waphinda ukuvusa umuzi ebuthongweni yayo. EThebes endulo esisogwini ezimbili nomlambo iNayili: empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Sitshele wokuqala mayelana empumalanga.

Inhlokodolobha ubudala laseGibhithe, phezu yasebhange empumalanga yomfula wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili isiteshi: eningizimu Luxor landa edolobheni, futhi Ngasenyakatho edolobhaneni eKarnak. Nganeno komfula kwakukhona ithempeli ezimbili ezinhle kakhulu - Luxor (ngezansi) laseKarnak, okuyinto kwakuhlobene nenkolelo Avenue of the Sphinxes.

Nge yizicukuthwane amakhaya okunethezeka, izigodlo, amachibi yokufakelwa kanye izingadi izihlahla ezingavamile adjoined grand izakhiwo zethempeli. Gilt inaliti namatshe amade abaziwe, eziqoshiwe cwe yamakhosi, phezulu mibhoshongo yamathempeli, pylons wagwazwa Lapis esibhakabhakeni lazuli. Emafasiteleni amakhaya abacebile, uphahlwe tile oluhlaza kanye oluluhlaza faience, peeped ngokusebenzisa aluhlaza dethi tende Nemisikhamori futhi komthamariske. Isikhumba, imithambo yegazi yomuntu iwayini, Lapis lazuli, ngakho abathandwa abaseGibhithe, imisebenzi yobuciko zalethwa lapha yayinqoba abantu baseSiriya. Kusukela Afrika weza izindwendwe kanye ukhuni olumnyama, amazinyo endlovu, igolide namakha.

On ngasentshonalanga yomfula saseNayile kwaba yokuhlala yenkosi, kanye enkulu yamathuna, esemgwaqweni nenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamadwala. It ubuswa isiqongo Western (Dehenet), manje ebizwa ngokuthi "el-Qurna." Meretseger - unkulunkulukazi Snake ( "ukuthula nothando"), Lady sentaba - ukuvikela ukuthula sabafileyo. Yena kuqashelwe, ngokusho legend, akuyona kuphela etholakala esigodini Queens futhi esiGodini yamakhosi yokungcwaba, kodwa futhi emathuneni nabakhulu abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Uma uya ukuya lapha uhambo, kungcono ukuletha kanye isigqoko, Izicathulo kanye ikhamera. Sebenzisa camcoder lapho sivakashele Valley koFaro akuvunyelwe.

Valley koFaro (Valley of the Kings)

Valley of the Kings eThebes abadumile (Egypt). Izithombe awakwazi ukuveza konke lisebukhazikhazini balo, walondoloza kuphela ingxenye namuhla. Umvikeli we esiGodini yamakhosi, njengoba sishilo, kwaba meretseger unkulunkulukazi. Lena indawo ekhethiwe uFaro uThutmose mina (we XXVI Dynasty) ukwenze ngenjongo yokungilungiselela ukungcwatshwa kwakhe esikhathini esizayo. Sikanye Ineni, inkantolo wezakhiwo, kunethemba lokuthi ethuneni emadwaleni ungcono mbhoshongo, amehlo evulekile konke, bavikelekile kuphangwa. Ukuze ukwethula abazingeli ngisho kudida esengeziwe inzuzo, kude amathuna efile babekwa amathempeli. ESigodini oFaro itholakala 42 amathuna. Kulawa, cishe yonke basonta oFaro. Ngokungafani nababusi Old Kingdom, ogama dolobha kwaba naseNofi, eThebes koFaro kwenkathi okusha Kingdom kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe ayakhelwe. Amathuna Ahlukile Abantu abangu elaliqoshwe edwaleni. Bazama uzifihla prying amehlo njengoba kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. amatshe ezinkulu ezigcwele emnyango wethuna, immured kubo. Kodwa lezi amaqhinga abakwazi amsindise nasencithakalweni.

Leli fomu lokungcwatshwa iminyaka 500 azishintshile futhi ngcono kancane kuphela. Zonke emathuneni ezakhiwa ngendlela efanayo. Ezitshekile ephasishi nge ubude kwamamitha angu-200, kwenziwa ngendlela entabeni namathempeli ngokhonkolo namatshe. Waya zisuka emoyeni ziqonde phansi amamitha angu-100 ukujula. Ekupheleni ephasishi kwakukhona 3 noma 4 egumbini. Uphahla lwangaphakathi futhi izindonga lamakamelo noveranda embozwe imidwebo emibala, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku awalulahlanga ukukhanya kwazo. Nazo zimemezela of nezigigaba kanye nezimpilo umufi. Imfihlo iminyango falling kwaholela ekubeni gumbi lokungcwaba. izindunduma zobumba kanye amagquma isango layo elikhulu okucashile.

Kusukela Kutholwe kuze kube namuhla esiphawuleka kunazo 64 amathuna ethuneni Amenhotep II, Thutmoses III, Horemheb, Tut, Network mina, Rasesa mina, Merenptaha nabanye. Cishe bonke endulo antshontshwa. Kuphela ethuneni Tutankhamun ngo-1922, satholakala siphelele ngokugcwele by uHoward Carter, le umvubukuli waseBrithani. Tutankhamun ushone eneminyaka engu-19 futhi wayengekho ngokomlando faro abalulekile nokho ethuneni wayegcwele imihlobiso, igolide kanye nengcebo ahlukahlukene.

ESigodini queens

EThebes (Egypt) - akuyona nje Valley YamaKhosi. nezinye nemingcwabo Abaningi ingatholakala endaweni yedolobha. Ngokwesibonelo, lapha esigodini Queens. Kumele wathi akuyona nje queens bangcwatshwa kulesi sigodi. Nansi lonke, ngaphandle omama namakhosikazi koFaro nezikhulu mGibhithe okuthe ushone ekuseni. Abavubukuli kule yamathuna bathole emathuneni 70. Abasikhumbuza zangaphandle ukubukeka amathuna abo Valley of the oFaro, kodwa ubheka ubungako bawo Kuthi ezincane.

Inhlokodolobha waseGibhithe lasendulo, eThebes - yindawo lapho ungabona ethuneni zaveza ka Nefertari, unkosikazi kaRamses II. Lokhu ethuneni ithakazelisa kakhulu. nodonga lwawo imidwebo ezindongeni ophahleni, sifanekise "Incwadi Abafileyo." Umzimba kwakhiwa njengoba Kulobo busuku obucwathile, kuphazamiseke injongo gumbi lokungcwaba. Lokhu ethuneni ngemva sokubuyiselwa (ngo-1995), lapho kwavulwa futhi emphakathini. Nokho, ukufinyelela lapha lilinganiselwe: abantu abangaba ngu-10 ezivunyelwe izivakashi futhi imizuzu engu-10 kuphela. abantu abangu-150 kuphela babe nesikhathi ukuyihlola usuku.

Imidwebo futhi zihlobise izindonga amathuna amadodana kaRamses III, futhi Khaemweset Amenherhepeshefa, nokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Paint odongeni Umdwebo kukhanya bukhulu kangangokuthi, nakuba namuhla kuphela ngesineke lezi zithombe.

Valley ezicukuthwaneni (ezicukuthwaneni Valley)

Manengi amatshe ezikhumbuzo lasendulo zingatholakala ezweni efana Egypt. EThebes - iyathinteka. Kwakumelwe endaweni yokungcwaba eziningi oFaro nomkabo hhayi kuphela. Futhi, yizikhonzi eziningi bangcwatshwa lapha, izicukuthwane okusezingeni eliphezulu nabapristi ababefuna ukuhlale ngemva kokufa elilandelayo ababusi babo ngaphandle kokuphikisa. Emathuneni izikhulu zabo yakha Valley - enkulu yamathuna esemgwaqweni emthambekeni empumalanga yezintaba. Siqukethe eqinisweni 5 amangcwaba, okuyinto zihlelwe emhlabeni afanayo yamadwala el-tarif, el-Khokha, Kurnet jacob murey, Asasif, Dra Abu el-Naga, futhi Sheikh Abd el-Qurna.

Eziningi zalezi emathuneni eThebes (Egypt) kuhlehlela emuva kokubusa oFaro, enomnikazi amakhosi XVIII futhi XIX. Ngisho yombuso wasendulo basonta yokungcwaba lokuqala Valley. Lapha bangcwatshwa kuleli normahov Theban Ephakathi Kingdom, nababusi ie we faro owabusa Nome Uaset. XVII lwamakhosi oFaro phakathi nekhulu lesibili inkathi zesikhashana endaweni ekhethiwe ukwenze ngenjongo yokungilungiselela ukungcwatshwa yabo Dra Abu el-Naga. Ababusi yamathuna okusha Kingdom washukumiseleka ukuba Valley yayo ngemihla yamakhosi, kusale izicukuthwane eseduze ezinkangala empumalanga.

Amathuna Ahlukile Abantu of the Nobles Yiqiniso, kwakungafanele zizinkulu amathuna oFaro, okuyinto idume Egypt (eThebes). Zakhiwa ngokuvamile izingxenye eziningana - elinganiselwe egcekeni izindonga, izindawo zokukhulekela izithombe namathempeli yokungcwaba chamber, ushiya phansi. Ukungena egcekeni, kusukela XIX lwamakhosi, lwenzelwe njengoba pylon, ukuthi kuyinto isango elikhulu, okuyinto iyingxenye ebalulekile izakhiwo Lo muzi wawuhlotshiswe kweThebes (Egypt), kanye neminye imizi isimo lasendulo. steles omngcwabo efakiwe egcekeni. Ezindaweni ezingcwele babe emifanekisweni yomnikazi ethuneni. lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa Emakhazeni sabafileyo waya lapha - ufunda imiBhalo ehlukahlukene, udela yakhe amandla wokuphila, okuyinto kukholakala ukuthi kwenye yezingxenye ngokujulile ukwakheka komuntu. Grobnichnymi Izigaxa ngamatshe engxenyeni engenhla olungaphambili lwesonto. Bakhandwa immured e ukushuba kwezindonga "izigqoko" ubumba "uhlobo lwembali enephunga elimnandi" -tsilindry. seal Special ohlangothini zabo zangaphandle lasetshenziswa the Igama lomnikazi we-ethuneni neziqu zakhe posthumous nomhlaba.

Imidwebo futhi imifanekiso ye emathuneni nezicukuthwane ngokufanelekile kubhekwe yobuciko laseGibhithe. Ngokuvamile, izindonga emathuneni izicukuthwane luhlobise esiteji ezimpilweni zabo. Umqondo oyinhloko lezi imidwebo wamlingisa izenzakalo ezinkulu emphilweni yesikhulu nenhlalakahle, okuyinto wakwazi ukufeza. Lokhu kwakwenziwa yini, ngokuba ngimelwe ukwenze. AbaseGibhithe wayekholelwa ukuthi konke elathunjwa ezindongeni ethuneni, ke uyobe ephakathi abafileyo eHayidese futhi bamlethela injabulo. Ithuna ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ise yamathuna Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. On ezindongeni abanye emathuneni atholakala imidwebo wemikhosi zomngcwabo abadansi nabaculi, izigcawu enkantolo, abalimi emsebenzini. Phezu kodonga kwesokunxele ezimweni eziningi kubonisa indlela yokuphila umufi, kanti bonke abanye - emcimbini lokungcwatshwa kwakhe. ekugcineni Valley izikhulu yaba indawo yezimpi yokungcwaba abantu abaningi. Namuhla ngokusemthethweni wavula emathuneni kuka-500.

Colossi ka Memnon

Njalo izivakashi emngceleni ezingaphili ehlane Sands futhi ezivandeni zikakolo ukwamukela Colossi ka Memnon eThebes (Egypt). Tours nazi futhi ethandwa kakhulu. Lokhu esifanekisweni enkulu yendawo Amenhotep III. Uma izibalo ezimbili ehlezi, obude kuyinto 18 amamitha, esiqashwe umnyango wethempeli kwesidumbu likaFaro, engafakwanga namuhla. Bathola graffiti yamaGreki namaRoma, okuyinto esukela emuva kokubusa UMbusi uHadrian. Lezi colossi ngesikhathi sakhe ababaziwa yokuthi omunye wabo ekuqaleni eshicilelwe gquma. Kukholakala ukuthi ngakho wamukela Ethiopia Memnon, owabulawa ebulawa Achilles ngesikhathi iThrojani neMpi, EOS, unkulunkulukazi kokusa, lapho laba unina. Ngemva kokubuyiselwa kwenziwe 199 AD. e. imisindo wanqamuka.

Ramesseum

Ungayeki ezikhangayo wendawo. EThebes (Egypt) - umuzi kungabazuzisa kakhulu izivakashi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto - yezidumbu ithempeli elikhulu elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amun, ngubani wayala ukuba kwakhiwe kaRamses II. Namuhla, leli thempeli ubizwa ngokuthi Ramesseum. Wasindisa kube yilolu suku endaweni ayikho esimweni esihle kakhulu. Leli thempeli lakhiwa ngasentshonalanga ebhange edolobheni kweThebes (Egypt) Penrith wezakhiwo endulo esikalini nenqwaba design esiphakeme futhi izikhumbuzo efanayo ezakhiwa nge lwamakhosi oFaro XVIII.

Ukungena ku-Ensemble manje ukhonza njengomdala umbhoshongo giant eyenziwe sandstone. Indawo yayo laligcwele imifanekiso ngesineke. Izimpi nge amaHeti Ramses II kuboniswe bas-imifanekiso. Igceke sokuqala ngaphandle pylon. udonga wayo oseningizimu futhi olungaphambili lwesonto baya esigodlweni, okuyinto etholakala lapha. Izitebhisi kwaholela egcekeni yesibili, elitholakala ngaphezu kuqala. esifanekisweni Giant Ramses, 20 amamitha eliphezulu futhi inesisindo cishe eziyinkulungwane. amathani imi ohlangothini isitebhisi ngasinye.

Reception ihholo nge 16 amakholomu, inabantu abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye esigodlweni. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuba uthole ekamelweni isihlalo sobukhosi emakamelweni endlini yenkosi. Ngemuva esigodlweni kwakukhona indlu zesifazane. Indlela ethempelini emakhazeni wakhonza njengephayona yesibili egcekeni Ramesseum. Igceke lihlotshiswe porticos. Ikholomu Hall kwadingeka 48 amakholomu. Umbala izihloko zazo walondoloza ngokuphelele. Yena walingisa emahlozini ngesitshalo sebungu, ayebhekwa imihlanga wobusha okuphakade. Cellars ingcwele main, ihlelo ethempelini, kwakunezilinganiso ihholo pillared. Umtapo abadumile zazigcinwa Ramesseum. esibhedlela kaDiodorus ngokuthi umphefumulo wakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona isikole esikhulu ababhali. Abavubukuli bathole ngaphansi izibuya kushaft ethempelini ngendlela okungcwatshwa ngayo umpristi Ephakathi Kingdom. wands Magic, papyrus kanti ezinye buso atholakala gumbi lokungcwaba wethuna.

Medinet Habu

Inhloko-dolobha ye-Egypt - eThebes - njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi uye waqaphela, lokhu endaweni yokungcwaba sebuningini ebukhosini endala. Sichaza kwenye indawo enjalo. Medinet Habu yake inkwali, emiselwe ukwakhiwa amathempeli noma emathuneni. Ramses III, abalingisa Ramesseum, banquma ukwakha endaweni Medinet Habu ethempelini lakhe posthumous. Ngesikhathi singena esangweni pylons zibonisa izigcawu ngokunqoba phezu izitha faro. Ngakwesokudla esangweni, ngaphakathi kwezindonga ikhanda ukubonwa anikezelwe onkulunkulu endulo ethempelini. umbhoshongo Kwesobunxele emathuneni bafazi kunkulunkulu u-Amun.

Zonke lezi ezikhangayo nibaluleke ukuhlola, uma uya ku-uhambo Egypt (eThebes). Kuyinto into eyodwa - ukufunda incazelo yawo, kuhlukile - ukubona ngamehlo ami siqu. Nakanjani kuwufanele ukuvakashelwa eGibhithe. EThebes is ezikukhanga ngokukhethekile abalandeli umlando wasendulo izimfihlakalo.