Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, futhi yiziphi imiphumela yayo?

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, izazi-mlando usesikhathini ayisethelwe. Kusolwa ukuthi phakathi nekhulu lesibili kanye lwesikhombisa AD leminyaka, izizwe eziningi we Huns, Alans, amaJalimane nabanye. Zasuswa ezindaweni labo lokuhlala waya eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lapho esezinzile sifinyelela engenhla iVolga kanye Don, e-UK, eSpain eGaul, ebhidliza ngesikhathi esifanayo umbuso Western saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi "baqothulwa" izinsalela kakhulu ezweni lasendulo. Ibangelwa ngokuxuba abantu Roman Latinized nge namaqaba izizwe waba isisekelo sezinguqulo zanamuhla Romance bezizwe, amanani namasiko amaningi kuye kwanyamalala ebusweni Zomhlaba.

Isizathu ukuthuthela kwabantu kwaba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu?

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe? Futhi ziyini Imiphumela? Singasho ngokuqiniseka futhi ukuthi umphumela le nqubo ezazingaziwa kwaba ukubunjwa ibalazwe zezombusazwe nobuzwe eYurophu namuhla, okuyinto izinguquko kamuva enjalo ephawulekayo zabhekana engasekho. Isizathu sokuba mass kufuduka waqala, cishe, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-pessimum sezulu ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Kukholakala ukuthi le nqubo uqalile ezifundeni ezahlukene eminyakeni 250-450 AD futhi ngazivala endaweni ethile ngonyaka 750.

Phakathi pessimum izinga lokushisa lonyaka lalicishe nengxenye ngezinga ngezansi evamile, okuholela eziningana izifunda nemiphumela eyinhlekelele, njengoba isimo sezulu baba Ubusika manzi - esibandayo.

Izimbangela labantu ukwehla

Ukuze uzwisise lapho futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, futhi yini imiphumela, kubalulekile ukutadisha izinguquko nemibandela khona izizwe aseNyakatho Yurophu esikhathini kokubuyekezwa. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi kuleyo minyaka-Alps kakhulu anda isinqumo ice. Ngenxa yalokho, ihlathi umngcele sigudluke ngu kwamamitha angu-200 phansi. Ngenxa yamakhaza kwezitshalo ukwehluleka babonakala ezindaweni sezintaba ukuba ngeke sisaba nempumelelo sikhule okusanhlamvu kanye ukukhiqiza iwayini ogwini North Sea futhi ezindaweni South of England ngenxa yemizamo iziphepho wayeshonelwe eziningi ezweni, kuhlanganise evundile.

Inguquko enye

Cabanga lapho futhi kungani futhi lapho isiqalo ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, futhi yini imiphumela (kafushane) njengoba iphethini Kutholwe kushintshana zezulu Optima pessimums futhi (e zinyanga ukwanda waphawula e lokushisa), kanye nokupholisa elilandelayo kungathatha indawo esikhathini esizayo.

Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi hambisa eningizimu izizwe ziye zaba kancane ekuqaleni, ngesikhathi Period Roman Warm lapho amazinga okushisa abephakathi 1-2 degrees ngenhla evamile, futhi kukhona imvula eyanele, ndawonye neqhaza ekuchumeni kwezolimo nemfuyo, nakho it kwaholela nokwanda kwenani labantu. Inombolo anda sezizwe zakwa Gepids, izigangi futhi ukulungele kwaholela yokuthi ezinye zazo waya eningizimu futhi sihlaliswe kweBlack Sea ZaseCarpathos phambi Ukufuduka Okukhulu.

Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi esiqhingini Gotland

Ezinye izazi-mlando, ucabangela umbuzo lapho futhi kungani ekuqaleni ukuthuthelwa okukhulu kwabantu bazo eJalimane, waphawula ukuthi mhlawumbe le nqubo yaqala ngomphumela ezizweni zamaJalimane ukulungele Gotland naseningizimu Sweden wanamuhla ekuqaleni ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD.

Ngaphansi kobuholi King berig izizwe Gothic befika endaweni banamuhla Poland, lapho izigangi owaketulwa Rugova futhi baphoqwa ukuba siphumele eningizimu olwengeziwe. Ngakho, ukuze imingcele yonke indawo yoMbuso WaseRoma ngekhulu lesibili okokuqala sifika abantu zamaJalimane abaqala acindezele inhlangano ngobukhulu geopolitical wangaleyo nkathi.

Umfutho ezivela e-Asia

Ukukhuluma ngokuthi lapho futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi at isigaba salo ezimatasa, cishe nomthelela esenzakalweni esikhethekile. Lokhu kuhlaselwa izizwe Huns e-Europe, i-354 BC, lapho abahlaseli bewunqoba izizwe Alan eNorth Caucasus futhi sahlala Ostrogothic isimo egijima Germanarika, waphoqa zezizwe ezisentshonalanga (ngonyaka 375).

Mayelana Huns ngokwabo ulwazi oluncane kakhulu. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi Huns - isizwe "Huns" ( "Xiongnu"), owayehlala bend we River Yellow futhi wadala umbuso ayimizulane wokuqala emhlabeni. Empini nezinhlanga angomakhelwane, le Huns bahlulwa futhi uphoqeleka ukuba ahoxe entshonalanga, lapho ishayisana ne ezizweni zamaJalimane. Nokho, ososayensi abaningi ningakholwa hsiung-Chinese, futhi ekholelwa ukuthi basonta noma yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka-abaseTurkey, yena ngasosonke isikhathi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli yizilwi futhi womele igazi ngokwanele.

Disaster iminyaka 536-537. BC

Ukuhlola lapho futhi kungani waqala ukuthutha elikhulu lezizwe, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ukuthi phakathi ekhulwini lesi-6 kwakukhona short-term sezulu izenzakalo emhlabeni wonke. Kwakuthinta libhekene ukwehla obala asemkhathini kuze kube sezingeni lokuba ukuthi abantu ababephila ngesikhathi kwenzeka wabhala ukuthi ilanga lakhanya efana inyanga. Kusolwa ukuthi lo mkhuba zemvelo kwaba umphumela nokuqhuma okukhulu mlilo, tropical (tavurvur noma Krakatoa) noma ngenxa ukungqubuzana iplanethi enkulu elisemkhathini. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-wokubusa uJustinian eminyakeni 536-537. AD futhi kwakuhambisana nokuziphindiselela izintuthwane, le Huns futhi lwamaSlav e yaseThrace futhi Illyria, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu sabantu eNorth China (kufika ku-80%), i-Izindawo lwamaSlav phezu Elbe, yasehlanzeni ye-Alps, sifinyelela aphansi iDanube futhi Upper Rhine.

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe? Futhi uma isifo icala?

Labantu wathatha yindlala nokubi kwesivuno eningizimu, belwa abomdabu ne emazweni lithunjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkathi kwakukhona ejenti kuguquka causative zezinhlupho (noma skid nge umzimba alien), okwaholela isifo bhubhane.

Kungaba wagomela ukuthi isizathu ekuguquleni ibalazwe yezombusazwe nobuzwe okuyizona zinto ngaleso sikhathi iYurophu kwaba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, futhi izenzakalo eziphawulekayo, nilangazelela inqubo - kuhlasela Hun izizwe e isizwe European.

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe? Futhi ziyini Imiphumela? Lezi zinkinga kufanele kubhekwe ngendlela ezalandelana ngayo. Ngemva ekuhlaseleni Huns angaba ngamakhulu amane iminyaka BC izizwe ubudala zamaJalimane we franc waqala ukuba luthathe ezindaweni okuqondene eRoma Netherlands yesimanje, nokuxoshwa le Frisians kanye Batavians. Ngo 401, inkosi yama-West ilungele ku-Alaric, kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya ovinjezelwe kokuba iConstantinople, + wahamba ngemva kokuba ukuthi emazweni YesiGreki 395, okwakwenza ukunqotshwa sethusa futhi impango, eshukunyiswa amabutho akhe izizwe zase-Alps futhi langena e-Italy, okuyinto sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi nerazgrablennoy ezweni elinothile, ngakho enjengayo sasingakafiki wavakashela namaqaba. Entwasahlobo ka ngonyaka 402 Alaric ezisengozini ekuthatheni Tuscany futhi iRoma ngokwayo, kodwa empini Pollentia namuhla wahlulwa kanye ulishiyile izwe Italy. Lapha uzoba emuva kwesikhathi.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva (406), kuba khona izingxabano Kwagqashuka phakathi izizwe Alans, le izigangi kanye Franks Alamanni phezu kwezwe loMfula Rhine, ngenxa lapho Franks siyiswe kwesokunxele olusenyakatho, futhi Alemany - ingxenye yayo eningizimu. Izigangi futhi Suevi (izizwe zamaJalimane eziseMpumalanga Yurophu) e 409 Spain ufinyelelwe, lapho esezinzile ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.

Ukuwa waseRoma ngesikhathi ibuswa ukuhlaselwa yamaVisigoth

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, futhi zaziyoba yini imiphumela, kubalulekile ukwazi bonke abantu, ngoba ubukhulu balo nqubo umxhwele.

Ngo-410 Visigoth Korol Alarih wabuyela e-Italy futhi athumba eRoma. Lokhu kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe kokunqotshwa Alaric at Verona, lapho iningi amabutho akhe eyihlane, wamukelwa wamasosha Stilicho yahlala ngaphansi Savoy. Alaric yena lwaphetha ngezithombe Stilihom sivumelwano yombuso kanye kamuva kwaholela nobumbano ukunqoba emuva kusuka waseConstantinople esivuna eMbusweni izindawo zaseMacedonia empumalanga Iliriku. Nokho, aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga Empire esikhathini esithile wangena ezingxoxweni, namabutho Alaric ayengavunyelwe wafuna.

Fierce impi Trophies waya kukhishwe bebodwa. Sawacindzetela ababusi baseRoma cabanga ukuhlinzekwa ukukhululwa inani ezimbili amathani zegolide nerazgrablenie ezinye izindawo Italy ngayinye, kodwa zenqatshiwe, okuholela kathathu ukuvinjezelwa eRoma, inguquko-Alaric ukuze ohlangothini sebuningini yezigqila, futhi ukuwa eRoma eminyakeni Agasti 410.

Izizwe zamaJalimane nezigqila awuphanga umuzi kanye zishisa izindlu eziningi, hhayi othinta ne izikhungo isonto, njengoba Alaric wayesenze amaphutha wamukela ubuKristu Arian ikhono lokukholisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha akhe waya eningizimu ye-Italy esuka Sicily bamba izinhlelo nokuwela ukuba lwe-Afrika, lapho-Alaric wayehamba ukuthola okusanhlamvu kwakudingeka ondle abantu bayo. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo asizange sigcwaliseke, njengoba isiphepho e Strait Messina wacwila kakhulu le mikhumbi. Alaric yabuya lasenyakatho bangene eGaul, yashona indlela kusukela emzini Cosenza, futhi izinsalela Ibutho lakhe abantu exovwe ezizweni ezazakhelene nawo ezazihlala.

Lokufuduka ngayinye bezinye izizwe

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe? Kafushane, le nqubo okuqalwe yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kungenziwa bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: 415 AD, yamaVisigoth waqala ukuphoqelela eSpain izizwe izigangi, Alans, ababelapho ngaphambili. Ngonyaka 449-Anglo-Saxon izizwe nezizwe Utes zasuswa le Jutland nhlonhlo eJalimane, eBrithani, lapho owaketulwa Celtic amaKristu, ukwakha eziningi uthi encane. Ngemva konyaka, ke kwaqina yokufuduka abantu yonkana ensimini ka eziyiRomania - Gepids, Huns eqa it e 450, le Avars - 456 g, Bulgars futhi amaSlav - e 680 AD

Eminyakeni 451-452. impucuko Roman uqhuba yimpumelelo ezempi ngokumelene Huns ka Attila walibangisa kuyilapho Ostrogoths hlala banamuhla Hungary e 453 by displacing kubo ngu izigangi kusukela Malta ngo-454 BC futhi izigangi bazinza Sardinia (kusuka 458). Ngo 476, umlawuli German buyachitha zokugcina umbusi wamaRoma. UMbuso WaseRoma (West) ngeke usaba khona.

Kamuva (eminyakeni engaba ngu-486) Franks axazulule ensimini ka France yesimanje, Bayern zivela eCzech Republic kuya Bavaria zamanje, amaSlav - emazweni Danubian ayengaphansi wonke uMbuso WaseRoma, kanye Breton, abadingisiwe-Anglo-Saxon abantu baseBrithani base samanje Brittany.

Ukuphelelisa inqubo

Kunini futhi kungani kokuqala ukuthuthelwa elikhulu lezizwe, futhi yiziphi imiphumela yayo? isigaba 6 esikoleni - isifundo emfushane le nqubo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi lesithupha AD leminyaka, izizwe Slavic matasa ezweni elisenyakatho eJalimane yesimanje (Mecklenburg), i-Ostrogoths yahlasela cishe lonke elase-Italy ukuba 550 futhi 585 - futhi wonke of Spain, ngesikhathi 570 Lower Austria futhi manje Hungary matasa abayimizulane Avars ezivela e-Asia.

Iphela inqubo ngekhulu lesikhombisa ukuthuthelwa lwamaSlav empumalanga-Elbe, ne eCroatia namaSerbia - ku eDalmathiya yesimanje kanye Bosnia, kanye kwezinye izindawo yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Inani eliqondile baphinde futhi wafa ngesikhathi kuthuthwa zabantu akwaziwa, kodwa, njengoba ososayensi, amashumi ezigidi zabantu okukholakala ibalwe.