Engenayo kaZwelonke - ngezinga elithile wezwe nenhlalakahle

Ngo Macroeconomics kukhona into enjalo njengoba engenayo kazwelonke. Lokhu inkomba kwezomnotho, okuyinto ephawula isiqalo nesigcino imali eyinhloko zonke izakhamuzi zezwe. Lapho le nkomba ibalwa njengoba isamba hhayi kuphela ngenxa imisebenzi yezomnotho ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe, kodwa futhi phesheya (engenayo kubhekwe abahlali laphumela), kanye engenayo ikhokhwe kwamanye amazwe.

engenayo kaZwelonke - isamba namarisidi lamazwe eyinhloko ukuthi zifakwe kweSamba umkhiqizo wezwe, kanye inzuzo kuye kwakhishwa ezivela phesheya lokususa izimali ezibekwe phesheya. Le nkomba kungabuye wafunda njengoba isamba sazo zonke engenayo (inkokhelo, inkokhelo ku ukwabelana, amabhondi, inzalo imali, njll) imikhakha zokukhiqiza impahla.

Okokuqala cabanga ingeniso kazwelonke todvwa kusukela imisebenzi zokukhiqiza babé abasunguli Marxism-Leninism. Pervoprohodchikom, le "Ubaba" zalesi inkomba uWilliam Petit - Economist ngesiNgisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho athuthukile imfundiso yakhe Physiocrats, u-Adam Smith noDavide Ricardo. Nokho, akekho kubo abazange babe amandla ngokugcwele umqondo ezifana ingeniso kazwelonke. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kuphela Marx. Nguye owaqala ungacabangi nje kuphela ngokuthi imali yazo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, kodwa futhi kakhulu izindleko imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa. Marx wayephakathi ngowokuqala kubhekwe eceleni into efana ukusetshenziswa-Isikhwama futhi into ezifana esikhwameni ekuqongeleleni. Ngakho-ke wabanikeza incazelo egcwele inkomba ngayinye, echaza umthwalo wabo sokusebenza. izimfundiso edume of Marx baqhubeka uVladimir Lenin.

Kulesi sigaba, kukhona ukutolika eziningi ukwahlulelwa Abadali omkhulu, kodwa zonke, ekugcineni, inencazelo efanayo.

engenayo kaZwelonke - umehluko phakathi net yomkhiqizo kazwelonke futhi intela engaqondile. Futhi lapha akunakubangelwa nemixhaso, izibonelelo, ekhishwe ibhizinisi isimo. Ngokufanayo, ngeke, uma sicabangela lokhu sibalo njengoba umkhiqizo oluhlanzekile yonke inkampani noma ukubaluleka okudalwe kabusha. Net Mkhiqizo kaZwelonke (NNP) - imethrikhi esimele umehluko we wamazwe imali yezwe, ukwehla kanye amortization.

Ukuze abale ingeniso kazwelonke ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. indlela yokukhiqiza yasetshenziselwa e-USSR. Lapho yengezwe okukhiphayo bezakhamuzi umkhakha ngamunye, ukukhiqizwa ngamunye ezihlobene izinhlobo ezahlukene ubunikazi. Ngemva kwalokho, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukubala zonke izindleko impahla wachitha ukukhiqiza. Ngokukhipha kusukela okukhipha bezakhamuzi lemali wathola izindleko impahla kanye ukuthola ukubaluleka ofiselekayo - imali kazwelonke. Ifomula libukeka kanje:

VP - MZ = ND, lapho

VP - okukhipha okwedlulele; MH - izindleko impahla; ND - ingeniso kazwelonke.

Ngemva kokuhlaziya legatsha ngamunye ukukhiqizwa futhi kwengezwa izibalo okuholela, ungathola imali yesive.

ukukhiqizwa Gross, esidalelwe ngonyaka inezingxenye ezimbili - umkhiqizo okudalwe futhi adalwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kule mboni, ukukhiqiza ifenisha, cabanga izesekeli, ezihlukahlukene izingxenye eziye zasetshenziswa ekwenzeni ifenisha. Kodwa le mininingwane sezivele kubonelelwe le mboni. Ngakho-ke, lapho kubalwa okukhipha bezakhamuzi kungenzeka ukubala double, engesiyo imali kazwelonke (emva zonke izindleko bayakhishwa).