Onkulunkulu Mayan: amagama kanye nomlando

yamandulo ezilahlekile inzalo Maya kwesokunxele inqwaba puzzle kanye izimfihlakalo. Lezi izizwe, ngubani wayenolwazi oluhle ngezinkanyezi, izibalo kanye Cosmology, ingeyamakhosi athuthukile kakhulu lonke izwekazi lase-South America. Kodwa amatasa zazenza imihlatshelo yabantu, futhi onkulunkulu Mayan namanje emelelwa usosayensi othile kakhulu isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi izinkolelo nemibono mayelana yonke. Ngeshwa, imithombo eminingi ebhalwe ukuthi Sake okwalapha libhujiswa conquistadors. Ngakho-ke, amagama onkulunkulu Mayan safinyelela abacwaningi ngefomu akuphelele, abaningi babo amashumi eminyaka zinguquko ezinkulu abapristi bamaKatolika. Futhi abanye bashone lwanyamalala, futhi ngaphandle kokuveza imfihlo yakhe ukuba ososayensi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu konkulunkulu-Aztec futhi Mayan, nikhuleke kubo udumo lingaqhubeka uhlolisisa futhi kusimangaze abacwaningi yokusebenza kwalo ngezindlela eziningi.

Izwe umfanekiso South wamaNdiya aseMelika

Ngaphambi kokuvala ukuze bonke onkulunkulu balaba bantu, kufanele baqonde indlela savela imibono yabo mayelana nezwe. Phela, onkulunkulu babantu abangophulanga Cosmology-Aztec futhi Mayan babe umphumela oqondile wamaNdiya.

Inselelo enkulu ngoba ososayensi abatadisha ukuphila amaMaya, kuyinto lenqwaba onkulunkulu kanye nobuhlobo babo ne zazo siqu, futhi abantu abavamile. Maya benawo amandla waphezulu hhayi kuphela ngendalo, kodwa futhi nezinto zasemkhathini, ezihlukahlukene izitshalo nezilwane.

South wamaNdiya aseMelika emhlabeni njengoba indiza elingunxande, imiphetho okwakukhona izihlahla efanekisela amaphuzu eziyinhloko. Ngamunye wabo waba umbala zabo, futhi phakathi nendawo umuthi obaluleke kakhulu oluhlaza. It lingena zonke imihlaba futhi exhumanisa ndawonye. Maya umangalele ukuthi amazulu aqukethe imihlaba nantathu ezahlukene, ngasinye sazo uhlalwe onkulunkulu futhi ungunkulunkulu ophakeme. sphere Underground, futhi, ngokuvumelana abameleli i ngempucuko yasendulo, kwadingeka amazinga eziningana. The Worlds ayisishiyagalolunye uhlalwe onkulunkulu ukufa, owahlela imiphefumulo yabafileyo Izehlakalo esibi kunazo. Dlula kubo ayikwazanga yonke imiphefumulo esibuhlungu baba kuze kube sekugcineni endaweni yobumnyama nokudabuka.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, umsuka emhlabeni, kanye oyiyo, amaMaya kwadingeka ukutolika eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abantu abakholelwa ukuthi amakhona emhlabeni akuzona izihlahla, Bacab - onkulunkulu bamanga ezine, ubambe emahlombe akhe imihlaba wasezulwini. Kwakumelwe futhi babekezelele imibala ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Bacab empumalanga kwathiwa ababethi umbala obomvu, futhi eningizimu - ziphuzi. Centre Zomhlaba njalo ukufanisa oluhlaza umbala.

The Mayas wayenesimo sengqondo eyinqaba kakhulu ukufa. Lowo wesifazane wayebhekwa njengomfelokazi ukunweba engokwemvelo ekuphileni futhi ngokuningiliziwe enkulu thile kubonakala kuzo zonke guises yayo. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi kulapho abantu uthole ngemva kohambo yasemhlabeni, kwakuxhomeke kanjani yayizokufa. Ngokwesibonelo, abesifazane abangazangandoda washona ebeletha, namadoda njalo awela uhlobo ipharadesi. Kodwa ukufa engokwemvelo ukuguga esasizobhujiswa umphefumulo azulazule embusweni ebumnyameni. Kube elinde isivivinyo sakhe esikhulu, ngemva kwalokho-ke oyoke bangeqi onkulunkulu belusizi sokufa. Ukuzibulala akubhekwa phakathi South wamaNdiya aseMelika, nobuthakathaka into esenqatshelwe. Cha, kwenzeka okuphambene - omunye ofake ngakulona, kwafika unkulunkulu welanga, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi bajabule kwelizayo yakhe entsha.

Izici ababaziwa Mayan

Onkulunkulu Mayan hit ososayensi yakhe eminingi. Ngokwezazi ezithile, abo engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Futhi ngamunye wabo incarnations eziningana futhi kungenziwa ebaluliwe amafomu okungenani ezine ezihlukene. Abaningi babo ukuba athathe unkosikazi, ophinda abe omunye embodiments. Lokhu kwenza usukela phakathi konkulunkulu Hinduism nobuBuddha. Akwaziwa okuyinto zezinkolo kwaba nabanye eyinhloko nethonya, kodwa ososayensi bayazi ukuthi ingxenye onkulunkulu Mayan ethathwe ngaphezulu isiko lasendulo, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo cishe lutho namuhla eyaziwa.

Yamangala lapho sifika okokuqala nge kela onkulunkulu abaningi, kanye neqiniso lokuthi ningi of them are ofayo. Lokhu kufakazelwa izindaba esekhona nezithombe onkulunkulu. Kwakuvamile ngempela ukumela nabo ezahlukene ukuvuthwa nezikhathi nokuguga kanye nokuguga wabonakalisa hhayi ebuthakathakeni, kodwa ukuhlakanipha. Ukuncelisa onkulunkulu ukuba anikele ngayo, ngoba igazi izisulu wabanika nempilo ende namandla.

Onkulunkulu kwezindikimba zasezulwini kukhona basemathubeni amaningi okuthi babulawe, futhi phambi reappearance kwesibhakabhaka, kumelwe ukuba e kokufa komzimba entsha, enyuka abafileyo. Khona baphinda kokuvulwa ukubukeka yayo yangaphambili futhi wabuyela endaweni eyayibekelwe kubo.

onkulunkulu Mayan kuboniswe bas-imifanekiso nokuhlobisa amathempeli imibhoshongo, yokuqala esiyicabangelayo bethukile ososayensi ngokubukeka lwabo kanye nombono yinkimbinkimbi. Iqiniso liwukuthi isiko amaNdiya South America elalamukele lalifanekisela isithombe ngasinye bedele nencazelo ekhethekile. Ngokuvamile onkulunkulu olufana izidalwa ezinamandla okukhetha isilwane izimpiko enganga izinyoka esikhundleni amehlo namakhakhayi side. Kodwa ukuvela kwazo akuzange kumesabise amaMaya, babona kule a linencazelo ekhethekile, futhi yonke into ezandleni kukankulunkulu isudi yakhe lwenzelwe ukuhlanganisa lokusebenzisa amandla akhe phezu kwabantu.

Mayan Ikhalenda

Cishe wonke umuntu namuhla eyaziwa ikhalenda lamaMaya, ubikezela ukuphela kwezwe ngo-2012. Wenza eziningi impikiswano nemibono yesayensi, kodwa empeleni kwaba nje enye inguqulo kwezikhathi, amaMaya, njengoba ezixoxwa ezinganekwaneni, funda kusukela onkulunkulu. onkulunkulu Mayan wabafundisa ukubala yobudala njengoba isikhathi esiyiminyaka cishe ezinhlanu namakhulu amabili. Futhi abameleli impucuko ongaqondakali ayeqiniseka ukuthi izwe abahlala nabafayo ngaphambili. onkulunkulu Mayan wathi kubapristi ukuthi izwe manje ibhekene kokufa komzimba lesine. Wayeke wadala futhi wafa. Impucuko yokuqala umuntu alahlekelwa okuvela elangeni, isikhathi sesibili nesesithathu - kusukela namanzi. Okwesine, lapho kubhujiswa esongela emhlabeni kusuka Jaguar kaNkulunkulu, okuzokwenza ukubaleka abafileyo ubhubhise konke ukuphila emhlabeni. Kodwa on the amanxiwa umhlaba omusha kabusha, otrinuvshego bonke ububi futhi Mercantile. Maya wazizwa oda zemvelo ukuze izinto futhi musa ngisho bacabange ukuthi ukuvimbela ukubhujiswa isintu.

Imihlatshelo behlonipha onkulunkulu

Onkulunkulu ngamaMaya asendulo yafuna imihlatshelo njalo, futhi kwakuvame womuntu. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi cishe njalo inkonzo noNkulunkulu kwakulandelwa ulwandle kwegazi. Kuye inani onkulunkulu bayo abusise noma ajezise abantu. Futhi umhlatshelo imicikilisho yokusebenzelana abangu eyayiqhutshwa abapristi automatism, ngezinye izikhathi ayehlukile unya kakhulu futhi ayikwazanga hit European.

The enhle kakhulu amantombazane asemancane minyaka esimisiwe omakoti unkulunkulu wenzalo - iphalishi Yum. Ngemva isiko elithile ugumbuqelwe abaphilise itshe ezijulile kahle ngegolide jade, lapho zihamba kancane kabuhlungu ziyafa.

Kwesinye isiko, indoda uboshelwe ebaziwe unkulunkulu, umpristi waklebhula esiswini sakhe ngommese ekhethekile. Zonke Thixo laligcwele igazi, bese umzimba isisulu sika ababethi okwesibhakabhaka okugqamile. White lasetshenziswa endaweni inhliziyo, lapho amalungu kyokushin isizwe. Kwakungekho micikilisho kancane olunegazi futhi edwengula inhliziyo aphume omunye umuntu ophilayo. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo umpristi mbhoshongo wakuhlanganisa phezu kwe-altare futhi yethulwa wakhe yisiyezi. Omunye ngobuciko ukunyakaza umpristi waklebhula esifubeni ngadabula izandla zakhe namanje ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngaphandle komzimba. Umzimba-ke kokuwa phansi isixuku Ukubhonga e-ecstasy bayafa.

Enye indlela zokuhlonipha onkulunkulu kwaba isiko ball game. Ekupheleni umdlalo onkulunkulu Mayan ngempela ukuthola izisulu zawo athandwayo. indawo ngokuvamile lapho amaqembu amabili balwa, ekwelinye okuvalelwe bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi we isikwele. Wall ingxenye nje kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe ethempelini. Ngempela, wonke amalungu ethimba wokulahlekelwa anqunywe ikhanda futhi uhlomo kubo ku nemikhonto endaweni ekhethekile Yekhanda.

Ukuze ondle onkulunkulu bawo phakathi umhlatshelo ezinkulu isiko, abapristi Maya njalo wavuma igazi, ukuniselwa altare lalo. Kaningana ngosuku, bona ibhoboze ezindlebeni zabo, ulimi kanye nezinye izitho zomzimba. Ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu kumele lumiswe isizwe zokugcina ubanikeze nokuchuma.

Induna unkulunkulu amaMaya, umdali wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo

Nkulunkulu Itzamná kwaba ubuNkulunkulu ebaluleke kakhulu bonke onkulunkulu Mayan. Ngokuvamile lowo uvezwa ixhegu nge ekhaleni enkulu futhi omunye izinyo emlonyeni. Yena waba ezihlobene isibankwa noma iguana futhi luvamise sizungezwe nayo lezi zilwane.

Ihlelo lika-Itzamná liphakathi zasendulo impela, incwadi okungenzeka kakhulu, kwathi lapho amaMaya namanje ohlonishwayo izilwane totem. Izibankwa isiko South wamaNdiya aseMelika kubhekwe izidalwa engcwele ngisho nangaphambi onkulunkulu igcinwe imisila yawo esibhakabhakeni. Maya umangalele ukuthi Itzamná wadala umhlaba, abantu, futhi onkulunkulu nayo yonke imihlaba. Wafundisa abantu ukuba bakholwe wokulima umhlabathi futhi yabonisa izinkanyezi ezibalulekile esibhakabhakeni ebusuku. Cishe bonke ababewazi indlela yokwenza abantu, wathembisa ukubanika unkulunkulu oyinhloko amaMaya. Wayengumuntu kanyekanye unkulunkulu wemvula, izitshalo kanye nezwe.

engumngane Itzamná

Ayikho ngaphansi esidala esasithandwa phakathi Maya kwakunenkosikazi yesazi Itzamná - Goddess Ix Chel. Wayengumngane unkulunkulukazi inyanga ngesikhathi esifanayo, uthingo futhi ngunina wabo bonke abanye onkulunkulu ababaziwa Mayan. Kukholakala ukuthi bonke onkulunkulu owehla evela kulo mbhangqwana, ngakho Ix Chel kanyekanye ivikela abesifazane, amantombazane, izingane kanye omama abakhulelwe. Kungasisiza ebeletha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha umhlatshelo izinsana. Ingabe Mayan yayikhona isiko owawuthi okokuqala abangu abesifazane abakhulelwe wathumela yedwa esiqhingini Kosmel. Lapho, zemikhaya evelele ukuze kushwelezwe unkulunkulukazi izisulu ezahlukene lokuzalwa kuhambe kahle, futhi umntwana wazalwa ngiphilile futhi nginamandla.

Kukhona legend ukuthi isiqhingi ngokuvamile okuhlatshwa amantombazana nabancelayo. Ngokumangalisayo, ngisho umvikeli we abesifazane, okuyinto kwakufanele abe novalo, umnene, waqaphela lemihlatshelo yabantu wadla igazi fresh, njengalo lonke unkulunkulu Maya.

Kukulkan, unkulunkulu Mayan

Omunye onkulunkulu edume kakhulu futhi ohlonishwa amaMaya kwaba Kukulkan. lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa waso kwakuyindishi okusakazekile kulo lonke Yucatán. Zona kanye igama likaNkulunkulu elihunyushwe ngokuthi "inyoka enezimpiko" futhi wavela kaningi phambi kwabantu bakhe ngo incarnations ahlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile-ke uchazwa njengengelosi isidalwa efana inyoka ezinamaphiko nge alingana nekhanda lomuntu. Ngakolunye bas-imifanekiso, wayefana ngunkulunkulu ikhanda lenyoni nomzimba inyoka sika. UKukulcán wabusa izakhi ezine futhi ngokuvamile ifanekiselwa umlilo.

Eqinisweni, unkulunkulu ebaluleke kakhulu amaMaya awuzange ehambisana izici, kodwa wasidalula iphethwe yi- kwawo, ukusebenzisa njengesipho ekhethekile. Abapristi zokukhulekela kwakuhanjwa nazo kubhekwe izyavitelyami ezinkulu ngeke Kukulkan, bakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile noNkulunkulu futhi wazi intando yakhe. Ikakhulukazi kusukela wavikela ama-ke ngohlu lozalo lwasebukhosini futhi njalo selineminyaka inzuzo yabo.

Ukuze kuhlonishwe Kukulkan yayakhiwe mbhoshongo ezinhle kakhulu kuleli Yucatán. Wenziwe kungazange kumangaze kangako ukuthi ngenjikalanga ehlobo emthunzini izakhiwo kuthatha ifomu inyoka ezinamaphiko. Limele esizayo uNkulunkulu kubantu bakhe. Abaningi bathi mbhoshongo kuyinto umsindo ekhetheke kakhulu - ngisho ukuthula okuphelele sengathi endaweni ethile eseduze nokuklabalasa izinyoni.

Okubi kakhulu we kela onkulunkulu abaningi Mayan

unkulunkulu Mayan sokufa, Ah Puch, owayengumbusi tier aphansi wezwe lemimoya. Wakhuphuka imiphefumulo elahlekile ezinkulukazi ukuhlolwa igazi futhi ngokuvamile wayethanda ukubukela umdlalo isiko komdlalo phakathi imiphefumulo amaNdiya kanye onkulunkulu umbuso efile. It is ngokuvamile uchazwa ngokuthi skeleton noma simbozwa namabala amnyama kwezidumbu.

Ukuze uthole aphume abafileyo, kwakudingekile ukuze sihlakaniphele unkulunkulu, kodwa Maya, sabika ukuthi ngesikhathi khona imihlaba kwakunokwenzeka daredevils ezimbalwa nje.

Bright esibhakabhakeni unkulunkulu

AmaMaya ayekholelwa izazi zezinkanyezi kakhulu, bakhokha ukunakwa lukhulu Ilanga Nenyanga. -Daylight kwakuxhomeke ezingeni esiphakamisa ngalo isivuno kuyoba ngonyaka. Kodwa okwashiwo inyanga nezinkanyezi wavumela amaNdiya ukuhola ikhalenda ukumaka izinsuku namasiko, imihlatshelo nokutshala. Akumangazi ukuthi onkulunkulu izindikimba zasezulwini wayengomunye walaba ohlonishwayo kakhulu.

Sun Nkulunkulu Maya wazala igama Kinich Ahau. Yena ngesikhathi esifanayo wayebuye ongumvikeli amasosha, abasishiya, igazi lakhe sondleke unkulunkulu. AmaMaya ayekholelwa ukuthi zawo ngobusuku Kinich Ahau kufanele sithole amandla, ngakho udinga siwondle igazi nsuku zonke. Uma kungenjalo, ngeke bakwazi ukugibela elaliphuma phakathi kobumnyama nokubasa kosuku olusha.

Ngokuvamile, uNkulunkulu wabonakala esengumfanyana abanesikhumba abomvu. Wayelethwa kuvezwa ehlezi ilanga disk ezandleni zakhe. Ngokusho ikhalenda lamaMaya, kwaba inkathi yakhe waqala ngemva 2012. Ngemva kwenkathi yesihlanu ngokuphelele okungewakho Kinich Ahau.

imvula unkulunkulu Chac

Njengoba ngamaMaya ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela kwezolimo, akumangalisi ukuthi onkulunkulu elangeni nasemvuleni iphathwa onkulunkulu ophakeme onkulunkulu. Chuck wayemesaba uNkulunkulu futhi ohlonishwayo. Wayengase ukunikeza oluyilo ngezimakethe luzotholakala ngesikhathi ukuthambisa izitshalo, futhi ajezise nesomiso. Kule minyaka engu-, wathola iminikelo, esibalelwa amakhulu izimpilo zabantu. Ama-altare asikwazanga zome ezivela olwandle igazi elichithwe.

Ngokuvamile ufanekiselwe Chuck ababehlezi lazy isikhundla nge endishini enkulu womhlatshelo ithanga lakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi yayibukeka njengesikhonyane isidalwa esibi ngembazo, okungabenza ukuthi iziphuphutheki imvula nombani, ezibhekwa isivuno esihle.

unkulunkulu wenzalo

Yum Kas lalibonisa wenzalo unkulunkulu ummbila. Ngoba lokhu isiko Kwakuyindawo eyinhloko emphilweni amaNdiya, kwase kuba nge-isivuno salo kwakuxhomeke isiphetho edolobheni. Nkulunkulu njalo eboniswa izinsizwa ikhanda side, okuyinto jikisa indlebe. Ngezinye izikhathi yayibukeka njengesikhonyane corn sesembozo. Ngokusho yetinsita corn wanika onkulunkulu Mayan, ayenokuhlangenwe imbewu ezulwini futhi wafunda ukuba sihlakulele corn amasimu. Ngokumangalisayo, kuze kube manje, ososayensi baye ayitholakalanga kukhokho zasendle ummbila, okwakufanele kungenze iphutha izinhlobo yesimanje kutshalwa yalolu hlobo alithandeki namuhla.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa amasiko abantu Mayan futhi izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo Namanje abaziqondanga ngokugcwele izazi zanamuhla. Bakholelwa ukuthi etholakale ngobukhulu ubunzima, ulwazi ngokuphila South amaNdiya aseMelika nje phezulu yeqhwa, kodwa le mpumelelo yangempela yalo impucuko, okuyinto iyehluleka ukuqonda indlela yakhe yokuphila abangu irrevocably libhujiswa conquistadors.