Golden bulla noKarla 4 1356. isenzo umthetho njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma

Czech iqhakazile Lapho kufika iNkosi uCharles IV. Yiqiniso, i-Golden Bull - kuba isenzo kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa akuyena yedwa.

Kwakuthinta anguye abafundile indoda. Wayethanda izinkondlo, abangane abaseduze baka-Petrarch, kahle izilimi ezinhlanu zaseYurophu. Yingakho Charles IV wasiza ekumiseni ePrague esihlalweni archiepiscopal wavula inyuvesi wokuqala kule ngxenye yeYurophu.

Mark kumlando

Czech Republic ugcwele izingosi mlando elihlobene ne imisebenzi Charles IV, - King yaseBohemia, owaba ngumbusi ka njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Lokhu futhi edumile spa edolobheni Vary kanye castle e Hradcany kanye Charles Bridge phezu Vltava futhi castle Karlštejn.

imikhankaso Military cishe ayidingeki, balidumisa umbusi akuzange ezimiselwe kubo njengoba sinikeza ukukhanya futhi adonsa kuye okuningi. Igama umxhasi kwezobuciko nesayensi ukwamukelwa Igolide izinkunzi ebhaliwe ngempela ngamagama egolide emlandweni wonke.

ekuqaleni

Carl wazalwa ngo asebukhosini ePrague. Uyise - Johane neziMpumputhe - iphuma Luxembourg indlu yobukhosi, nonina - Eliška - indodakazi yenkosi Vaclav II. Wakhulela e-umoya uthando, ezihambayo, smyshlonym, nelukuluku.

UKarl wayeneminyaka lucky ukufunda eFrance esigodlweni Philip VI esikhathini esizayo uPapa Clement VI - indoda efundile kakhulu, A devotee enkulu yomlando, kwezobuciko nesayensi. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nanhlanu, Charles kwakuqale okubusa isimo, uyise waqale wamyala ukuba Luxembourg ke eMoravia, futhi ngemva kokushona kwendodana yakhe u bashiye yonke Czech Republic.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba wokugcotshwa Karl yaxoxa futhi yakwamukela ukudalwa Umqhele entsha, eyaziwa ngaphansi kwegama St Wenceslas. Lo mkhosi efanayo futhi kusungulwa amasha - waqala Visegrad, bese odwendweni wathutha ngikweluleke at the Old Town Square e Prague Castle yonkana Vltava. Kuthe umkhosi wonke abantu kufanele kujatshulelwe inkosi entsha, kamuva embiza uyise njengezitha zezwe lokhokho. Akukhona nje eCzech Republic kodwa futhi yonke iYurophu wazizwa ubuhle wokubusa Charles IV.

ekudalweni

Phakathi nokubusa Charles wakwazi asule zonke izingxabano zempi ngokoqobo ku ihlumela, ngakho akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa impi ukuthi inkosi kahle ukuthatha amandla ezandleni zabo siqu. Sokuthula - umusa intuthuko yasemadolobheni, ekusungulweni senyuvesi, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kanye nemigwaqo, bakhulise izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu wezoLimo (French Lorraine amagilebhisi plums eCzech Republic - kuba ngokuphelele inani Charles).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza Vltava imikhumbi Sihlomise amachibi izinhlanzi ukulima. Konke Karl ayewenzile, ngisho nezindaba ezinzima kubala. Nokho, kuphela ukufunda okuningi, wabhala i okukhuluma-mlando.

umbusi

Phakathi mithi European Charles wajabulela idumela eliphezulu njengoba ibhizinisi kanye umbusi elithembekile, hhayi nochuku. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwenza kwakhe umbusi? Engcwele uMbuso WaseRoma ayengamelene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mqondo cishe necebo uthisha wakhe - uPapa Clement, kakade uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-Avignon. Lokhu umfundi isono esingesiso ukusekela.

Ukulingisa indlela luyingxenye obunokuthula, uKarl uye kancane kancane enwetshiwe ubunikazi bayo. Ngokuthenga ifa eSilesia, eThuringia, Saxony, waqinisa ngamandla ophakeme ngokuxhuma indawo eseduze. Ngakho naso futhi zayiswa Luzatsiya Margravate Brandenburg. Leli cala lethulwa zonke kodwa izingxabano: ukuthenga, izivumelwano, imishado.

Izwe libhekene i boom kwezomnotho kuze kube manje amandla angabonakali. Rose yayisibonakala iwayini, ezamahlathi kanye nezokudoba, ukuhweba kanye nemisebenzi yezandla. Amandla bobukhosi waqiniswa, futhi lokhu kwaba kancane. Nokho, Carl bese engafuni ukuvumela izenzakalo ukuthatha inkambo yabo.

inkunzi Golden

Injongo eyinhloko yawo inkosi Czech ukuqinisa uhulumeni ngokudala nomthetho omusha. Bull Golden e 1356 futhi waba idokhumenti ukuthi kuze kube namuhla isinyathelo endaweni yezwe.

Ikakhulukazi, liye esachazwa ngokulandelana: sobukhosi njalo uya owamazibulo yenkosi, ladies Angaba yindlalifa amandla kuphela ukungabi abamele uhlobo besilisa. Uma isintu wayeka nganoma yisiphi isizathu, umqhele kutholwa ithuba ukudla. Kakhulu ngokuhlakanipha pragmatically yaklanywa. Suffrage ngokuba Sejm uphinde wakuqinisekisa futhi zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe Golden Bull e 1356

Umthetho-sisekelo omusha phambi ukusamukela yaxoxa futhi wabusa isikhathi eside futhi kanzima kule Reichstag eNuremberg futhi Metz. Ukuqedelela dokhumenti ehlotshiswe kophawu igolide negolide icala. Kungakho igama - Golden Bull. Njengoba kwaba sobala ukuthi okuqukethwe kule dokhumenti ezibalulekile eminyakeni. Wakhonza kuze kube sekupheleni okukhazimulayo Empire German (kuze 1918!) Umthetho eyisisekelo inhlangano kanye nokwakha kuleli zwe-central European. Lokhu kufakazela waphinda indlela Golden Bull Kuyakhazimula.

Izinzuzo umthetho omusha

Ukuzibandakanya kapapa e ukukhethwa umbusi wezwe siqedwa ngokuphelele. Ngaphambili, akukho umbusi oye abangazange balubonise yigxathu ezinjalo, ukuze zehlukanise phakathi iziphathimandla zezwe nabezenkolo. Kwathatha Golden Bull. izici Jikelele kwemithetho yayo ebonisa ukuthi ezintsha owavusa eziningi izifundo. Lokhu kwazithinta wonke amazwe nabo bonke izingqimba sabantu zombuso ephakathi.

Ukwamukelwa Golden Bull okufakiwe kakade i ngokwezifiso ezimisiwe ukhetho uMbusi. Ekuqaleni, eziyisikhombisa nezikhulu electors wathatha ingxenye okhethweni (ezintathu zenkolo ezine wokuziphilisa).

Golden bulla noKarla 4 wagomela bangasephula izikhulu amalungelo enkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke. Izikhulu wedwa kungaqala namaminerali izimayini, ukuqamba imali, ukuthatha intela ngisho ngokomthetho esalwa omakhelwane. Futhi akhonze kuphela yayingenalo ilungelo lokuthola ukwenza enkosini yakhe. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu edolobheni akuvunyelwe nhlobo ukungena umfelandawonye. Ngakho States ukuvimbela gobe.

Electors futhi ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo ilungelo division indawo labavoti, futhi ngokomthetho waqinisekisa Golden Bull. izici Jikelele idokhumenti umbuzo ebonisa ukuthi okungaphezu nje kokunakekela Charles IV yaseBohemia bomdabu, okungukuthi, umbuso Czech: lamalungelo amakhulu kakhulu ukhathazekile ala mazwe kanye nabanikazi bazo.

Indawo ukubukeka Golden Bull

Njengenhloko-dolobha yalowo njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, iRoma yayingumuzi ngegama kuphela, kanti umbusi ngaphezulu wayethanda bahlala izwe lazo lendabuko - ePrague, uKarl amkhethile emzini waseNuremberg, lapho achitha khona iminyaka yakhe Ukudla ezinkulu imperial - iqoqo yezikhulu eliphakeme kulo eYurophu Ephakathi.

Kwaba kukhona ukuthi Golden Bull sivunyiwe e 1356. EJalimane, akunjalo ilahlekelwe amandla ayo ngisho ngemva kokuphela njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma e 1806. ENuremberg waba ezimaphakathi nedolobha kwababekhona ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma: Charles IV wavakashela wakhe izikhathi amahlanu nambili kwaba njalo iholide kazwelonke. Ukungena mkhosi kwaba imihlobiso ezithakazelisayo futhi egqamile nanoma uluphi, futhi uhlale kakhulu Umbusi enkantolo bakhe emzini ngokuyisimangaliso ukuphila ezakhamuzini.

Lokho kukhona eyodwa kuphela iphuzu nesithakazelo ezihlobene umcimbi ezifana ukuthi yamukelwa Golden Bull. It Männleinlaufen - "Madoda Running" - amahora emnandi Frauenkirche, evulekile nsuku zonke emini. Kusukela umnyango khona crier, abaculi, nombusi edumile Electors ayisikhombisa, okungamehlo yokuwuthola umbusi wakhothama kathathu. UMbusi shaking induku, izibalo watchmakers ezimbili anqande emini, futhi wonke udwendwe phezu yokucasha ebusuku ngaphakathi iwashi. Lezi ezikhangayo ne izikhathi Charles IV eNuremberg ziningi kakhulu.

kwehlukana izinduna yomthetho

Imingcele livikeleke unomphela, njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma ekhulwini XIV-XV azange abe ngoba zishintshile empini, imishado dynastic, wenze ngaphansi kwesizwe izibopho kwahluka kokuhlukana. Kodwa yiso kanye lezi eminyaka baba isikhathi esingcono nokuqhakaza amadolobha German ukukhula nokuchuma zonke obuciko ukuhweba.

Amadolobha ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo kuphela ezimakethe zendawo siqu. Nokho, kancane kancane, kukhona izikhungo ezifana, ogama imikhiqizo zidayiswa hhayi kuphela kulo lonke lelo zwe kodwa futhi phesheya. Lapho uCharles IV ababazi sekukhona izimboni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, kuhlanganise typographic futhi manufactory. Viticulture nemfuyo yazuza isisindo kwezolimo emhlabeni elichumayo.

ezivuna

Kwezombusazwe kwalo mbuso Ephakathi izibambe izikhulu ezithile, ngubani ungethenjwa ekuqiniseni umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla, futhi injongo kakhulu ekukhanukelaneni kwabo kwakungeyona inyunyana, kanye yinye ngaphakathi endaweni encane.

Carl, ethula ingxoxo zika lokuqala zomthetho, yebo, wakucabangela isifiso izifundo. Wabamba umbuso ezandleni ngokuqinile, kodwa ngesisa, e umfelandawonye opapa futhi ebukhosini eliphakeme. Futhi wayebakhathalela ngokuyinhloko mayelana ukuchuma kwezomnotho kanye namasiko insimu yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe. Okokuqala - eCzech Republic, bese bonke abanye. Ngakho-ke ekahle kakhulu le electors German iGolden Bull yadalwa. Sici jikelele nalesi sikhathi: wukwehlukana zezombusazwe futhi indawo wangena umthetho.

Awujabuli isimo kwezepolitiki zombuso, yebo, bashaywa. polycracy ingozi isiJalimane, isibonelo, ngokuthi Gold Bull FK Schlosser. Kodwa emibuthanweni olandelanayo ne hlonipho efanayo iyachaza ukuthi Golden Bull. Inchazelo wawucacile futhi enembile: kuba emthethweni oyisisekelo zombuso, okuyinto wakuvumela ukuba uchume. Abanye baze bathi lesi esokuqala umthethosisekelo German.