"Umgwaqo wokuphila" ngaphesheya Lake Ladoga: amaqiniso zomlando

Isikhathi eside impela eLeningrad yayithatha izinsuku 872. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi indlala ziye zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II wadlula eNuremberg ngovivinyo amaNazi namaKhomanisi izigebengu undlovukayiphikiswa.

abameleli Soviet baye icala induna "North" iqembu ibutho lamaJalimane, ngenxa yezenzo ukuthi wabulala izakhamuzi eziningi kule emzini ovinjezelwe. On lo myalo Jikelele von Leeb utholwe. Ngesikhathi Geneva Convention ingakamiswa lento zazo bhalisiwe kungavunyelwe ukusebenzisa indlala njengoba isu lempi ngokumelene lezakhamuzi.

Ukuphumelela kule emzini ovinjezelwe akweleta ukubukeka umgwaqo ovulekile ( "Road of Life"), ngokusebenzisa Lake Ladoga. It is uvunyelwe ukuba baphule iringi ukuvinjelwa ngenxa isikhundla salo ezindawo Leningrad akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle ezokuthutha ukudla.

Okusho umgwaqo ngamatshe

Wayesebenza umgwaqo kusukela ekwindla 1941 entwasahlobo 1943. aphoyintimenti wakhe wenziwe ngenxa Leningrad ovinjezelwe (Petersburg) ne ezweni. Ngokusemthethweni lalibizwa inombolo onguthelawayeka lempi 101.

Kusukela ngo-September 1941, amabutho aseSoviet nezakhamuzi yahaqwa amabutho aseJalimane kanye Finnish. Umuzi yayingawulungele nokuvinjelwa futhi akazange abe izimpahla ezidingekayo ukudla nophethiloli. Ethula konke okudingayo kungaba izindiza noma ngaphesheya kwechibi.

"Umgwaqo wokuphila" ngaphesheya Lake Ladoga bavunyelwe kuphunywe sabantu futhi ngokwengxenye ukunikeza abasindile ukudla.

Ukuhambisa ku-ice

Kusukela ngo-October 1941, isifundo ukwakhiwa komgwaqo yonkana Lake Ladoga, kuyahlanganiswa ice ebusika. Ngemva izibalo wokulungiselela, lokwakha lwaqala ngo-November. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ububanzi komgwaqo kuyoba 10 metres, ukuze umshini Ungahambisa kanyekanye zombili izinkomba. Njalo amakhilomitha 5-7 esakhiwe izinto ezikhethekile for bafudumale.

I isiqondiso umgwaqo akhethwa ngokusekelwe ukutholakala ehlala njalo iqhwa. Wayefanele ukumelana imithwalo esindayo. The main imodi yezokuthutha kwaba Gaz-AA, ngesiHeberu ebizwa ngokuthi "polutorka" abantu. Ukuze avimbele ukwehluleka ice mass phakathi imishini kwadingeka ukuba kube khona ukwehlukana ubuncane amamitha 100. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphesheya kwechibi sabekwa wesitimela.

Yethulwe "Indlela Yokuphila" (Leningrad) senzeka eduze phambi umugqa, kwakudinga Ukuvikelwa ezinikeza amayunithi lempi. ingxenye yomgwaqo Iqhwa has imigqa emibili ukuzivikela ngokusebenzisa uhlaka lokhuni, amasaka ngesihlabathi okuyinto promorazhivalis ice. Njalo amakhilomitha amabili efakiwe izibhamu anti-aircraft, futhi zonke amakhilomitha amathathu - a esincane wezikhali izibhamu. Kusukela ipayipi lomoya bavikela eziyisithupha Fighter Wing.

Ebusika lokuqala lokuvimbezela kwi "Road of Life" ke waxoshelwa abantu engaphezu kuka-500,000 futhi wakhulula ababecishe babe izinkulungwane 250 amathani okudla. Ngokuyinhloko kwaba ufulawa, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu, imikhiqizo inyama, amafutha, imifino, amantongomane, izithelo ezomisiwe, vitamin C odingekayo ngosuku Umsebenzi waqhubeka ice umgwaqo ebusika ngonyaka 1942-1943.

Trucking emanzini

Nge ukuncibilika endleleni ice yonkana Lake Ladoga hhayi abasekho. Entwasahlobo ka-1942 wakhala ukuthutha navigation ice phezu kwamanzi. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi i-ice wayesalokhu kwezinye izindawo, isikhawu phakathi ukudiliva ngaphesheya kwechibi esenzelwe ngenyanga. Ngo-April, phezu eqhweni ukuthutha izimpahla ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke, futhi isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla amanzi akahambe kuphela kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-May.

ubuholi wezwe kwakudingekile ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi ukubuyisela izitsha lilimele. Ngo kokuhlinzwa, kwakungekho engaphezu kwengu-15 izikebhe. Sanquma ukwakha izikebhe endaweni. A platform for umsebenzi uginindela nephepha lokugaya e Syasstroy. Ngesikhathi esifanayo e-Leningrad waqala ukwakhiwa imithambo metal okuyinto ziphuthunyiswe umhlangano wokugcina ngesitimela.

Ukuvikelwa endleleni wahlanganyela antiaircraft wezikhali ukuhlukana, regiments emathafeni-kubabulali. Babefanele ukulwa namabutho yemikhumbi-German-Finnish-Italian.

Phakathi 1942 amanzi waxoshelwa abakhileyo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 400, zilethwe ukudla emathanini ayizinkulungwane 350. Edolobheni amasosha 290.000 linikezwe. Ngaphezu imikhiqizo imikhiqizo kaphethiloli emzini walethwa izinkomo namahhashi.

Kusukela ngo-April 1943 baqhubeka zokuthutha ngaphesheya kwechibi. Nakuba isibalo sabo yehlile njengoba ingxenye enkulu izimpahla kakade uthuthwa wesitimela, elaqala ngo-1942.

Kwakuwusuku "Road of Life" (Leningrad) eyodwa?

I-track olusemthethweni ubhekwa ngendlela ka Kokoreva Kobona echibini. Lolu chungechunge exhumene edolobheni elikhulu ukuze lizwe. Lolu lwazi ingatholakala zokufunda kanye uhambo izivakashi. Nokho, kukhona idatha lapho "Road of Life" ngaphesheya Lake Ladoga wathatha inkambo ehlukile. Ukuba khona kwamanye imigqa ezokuthutha ukukhombisa eziningi amaqiniso.

Ukuguquguquka izibalo

Ukuqinisekiswa ukuba khona imigwaqo amaningana izibalo ezilula. Ngakho ebusika umgwaqo blockades waqale wasebenza ezingu-150. Kwakuthinta ngokusemthethweni odluliselwe amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 350 wezimpahla. It kuvela ukuthi usuku olulodwa eLeningrad zilethwe amathani 2.400.

Ethutha umthwalo "iloli" emzimbeni okuyinto lingalayishwa kanye amathani nengxenye. Enye ingxenye ton kungaba babiza isihlibhi. Lokho oyedwa indiza laden kumshini umthamo kungaba ukuhumusha amathani amabili. Nsuku zonke endleleni ewela i-egcwele ngokugcwele "polutorok" 1,200. Noma kunjalo, kwakudingeka sithuthe zombili izinkomba.

Ice akakwazanga ukumelana naleli gagasi ezinjalo. Ikakhulukazi ngoba ngaphezu amaloli phezu Cruising onguthelawayeka futhi amabhasi ukuthi athathwa kulamalanga 150, ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi nezakhamuzi. Futhi ku Ladoga zithutha amathangi, okuyindawo esingu isikhali imibhoshongo lula kwesisindo. Kuyathukela ukuvinjelwa "Road of Life" ngabe ukumelana nakakhulu leyo misebenzi, wonke ngaphezulu ukuthi leli qhwa usebenze njengomahluleli umgwaqo.

Riddle iloli lushone

Phakathi ezokuthutha iqhwa wathatha abangaba yinkulungwane izimoto. Abaningi babo manje ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho amanzi kuleli chibi kucace ikakhulukazi, abashayeli bezindiza zibukeke wasithatha lamatshwayo lorries. Ababona njalo umzila esemthethweni ithrekhi. Ezinye zazo zitholakala amakhulu amakhilomitha kude owaziwa zonke "Road of Life".

Kukhona imibhalo kuyiphi kuyacaca ukuthi abanye abashayeli wasuka umzila ukuze imali ukuthuthwa futhi uthele ezinye umthwalo. Nokho, izimo ezinjalo zaziziningi kangako yini, namaloli, zibekwe phezu kokuthile kude emgwaqweni, kwakukhona amakhulu amaningi. Ngakho umbuzo ukuthi Leningrad Lake Ladoga enikeziwe kuphela umgwaqo owodwa, kunalokho impikiswano.

Izizathu khona kwemizila eziningana

Esemthethweni Road ( "Indlela Yokuphila" ngaphesheya Lake Ladoga) № 101 Kokoreva -Kobona ngokuqinisekile yayikhona futhi usebenza. Nokho, izibalo kanye indawo iloli eziningi lushone ethi akunakuba eyodwa kuphela.

Zonke amabalazwe kanye imibhalo esimweni Sekuyisikhathi eside kuhlukaniswe futhi agcinwe zomlando ekhethekile. Mhlawumbe ekusithekeni kungenxa nesifiso sokungafuni ukumambula zonke izindlela uma kwenzeka enye impi.

Izizathu elingahluka amathrekhi eziningana:

• Ingozi kusukela izindiza German. Ukuphakama obuqand emoyeni force German kwaba elingenakuphikwa ebusika buka-1941. Zimise indlela ngaphesheya kwechibi, amaJalimane njalo ngamabhomu ke. Ukunciphisa ukulahleka air kuphangwa, ushintsho umzila kwakudingekile. Imigqa yokuqala babekwa eduze ogwini echibini, kodwa kuqine eqhweni, umzila kwenziwa eduze isikhungo.

• Iqhwa akazange ahlale umthwalo njalo. Abazibonele yaleyo minyaka abonisa ukuthi umgwaqo Kwakusazodlula izimoto 60-70 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli qhwa iqala ukwambula, kwathatha isikhathi ekululameni kwakhe. Ngakho, ukuhamba kwaba ukuthuthela indlela entsha. Leningrad kungenjalo ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi inani wezimpahla.

Ukudala kujantshi

Nge omkhulu wezimpahla ezokuthutha isimo kungenzeka ukuphatha ujantshi kuphela. Ngo-1942, ogwini olusempumalanga ye echibini selifakiwe phezu umugqa. Kungenzeka ukwandisa wezimpahla. Ngiyabonga kini nonke ngezandla nokuvinjelwa Leningrad yalezi zindlela iye kancane isusiwe.

Imemori ye ukuvinjelwa edabukile

Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ziye abathintekayo ukulondoloza impilo iqhwa. Babehlala phezu eqhweni, ukugcwalisa imifantu okuholela, ukwakha onezitezi lokhuni. Feat kulaba bantu, kanye abashayeli ngokwabo, kunzima ukulinganisa into yangempela. Intengo ukuphila kwabaningi babo, ukuqapha kwazo kwasuswa. Lake Ladoga kwaba isivuno, esangenza ukuphula iringi yokufa abazihlelele abaningi abangenacala.

Kanye esigabeni somhlaba esuka kude impela eLeningrad kuya Ladoga kukhona ezikhumbuzo ukuthi elalinikezelwe kuKhesari "Road of Life". Bonke bayingxenye esikhumbuzo sabantwana "Green Belt Inkazimulo", ezisabalele ngezinyawo amakhilomitha amaningi. Memorial siqukethe izikhumbuzo eziyisikhombisa, izinsika esiyisikhumbuzo 46 emgwaqeni omkhulu, 56 amakholomu ngesitimela.

Ezikhumbuzo esimnandi kakhulu yilezi 40 futhi 103 km onguthelawayeka. Eyokuqala uyisikhumbuzo 'Aparted indandatho "(wezakhiwo Filippov VG) elifanekisela igebe ukuzovala indandatho kwakhiwa amabutho aseJalimane Finnish phezu Leningrad kusukela ekwindla unyaka 1941. 103 km kuyinto lesikhumbuzo "iloli Legendary" (wezakhiwo Levenkov AD). Yena iveza emshinini uya, breaking ice.