Izigaba, izici, izici namabutho ukushayela yentuthuko zomlando. Theory yentuthuko zomlando

umlando Umhlaba unothile kakhulu futhi egcwele zonke izinhlobo amaqiniso. Ngisho ne ezobuchwepheshe zanamuhla nezindlela ukuthuthukiswa engakaze ibonwe wesayensi zomlando, ososayensi musa waphendula ngokugcwele yonke imibuzo lwesintu. Iningi izenzakalo, abantu, izindawo, izincwadi zomlando kanye kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo kuze kube yilolu suku. Nokho, lezi nezimagqabhagqabha mhlophe ngaso linye akuyona inkinga ukwakha uhlobo "isihlahla zomlando 'esasingeke akhombisa ukwazi yonke inqubo zomlando lwesintu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi yesimanje zakwazi ukwenza umfuziselo zakudala lokho okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Kodwa uma konke sekumi ngendlela echazwe izincwadi?

ekubeni umlando

Ukuthuthukiswa umlando njengoba isayensi waqala kudala kusukela ezinsukwini eGrisi lasendulo. I olwenzeka kancane kancane ulwazi kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi lokhu isayensi kwaba isihluthulelo. Ngosizo lwawo ungamazi emhlabeni wangempela ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu isikhathi. Ukufunda amaqiniso bayanda kusukela esikhathini eside esidlule, sikwazi ukuchazela ezinye zezenzakalo ngesikhathi samanje ukubikezela ikusasa. Kodwa lolu hlobo umsebenzi akusona isici eziyinhloko kube nesidingo ukutadisha umlando. Okwamanje, ososayensi kuba nesithakazelo amabutho ukushayela yomlando. Phela, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka, ayikwazi ukuvela kanjalo nje. Ukuze lokhu kufanele kube isici ocacile eyozenza. Uma ubheka zonke izigaba yentuthuko zomlando, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi, kuyacaca ukuthi lonke emlandweni wesintu kwakukhona izenzakalo ezithile, abantu, amaqiniso noma ezinye izinto ukufukula ukuqhubeka.

Ingqikithi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izenzakalo ezingokomlando

Yonke inqubo yentuthuko womuntu zingahlukaniswa zibe izinyathelo ezithile. Nokho, kuyinto engaziwa Yaqala kanjani, futhi lokhu kunezela Dynamics yayo kanye nokwehla. Lapho abacwaningi wayebheka impendulo yalo mbuzo, baqala baziqambela nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene yentuthuko zomlando, ukuthi wayeyobanika izimpendulo zemibuzo ekhona. Ngu uqobo, imfundiso eside uhlobo hypothesis, igcwele yamaqiniso nobufakazi ngokwesayensi. It ikuvumela ukuba uthole futhi abazibonakalisa beqotho noma falsity kwanoma iyiphi into. Esimweni sethu, sibonisa yonke inqubo yentuthuko zomlando, futhi imfundiso, esikhundleni salokho, esisiza ukuba siqonde ukwehlukana kwayo, ifomu, izimbangela kanye namandla okubakhona. Lokho Inkolelo-mbono kusekelwa yiqiniso ukuthi yisandla yentuthuko zomlando akhona futhi zingachazwa.

Izinhlobo zezinkolelo-mbono yentuthuko zomlando

Imicimbi ingabonwa esekelwe izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-elakhiwa monistic. Ngamunye wabo kubangela ukubukeka uhlobo theory zomlando. indlela onezinkolo ukutholakala wezizwe eziningi namasiko okuyinto ukuthuthukiswa iphutha ngokuzimela obakhathalelayo. ebamba isisu Monistic uhluke futhi kubonisa ubuhlobo yamasiko izizwe. Ngakho, siyabona ukuthi yonke umqondo kungaba isisusa sabo amabutho izenzakalo ezingokomlando, ngaphezu kwalokho, sihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ngokuphathelene mbono abalobi zabo bebelokhu uzibophezele yimuphi umqondo. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukwaba imfundiso yokuziphendukela eziyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni zomlando, okuyilezi:

• Theological. Zonke izinto eziphilayo akhiwa intando kaNkulunkulu, kodwa indoda - lena indalo yakhe enhle kunazo zonke. Noma yimuphi inqubo okumelwe zenzeke egameni futhi ngenxa yenkazimulo ke.
• Lobuqaba. Lo mbono Kuyathakazelisa, ngoba abalandeli bayo bakulahle ngokuphelele zomlando inqubo ukuthuthukiswa iyonke.
• ithiyori Linear aqondakale wonke ukuthuthukiswa kuyinto iphuzu elithile ngesikhathi. Yini ngokwezemvelo ukuthuthukiswa bonke owake siphele.
• Theory ka Toynbee. Likhuluma indaba ngebhayisikili zonke izinqubo zomlando. Zonke impucuko kuthiwa babona liphuma, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuvela isiqongo kanye nokwehla. Kulokhu, zonke izinqubo zihlobene kakhulu.
• ithiyori kaMarx kuyinto jikelele. Lichaza umsuka umthetho, umphakathi, futhi lonke inqubo yentuthuko zomlando. Ngamafuphi nje, uKarl Marks lichaza imvelaphi iyiphi abaningi abanawo, ngenxa yomzabalazo wezigaba. Imfundiso iye ziyasatshalalaiswa phakathi kwekhulu XX, lapho izwe libe khona okuguquguqukayo: East lamaKhomanisi kanye kosozimali West.

Inqubo zomlando izici zayo

Ngamandla abo, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kuphela uhlaka, owawuthi umphakathi athuthukile. In ngamunye kubo izici ezingavamile ezathonya ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ukuvela umphakathi. Of inothi iqiniso lokuthi umphakathi kanye nomlando kumele kubhekwe njengento eyodwa wonke indissoluble, ngoba abantu nomthelela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngakho, izici zezomlando ukuthuthukiswa kuvela abantu ezibathintayo okufanayo, kanjalo wokuxhumanisa ukuziphatha umphakathi endaweni le planethi. Kulokhu, udinga ukuba acabangele idatha kwendawo, njengoba zonke izizwe at zokukhula ezihlukene yayo yomlando. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokucacile samanje. Qhathanisa ngesikhathi amazwe okungenani abantu baseYurophu abathuthela kule amazwe ase-Afrika. Abantu bayafana, ngaphandle umbala, futhi lelo gebe ekuthuthukisweni phakathi ezimbili ezinkulu. Lokho kusho ukuthi izici zezomlando yentuthuko ungaxhomeki kuphela ubudala. Zizophinda zilawulwe izici indawo nezinye sabantu, ezifana inkolo, isimo sengqondo, isimiso sezombusazwe, njll

Izigaba yentuthuko zomlando

Ngakho sesisungule ukuthi izici kuxhomeke indawo kanye isigaba zomlando ezithile. Systematization isayensi yanamuhla eye yaholela yokuthi ososayensi hlanganyela emlandweni wezwe esikhathini esibekiwe. Ngamunye wabo has a Uhlaka esithize. Siyabonga kubo, singazihlolela futhi ukukhomba main ukushayela amabutho izenzakalo ezingokomlando.

Kuwo wonke amazwe, luhlukaniswe izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. izwe lwasekuqaleni. Ekuqaleni kwalesi isigaba libhekene izinsuku ezimbili eziyinhloko: iminyaka angu-1.2 million BC, lapho umuntu wokuqala, futhi iminyaka eyinkulungwane 40 BC. Usuku ogcine libhekisela ukubukeka ukwazi e Homo sapiens futhi ukubukeka amakhono akhe okusinda, phakathi kwezinye zezinto eziphilayo.
2. Yezwe Lasendulo (IV-III yeminyaka BC - V leminyaka AD).
3. Ephakathi (V - xv ekhulwini AD).
4. isikhathi okusha (XVI - 60 neminyaka XX leminyaka AD).
5. Contemporary (iminyaka 60 XX leminyaka - samanje).

izici ezahlukene kuzo zonke izigaba

isigaba ngasinye zomlando ibonisa inqubo yokuphila komuntu. Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye basebenzisa lwati lolutfolakele ukuthuthela ezingeni elilandelayo. Kodwa ekuqongeleleni ulwazi - kuyinqubo eside, ngakho izinyathelo akuzona umfaniswano Uhlaka zabo isikhathi.
Ngamunye wabo zigcine umcimbi othile. Ngokwesibonelo, umphakathi bakudala laqala ukunyamalala nge ukuvela impucuko kanye kwemibuso emikhulu efana Roman, eMesophothamiya, isiPheresiya. Izwe lasendulo wawushabalele ngesikhathi uJesu ekhipha lo emhlabeni ubuKristu.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-Ephakathi ezikhathini zanamuhla kukhona okukhulu okutholakele ezindawo ezaholela nokuthuthuka komuntu. Ifa zomlando ukuthi uhlala emva ngamunye izinyathelo nokusiza abantu ukuba bafinyelele ezintsha eziphakeme ngokusebenzisa iphutha ezizukulwane ezingaphambili.

isiphetho

Ngokuvamile, ekuthuthukiseni zomlando izici kuzoncika ezintweni eziningi. Kodwa omunye main kuyinto thina ngokwethu - abantu abahlala Umhlaba iplanethi. Noma yimuphi izenzo zethu ukwenza umlando waleli zwe, futhi owazi, mhlawumbe esigabeni esilandelayo akakude.