Uyini impohlo: izwi

Kungenzeka kunedlanzana asemasha uzokwazi ukuchaza noma okungenani ukuqagela ukuthi cottager. Igama ewa ulimi kwansuku zonke. Abantu abadala ukuhlobanisa leli gama ngokuvamile nge nombono wokuthi "impohlo", kodwa okukushoyo ubanzi kakhulu.

i term kuyadida

Igama has bomcondvofana eziningi. It zahrebetnik futhi yesisebenzi, yesisebenzi futhi yokuqasha, isisebenzi kanye impohlo olulodwa, nezhenatik hhayi ixazululwe, inkosi, ngisho indela kanye lena yesigaba sabasebenzi. Kufinyeta bonke omqondofana, ngakho ungakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo yini cottager. Lona umuntu, ongenaso indlu noma ikhaya. Yiqiniso, inkosikazi noma. Bach - hhayi elifanayo ngqo. Igama elithi "bach" has a Umbala ezibuhlungu. Lena ngokuyinhloko umuntu akuyona nje oyedwa, kodwa kunalokho isinxibi ezingadingekile futhi asinantshisekelo, elusizi kanye (abacebile ngokuvamile ungase ukuthenga isithakazelo uqobo), kuyinto ngokujulile engajabule ekugugeni kwakhe, lapho lutho angathuthukisa Isiphelo sakhe.

Ibonisa izihloko ezincwadini kanye art

Umuntu onjalo uye wasondelana V G. Perov. Isithombe esincane ibizwa ngokuthi "Guitarist-bach". Lo muntu ngeshwa ayinakho ukukhohlisa namathemba. Kubi, nge amehlo fixed okuphiniwe ukuphila kumuntu, khona kuleli zwe akekho okudingeka. Wavumela shabby, kodwa amabhuzu akhe nebhantshi kungaba ukukhokhela iwayini, udlala umculo. Noma kunjalo, wakhe udabuke kakhulu. Futhi akukho noyedwa umsebenzi anikelwe abantu sokulahlwa. Sergei Yesenin uye pinching indaba "Bobyl futhi Pal." Abayithandayo of Sergei Lemeshev ajwayelekile "Iculo sokulahlwa abangenamakhaya" kusukela repertoire yakhe, okuyinto uqala ngamazwi "Hhayi indlu noma ikhaya."

accessory ekilasini

Ngakho-ke yini impohlo? Ezidabukisayo umuntu enesizungu? Futhi lokhu, futhi. Kodwa leli gama kunezimpande esikhathini eside esadlulako (kuqala ireferensi 1500 libhekisela ngonyaka), limelela uhlobo oluthile abalimi. Kamornikov, Bobylev, holupnikami, kutnikami ngokuthi abangenamihlaba noma amalungu umhlaba esibi alesi sigaba. Ngenxa ngokuphelele ubumpofu bobyli abehora ukusingatha KHO sustenance. Laba bantu babempofu ukuze ngesikhathi esisodwa awazange zikhokhelwe intela, bese ubizwa ngokuthi - bestyagolnye, netyaglovye. Kodwa kusukela ngo-1631 bobyli, kwadingeka enkantolo yakhe, ngagxila ekunqumeni inkonzo yemali kanye nabasebenzi. Kodwa kusukela 1679-th steel ezifana intela bobyli ekhokhwa futhi ngaleyo ndlela babelingana abalimi. Kulokhu, lo mbuzo cottager zingaphendulwa kanje: yena uyindoda, owayebizwa ziphoqelelwe ukuba zenze amaholo zabasebenzi.

Ngokusho kwenye version, bobyli kuqala uvele ekupheleni kwekhulu xv eMoscow. Leli gama libizwa izinceku inkontileka. Isimo base kunalokho ukuthi abantu abangamaphesenti ebugqileni ngumnikazi ngoba cottager isinyathelo enkonzweni ye-master, zibancishe wonke amalungelo, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, wayesalokhu ukuba ikhokhe yiziphi izintela (iningi kwaba intela zaleso sihlengo ngenkululeko yawo). Esikhathini sokungabi nhlobo imali futhi ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento imali yabo bese beveza akukwazi sibi kakhulu.

Inja esibi

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziningi kangakanani nekuhumusha izwi, ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi labo ababizwa ngokuthi abangenamihlaba, kwakungabantu abampofu eRussia. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, okokuqala igama elithi uvele Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVI. Moscow ababhali baqala ukusebenzisa izwi kanye "pozemschikami" futhi "abantu nepashennymi." Ngaphansi kwazo zonke lezi amagama libhekisela kubantu abangenayo elizweni lakibo. Baba yizingcweti nabantu zezimboni: abakhandi bensimbi kanye Sweden Kalachnikov, zoboya, abelusi. Lezi zihlanganisa kwezinye ukubalwa Zemsky namadiyakoni futhi engumthelisi. Ngu bobylkam isikhundla nabafelokazi abampofu.

Izintela esakhokhwa zonke

Njengoba sekushiwo, labo ababebizwa ngokuthi abangenamihlaba kuthiwa intela, kanye abalimi, njengazo zonke eRussia. Bona ezikhokhelwayo yamskih futhi sigqamile imali (izinhlobo kwezintela), kodwa lezi intela ekhokhwa ehlukile. Uma intela abalimi wathatha Soham (iyunithi intela ukukhokha intela eRussia kusukela XIII ukuze XVII ekhulwini), kusukela abangenamihlaba abantu nepashennyh wathatha isisu sakhe, yezandla kanye ngamamitha. Ngakho, ngokwale ndlela "amakhulukhulu" (umbhali noma incwadi akhawunti) e 1627 kanye izintela abalimi wathatha ku umhlabathi olimekayo nezwe, ne abangenamihlaba - Fisheries futhi khaba. Kulezi zincwadi, igama elithi "impohlo" - lisebenza kwezomthetho, ubheka ukuthi yiziphi lombhalo olusetshenziswa, okuyindawo levy izintela.

amnyama emlandweni

Futhi-ke, kusobala, kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi kungani imigomo ecacile neqondakalayo "pozemschiki" noma "nepashennye abantu" ekhulwini XVI, isibe okunye usithe igama elithi "impohlo." Kunezindlela eziningi ezingaziwa, futhi akukho ndawo kulo mbhalo alisho ukuthi kungani. "Nepashennye abantu" engxenyeni enkulu asisodwa, banayo umndeni, ngezinye izikhathi kwakukhona abalimi acebile, okuyinto akakaze okuqhubekisela abangenamihlaba. abameleli eMzini Kuleli qembu kwakukhona enkonzweni, kodwa futhi abalimi bobyli mbibi. Uma bathatha izwe futhi umsebenzi, kuphela ukucubungula, kodwa ungalokothi ubeke lakwakhe. Ngokuvamile bobyli-abalimi babehlala zezindela, futhi iphathwa umhlaba zabanye abantu futhi uye wakhokha yiziphi izintela. Mangisho ukuthi leholele kwekhulu XVII ka serfdom futhi ukunamathela abalimi kuzibamba ngokugcwele kule nabulungisa zamuva abangenamihlaba.

Ezikude khohlwa

Ukuze babe abangenamihlaba, Kwadingeka ngibhale "irekhodi bobylskuyu pay intela", owawuthi umuntu bancishwa amalungelo, futhi ukudla ezinye izingubo wathola kuphela imisebenzi. On lafana bavumelana abantu kuphela kulabo ababempofu kakhulu, ngoba empeleni waqasha ebugqilini. Kulokhu, igama elithi "impohlo" efanayo ne incazelo yegama elithi "yesigaba sabasebenzi": bobabili ngalutho kodwa izibopho zabo.

Ngempela, bach - igama has ezingaphezu kwesisodwa incazelo, uma lokumba okushiwo umbuzo. Ukuze isizukulwane samanje, ukulwela inkululeko ngokuphelele, kubonakala zasendle, ngisho igama elithi "impohlo", yini lapho cottager. Leli gama uma kubhekwa ngaphakathi kokuchaza. Futhi umbuzo mayelana nokuthi izwi ibizwa ngokuthi umlimi ayinayo ngasogangeni, ukuphendula abaningana.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, etymology kwegama elithi akulona ecacile. Zikhona ongakhetha eziningi, kodwa kubonakala sengathi lowo uxhumanisa Umsuka wegama elithi nge "Ubhontshisi" - uphawu nobumpofu obukhulu. "Hlala ubhontshisi" - yikho konke.