Imibono ka populism. populism Revolutionary. Populism - kuyinto ...

Esikwaziyo populism? Mhlawumbe kufanele bajulise ulwazi lwabo? Ngemva kokufunda lesi sihloko, you tando surely thola into entsha.

Ngakho, populism - kuba ukunyakaza setepolitiki of a stratum ezithile nezazi, kanye imfundiso ngemibono of the Empire, isiRashiya, engxenyeni 19 lesibili - zakuqala. kwelama-20. Inhloso abasekeli kulesi siqondiso kwaba ukuthuthukiswa umfuziselo kazwelonke yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungezona zobungxiwankulu futhi lithathelwe kancane kancane zabantu bakuleli zwe zibhekane nezimo sesimanje eqhubekayo. Populism - kuyinto uhlelo imibono okuyinto lanqoba ikakhulukazi emazweni nomnotho ogxile kwezolimo ishede ngesikhathi kwathatha esigabeni yezimboni ukuthuthukiswa (ngaphandle Russia, kwaba ePoland nase-Ukraine, amazwe eCaucasus and aseBaltic).

Njengamanje, isayensi Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi abameleli bayo ukuvusela uquqaba, sokuqondiswa hhayi kuphela bakwazi zezombusazwe ukuqedwa ngokushesha autocracy (lokhu kwaba umgomo we ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso ngalezo zinsuku), kodwa isidingo yangaphakathi tekuhlangani amasiko amabili - Folk futhi isigaba sabantu abafundile. Populism - uhlobo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni nakancane ne amaphrojekthi ezithile izinguquko sphere eziningi zokuphila emphakathini. Ukusabalala kwaleli mkhuba ezaba nomthelela ubunye besizwe ngokususa ngezigaba bese bakha ngemuva ukwakha umphakathi owodwa zomthetho ukuze abantu bazo zonke kwezakhi.

Abasunguli be-populism

Kwakumelwe waseHerzen futhi Chernyshevsky. Kodwa izimpawu zokuqala kungatholakala ngemisebenzi A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V Gogolya, futhi uA Ya Chaadaev, owabonisa isithakazelo esikhulu kuleli tenhlalo ngemisebenzi yakhe, "iqiniso lokuphila." Kuyinto lapha futhi has kwaqala populism Russian.

waseHerzen

Ngo 1830 waseHerzen balithanda Hegelianism, wayekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo phambili inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi kumele abe nethemba nentuthuko yomuntu siqu, futhi banqobe kobushiqela kwezenhlalo kanye nebuhlobo lobuhle naNkulunkulu wakhe. Nokho, wamdumaza kanjani ukuthuthukiswa Europe, wayekholelwa ezweni lethu, e populism eRussia. WaseHerzen wabona ikusasa layo ekuguquleni ubudlelwano impahla, okuncike ubumbano kumele aboniswe futhi amalungu umphakathi mutual. Zonke lezi imisinga ye populism, wathola emphakathini. WaseHerzen babewahlonipha ethos abalimi eRussia, ukubeka "kungokwemvelo" collectivism yabo kude ngaphezu nezifiso individualistic we baseYurophu. izimiso ezakhiwe yizinhlangano kuye kwakheka isisekelo umqondo yokuqala "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni waseRussia".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umxhwele "Westernism" futhi umqondo wakhe intuthuko kwezenhlalo ngokusekelwe ngenkolelo e wonke jikelele koHlelo nokuthuthukisa ezenhlalakahle kanye nomnotho, kanye nomphakathi we-European futhi Russian ukuthuthukiswa izindlela. Ngokungafani umqondo esinokuthula waseHerzen sika "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni non-wamavukelambuso ', akazange siqambe isinqumo zobudlova nezinkinga zomphakathi nge. Chernyshevsky kwaba kahle isidingo umsebenzi eside zemfundo nezombangazwe phakathi kwabantu ukuze uxazulule izinkinga zawo ezinkulu kwezenhlalo. Lokhu isibalo somphakathi ukukhuthaza imiqondo yokukhululwa abalimi ezivela ezweni ngaphandle isinxephezelo, ukuqedwa ubushiqela, ukufumbathisa, enifeza izinguquko apharathasi isimo, inhlangano yendawo ukuzibusa ukubiza vsesoslovnogo izikhungo omele nokumiswa oda eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. ezizivelelayo eziningi ezifuywayo ezitholakala imisebenzi yakhe akusho shayela eside umsebenzi wokukhuthaza, kodwa liveza umqondo ushintsho wamavukelambuso yezwe.

ezimbili kulezi zindlela - ngokulinganisela (ovulekile) kanye olukhulu (wamavukelambuso) populism baba imbangela imisinga ezimbili. Kubhekwe isiqondiso mbuso ka phakathi 1850 futhi phambi 1881. Ngemva ukubulawa uMbusi u-Alexander II (1 Mashi 1881) futhi kuze kufinyelele ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, indlela kabanzi kunazo ovulekile.

Populism - iyisici ekhethekile kwamasiko

Umsuka populism lihlotshaniswa umlando kumiswa nezazi eRussia. Umqondo ukuthi unozwela ngezintandane isono (Berdyaev) ngesineke sonke isimiso ukwazi yomphakathi wezwe lakithi engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Populism amafilosofi wazama ukuhlanganisa tincenye Westernism futhi Slavophilism. Imibono yabo - indlela okungezona zobungxiwankulu ukuthuthukiswa, kwathatha socialism collectivism ekulondolozeni emiphakathini yasemakhaya - babé bathinteka futhi lomkhuba abalulekile wefilosofi Russian namasiko. Lolu hlelo imibono ngokuvamile aqukethe izakhi asebenzayo engokoqobo, naphezu utopianism. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo enhle zokuziphatha - inkolelo zokuziphatha nabahle ongashintsha izwe libe yindawo engcono. Populists abakholelwa uNkulunkulu ubenguYihlo abangakholelwa kuNkulunkulu banesithakazelo uyaqiniseka Nokho, imibono yabo sifika kwi welithi "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni" futhi "izindinganiso zobuKristu."

Baleli ukunyakaza badedelwa ukwazi komphakathi ngaphansi ngobulukhuni esontweni, kodwa kwakusasele amasiko ezivamile zobuKristu kwamasiko. Populism amafilosofi ka autocracy wenza ziyawathinta izindlela ezinokusetshenziswa esimweni liberalism. Liberals wabona iziphathimandla ababevukela, ngakho emandleni obukhosi uthola ukwesekwa yayo kuphela endaweni olandelanayo okwagcina washesha kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.

Izikhombisi-ndlela futhi Amathrendi

Ngokusho degree of radicalism ababonakali ngezikhundla:

• Phakathi olandelanayo;
• ovulekile-zokuguqula umbuso;
• populism zenhlalo-zokuguqula umbuso;
• anarchist.

iphiko okulondoloza kwakuhambisana nezinga slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). imisebenzi aso angamazinyo okungenani ifundelwe futhi umelwe ngokuyinhloko umsebenzi ubhoko magazini "Isonto" Chervinsky P. futhi I. Kablitz.

Abameleli beNdikimba ovulekile-wamavukelambuso (centrist) Iphiko 60-70s kwekhulu le-19: U-Elisha ( "Contemporary" umagazini), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "irekhodi Domestic"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov nezinye . Oholela kwezombusazwe abazinze lakhe ibingamashumi Lavrov futhi Mikhailovsky.
Abasekeli isiqondiso yezenhlalakahle wamavukelambuso Narodnichestvo ephethwe Tkachev nganxanye hhayi Morozov wanelisekile kuhloswe ngayo ukugqugquzela ukulungiselela eside futhi ukuchayeka nomphakathi. Yasondela umbono ka ukushesha, usheshisa inguquko.

iphiko Anarchist inselele isidingo sokushintsha ngaphakathi ezweni. Populists anarchist Kropotkin futhi Bakunin sasimathintanyawo ngohulumeni, kuhlanganise ogqilazayo yayo futhi ucindezele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ke kukhala ngesikhathi indima nokucekela phansi kunazo, kodwa kwadingeka ngemcondvo eziningi imibono emihle.

I amakilabhu lokuqala nezinhlangano

Eminyakeni 1856-1858 kwakukhona umbuthano inkulumo-ze at laseKharkov University. Ngo 1861 kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo inyunyana wafika ngaphansi kobuholi PE futhi PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo eMoscow. Amalungu aso avumelana ngendlela kuphela uguqule ngokoqobo ezizungezile kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso revolution.

"Bona Izwe futhi Freedom"

Inhlangano enamandla kakhulu imfihlo Petersburg eminyakeni 1861-1864 kwaba "iZwe futhi Freedom". Amalungu ayo (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, emahhulahhubhu, Utin, Rymarenko) ngiphuphe "izimo inguquko." Uhlelo weNhlangano efakiwe ukudluliselwa komhlaba abalimi (ehlelelwe isihlengo), esikhundleni zonke iziphathimandla ezikhethwe izikhulu, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko lempi umculo esigodlweni sayo. Nokho, la malungiselelo asamukelanga ukwesekwa okwanele phakathi kwabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho inhlangano yahlakazeka, asele ngisho wathola bobukhosi amasevisi somculo.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina umphakathi wamavukelambuso zamila embuthanweni, amalungu inhlangano "Land and Freedom". Inhloso yakhe kwakuwukwenza ongumlimi revolution ngu ngesakhiwo amaqembu bokusungula. Emzamweni ukuletha ezinye imibono Chernyshevsky ukudala workshop kanye nemifelandawonye, amalungu umphakathi wavula eMoscow isikole khulula ngo-1865, ngibopha futhi ukuthunga workshop ekuphileni, olwenziwa izingxoxo mayelana nokusungulwa kwe-isigodi, nabasebenzi Lyudinovo ironworks esifundazweni Kaluga, yasungula ifektri ukotini ngesisekelo Association ngo-1865 e Mozhaisk wesifunda. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky kuhlelwe yokuphunyuka ejele, kodwa umsebenzi walo waphazanyiswa 4 Apreli 1866 kokubulawa umzamo Karakozov, elinye lamalungu alo mphakathi, umbusi. Kulokhu kuka 2,000 populists engene ngaphansi uphenyo, 36 bagwetshwa izinyathelo ezahlukene amandla (Karakozov - walengiswa Ishutin wavalelwa yedwa e Shlisselburg inqaba, lapho kamuva waya mad).

"Ukubhuqwa Yabantu"

Le nhlangano eholwa Nechayev lalimelela ukunyakaza olukhulu populism futhi kwamiswa ngo-1869 eMoscow Petersburg. Lalinama abantu 77. Inhloso yayo ngesikhathi futhi elungiselela 'revolution abantu ". Sergei Nechayev owawusekelwe ngokweqile wenhlangano kanye nokuntuleka izimiso, ukukhohlisa wobushiqela. Ngokumelene naye ngokukhululekile wakhuthaza P. L. Lavrov, owayekholelwa ukuthi "akukho muntu okufanele mithi ngaphandle kwalapho kudingeka ngempela zokuziphatha ubumsulwa emzabalazweni, futhi akufanele elachithwa ikuphi ukwehla eyodwa esingeziwe igazi." Nechayev ibizwa ngokuthi ukwesaba, sicasulwa. Yena wayeqiniseka ngokuthi izindlela ezinjalo kuyoba usizo ziba ngcono mode, uyoletha ikusasa eliqhakazile. Ivanov, bekhuluma kabi Nechayev, kamuva ngabekwa icala ngokuba amambuka futhi abulawa. Amaphoyisa wavula icala lobugebengu, futhi inhloko yenhlangano wabaleka phesheya kodwa watholwa, uboshiwe kanti uzame njengeselelesi esivamile.

Lokhu amafilosofi akubanga ngeze, njengoba kubonakala kula ukucabanga izinguquko of nezinye izifundazwe. Ngakho, sihlangane populism (XX leminyaka) ku ukunyakaza populist lamazwe yezwe yesithathu iminyaka eminingi ezayo ngenxa yalokhu.