Imfihlakalo imibhoshongo baseGibhithe. Ukwakha Mbhoshongo Omkhulu

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana maphakathi ukunakwa mlando nabavubukuli kukhona izimfihlakalo yaseGibithe lasendulo. Uma kuziwa kule ngempucuko yasendulo, okokuqala ukhumbule mbhoshongo grand, izimfihlo eziningi zazo eziye ingakamiswa kudalulwe. Phakathi kwalezi izimfihlakalo ezisesesikhathini kude isixazululo, zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinkulu - echichima kunazo zonke esekhona Cheops iphiramidi.

impucuko abadumile futhi engaqondakali

Kuzo zonke impucuko endala yasendulo isiko Egypt wafunda, mhlawumbe okuhle kakhulu. Futhi akusiyo kuphela ezihlukahlukene esekhona zobuciko ezingokomlando kanye izikhumbuzo, kodwa futhi ngokuchichima imithombo ebhalwe phansi. Nokho-mlando nezingqapheli zokuma kwendawo endala Nginakile kuleli zwe, futhi esichaza isiko nenkolo kwabaseGibhithe, Awuzibanga futhi ukwakhiwa kwalesi imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu yaseGibithe lasendulo.

Futhi lapho ekhulwini XIX le engumFulentshi Champollion ungase wokufunda ukubhala hieroglyphic yalaba bantu lasendulo, abacwaningi ukufinyelela nokwaziswa ngesimo ngesitshalo sebungu, itshe stelae nge hieroglyphs futhi yimibhalo eminingi eqoshwe ema ezindongeni amathuna namathempeli.

Umlando impucuko yasendulo yaseGibithe iphindela cishe u-40 eminyaka, futhi has a lot of Amakhasi ezithakazelisayo, ezimibalabala futhi ngokuvamile engaqondakali. Kodwa ukunakwa esikhulu kunazo zonke ukuhlakulela bakhangwa Old Kingdom, abakhulu oFaro isakhiwo imibhoshongo nemikarisomraro ahlobene nawo.

Lapho kwakhiwa mbhoshongo

Inkathi ukuthi somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo ushayele Old Kingdom, wawuqala 3000 kuya 2100 BC. e., kwaba ngalesi sikhathi umbusi waseGibhithe uyakuthanda isakhiwo imibhoshongo. Zonke esakhiwe ngaphambi noma ngemva ethuneni lincane kakhulu ngobukhulu, futhi izinga mubi kakhulu, okuyinto abathintekayo mayelana nokuphepha kwabo. Kubonakala sengathi izindlalifa abaklami koFaro omkhulu yalahlekelwa ulwazi wawoyise. Noma bangase babe ngokuphelele abantu abahlukahlukene, owathatha akucaci lapho uhlanga wanyamalala?

Pyramids ezakhiwa esikhathini Ephakathi Kingdom, ngisho kamuva, ngenkathi lukaPtolemy. Kodwa akubona bonke amaphoyisa "wayala" Me like ethuneni. Ngakho, manje eyaziwa engaphezu kwekhulu imibhoshongo, wakha engaphezu kwengu-3000 - kusukela 2630, lapho mbhoshongo ngowokuqala 4 BC leminyaka lakhiwa. e.

Eyandulela we imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu

Ngaphambi yayakhiwe omkhulu nemibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe, umlando ukwakhiwa zalezi zakhiwo grand neminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.

Ngokusho inguqulo olwamukelwa emathuneni mbhoshongo umsebenzi wenziwa, lapho oFaro bangcwatshwa. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukwakhiwa kwalezi zikhungo ababusi baseGibhithe bangcwatshwa mastaba - izakhiwo elincane. Kodwa kule BC XXVI leminyaka. e. Yakhiwa mbhoshongo yokuqala yeqiniso, ukwakhiwa okwaqala ngokubekwa kwenkathi kaFaro Djoser. Ethuneni, ngegama lakhe, kuba km 20 kusuka Cairo futhi ezahlukene kakhulu ukubukeka kusuka abakubizayo uyachichima okukhulu.

It has simise onezitebhisi kudala umbono womunye eziningana isethi kolunye mastabas. Nokho, usayizi kunalokho yayo enkulu - amamitha angaphezu kuka-120 kanye azungezwe kanye 62 metres ubude. Lokhu ukwakhiwa ezinkulu ngesikhathi sawo, kodwa akusho ukuya ngokuqinile nanoma ikuphi ukuqhathaniswa ne mbhoshongo ka Cheops.

On ukwakhiwa ethuneni Djoser, ngasendleleni, siyazi eziningi zisekhona imithombo ngisho ebhaliwe ukuthi niphathe igama umakhi - Imhotep. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-omunye eziyinkulungwane nengxenye, waba ongumvikeli ababhali odokotela.

Eyokuqala kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe ukubukeka okunesithunzi Yithuna we faro Snofu, ukwakhiwa eyaqedwa ngo 2589. amabhlogo calcareous emathuneni abe tint ngokubomvu, ngakho somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo libizwa ngokuthi "abomvu" noma "pink".

I imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu

Ngakho ngokuthi ezintathu Tetrahedron giant elise Giza, ibhange kwesokunxele iNayile.

Umkhosi omdala futhi ngobukhulu babo - the Umbhoshongo Khufu, noma, njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo amaGreki asendulo, Cheops. Lokho ngokuvamile kakhulu libizwa ngokuthi Elikhulu, okuyinto akumangalisi, ngoba ubude ngalunye lwaso kuyinto 230 metres, ukuphakama - 146 metres. Nokho, manje, kungcono kancane aphansi ngenxa umonakalo futhi weathering.

I ngobukhulu kuyinto ethuneni Khafre, indodana Khufu sika. ukuphakama kwalo kuyinto 136 metres, okungenani zibukeke kubukeka up mbhoshongo ka Khufu, ngoba owakhiwe entabeni. Budebuduze ungabona sphinx abadumile obuso, ngokusho legend, kuba portrait sculptural ka Khafre.

Okwesithathu - uFaro Menkaure mbhoshongo - ukuphakama kwamamitha 66 kuphela, futhi lakhiwa kamuva kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, lo mbhoshongo ubukeka ivumelane kakhulu futhi kubhekwa enhle okuhle.

Umuntu namuhla ejwayele isakhiwo grand, kodwa futhi umcabango yayo nithintithe imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu eGibhithe, umlando kanye imfihlakalo ukwakhiwa.

Mysteries

izakhiwo omkhulukazi e-Giza ngenkathi Antiquity wangena uhlu izimangaliso oyinhloko emhlabeni, lapho amaGreki asendulo olunezinombolo eziyisikhombisa. Namuhla kunzima kakhulu ukuba siqonde umbono kubabusi lasendulo, babechitha izindodla zemali kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi ukwakha emathuneni omkhulu onjalo. Izinkulungwane zabantu eminyakeni 20-30 anqamuka emnothweni futhi behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi ukwakhiwa amathuna umbusi wabo. ukusetshenziswa okunjalo okungenangqondo abantu abanamakhono okusebenza kodwa ungaqiniseki.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kokubili ezakhiwa amaphiramidi omkhulu, izimfihlo isakhiwo asiyeki zidonse ukunaka kwanoma ososayensi.

Mhlawumbe ukwakhiwa kwalesi isibizo wajaha ngempela injongo ehlukile? Esikhathini mbhoshongo of Cheops wathola amakhamera amathathu, okuyinto somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo ngokuthi umngcwabo, kodwa akekho kubo wathola ezidunjini ezomisiwe efile futhi tintfo ngempela ezihambisana umuntu embusweni Osiris. Yini enye imihlobiso noma imidwebo ezindongeni kwamakamelo yokungcwaba noma, noma kunalokho, kukhona eyodwa kuphela portrait encane ephasishi obondeni.

Sarcophagus, ezatholakala ngo-mbhoshongo ka Khafre, futhi elingenalutho, ngisho ngaphakathi leli thuna wathola nezithombe nemifanekiso eminingi, kodwa akukho izinto amasiko waseGibhithe babekwa ethuneni, akukho.

Somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo bakholelwa ukuthi imibhoshongo antshontshwa. Mhlawumbe, kodwa akucaci ukuthi kungani wathatha abaphangi futhi wangcwatshwa ezidunjini ezomisiwe we oFaro.

Mysteries ezihlobene nalezi izakhiwo cyclopean esikukhompiyutha, okuningi, kodwa umbuzo wokuqala kakhulu ephakama kusuka umuntu ebona kwamehlo abo: kanjani ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe olukhulu Ancient Egypt?

amaqiniso amangalisayo

izakhiwo Cyclopean abonise ulwazi lokukwazi nabaseGibhithe lasendulo kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi geodesy. Ubuso mbhoshongo ka Cheops, isibonelo, ngokunembile kuthambekele eningizimu, enyakatho, entshonalanga nasempumalanga, kanye kuvumelana idayagonali nesiqondiso umugqa owehla nembulunga okuyi. Futhi lokhu ukunemba kunakunoma Observatory Paris.

Futhi le ndawo enhle kusukela umbono we-geometry sibalo has a usayizi omkhulu, kodwa namanje sakhiwa amabhlogo ehlukile!

Ngakho-ke nakakhulu ukuhlatshwa umxhwele ulwazi wakudala emkhakheni wokwakha. Pyramid eyakhiwe omkhulu monoliths itshe amathani afinyelela ku-15 isisindo. amabhlogo Granite, okuyinto uphahlwe izindonga esemqoka ukungcwatshwa ekamelweni mbhoshongo Huphu, esingamathani angaba ngu-60 ngamunye. Ezifana sondo, kubhebhetseka kweludvweshu, uma ikhamera endaweni engamamitha 43 amamitha? A amabhulokhi ezimbalwa itshe ethuneni Chephren ngokuvamile ukufinyelela isisindo amathani 150.

Ukwakhiwa Elikhulu Umbhoshongo Cheops kudingwa abaklami lasendulo ukusingatha, uhudula lift ezingeni ukuphakama eside kakhulu engaphezu kwengu-2 million kulezi zakhiwo. Ngisho ubuchwepheshe besimanje ayenzi lo msebenzi lula.

Kukhona ngempela isimangaliso yemvelo: kungani AbaseGibhithe babalandela ukudonsela ukuphakama amashumi amaningana amamitha like sondo? Musa yini kube lula ukwenza walala iphiramidi zamatshe ezincane? Phela, babekwazi ngandlela-thile "uyalusika" lezi emabhuloki edwaleni, kungani hhayi lula umsebenzi wakho, banqunywa ngokusahwa yizicucu?

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona esinye imfihlakalo. Blocks kungukuthi nje sibekwa imigqa, kanye acatshangelwe njengoba ngokucophelela futhi kahle esinamathelayo ukuba nomunye, ukuthi kwezinye izindawo igebe phakathi amapuleti - esingaphansi 0.5 milimitha.

Ngemva ukwakhiwa mbhoshongo wayesalokhu uphahlwe ematsheni, Nokho, okuyinto, sekuyisikhathi eside kuyiswe ukwakha izindlu bezentengiselwano bendawo.

Njengoba abaklami lasendulo bakwazi ukuxazulula lo msebenzi onzima kangaka? Kunemibono eminingi, kodwa zonke unawo amaphutha nobuthakathaka babo.

nguqulo ye uHerodotus

Isazi-mlando esidumile endala, uHerodotus wavakashela Egypt futhi wabona imibhoshongo ecijile yaseGibithe. Ukwakhiwa, ukudalulwa kwalo okungahle ushiye isazi ngesiGreki, kwaba kanje.

Amakhulu abantu bushelelezi wadvonswa block zamatshe kuyakhiwa mbhoshongo, bese nge esangweni sokhuni ephakanyiswe isimiso sakhe yingalo kokwehla lokuqala, afakwe kwi ezisezingeni eliphansi isakhiwo. Bese kufika ku ukuphakamisa elandelayo. Futhi ngakho, yokuhamba komunye indawo kuya kwenye, emabhuloki ophakanyiswe ukuphakama oyifunayo.

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi umzamo omkhulu Ngabamba imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu eGibhithe. Isakhiwo (isithombe, ngokuvumelana uHerodotus, bheka. Ngezansi) base umsebenzi ngempela kunzima kakhulu.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside le nguqulo aphethwe kakhulu somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo, nakuba yena azingabaze. Kunzima ukucabanga lezi amapulatifomu wokhuni angasenza ukusekela isisindo amashumi amathani. Futhi hudula bushelelezi izigidi multi-ton amabhlogo ucabanga kungaba nzima.

Ungakukholelwa uHerodotus? Okokuqala, wayengekho yobufakazi ukwakhiwa kwalesi imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu, ngoba wayephila kamuva kakhulu, nakuba mhlawumbe wayengathi bukela njengoba ethuneni esakhiwe ezincane.

Okwesibili, isazi owaziwa endala emibhalweni yakhe ngokuvamile ngonile iqiniso, kwethenjwe izindaba lezihambi, noma imibhalo yesandla yasendulo.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela "kummango"

Ngekhulu XX, phakathi somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo kwaba inguqulo ethandwayo, ehlongozwayo ngu wamazwe French Jacques Philippe Luer. Wasikisela ukuthi emabhuloki itshe wathutha hhayi bushelelezi futhi ezinamasondo ngesikhathi ekhethekile kummango-indunduma, okuyinto kancane kancane kwenza bonke ngenhla, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi eside.

Ukwakha Mbhoshongo Omkhulu (isithombe isithombe ngezansi), ngaleyo ndlela edinga ngisho umuntu ohlakaniphe omkhulu.

Kodwa le nguqulo Ubuye nezihibe. Okokuqala, akunakwenzeka ukuba adonsele ukunakekela yokuthi umshikashika zezisebenzi ku ngokuhudula ezinkulu indlela esinjalo lula, ngoba amayunithi kwakudingeka sisidonse ngomqanso, okuyinto kancane kancane sashintsha saba indunduma. Futhi lokhu kunzima kakhulu.

Okwesibili, emthambekeni kummango kumelwe ibe ngaphezu 10˚, ngakho-ke, ubude bayo ingaphezu ikhilomitha. Ukwakha indunduma, udinga umsebenzi akuyona esingaphansi ukwakhiwa wethuna.

Ngisho noma bekungelona kummango, kanye ambalwa ezakhiwa komunye ezingeni zalo mbhoshongo ukuze enye, khona-ke namanje umsebenzi omkhulu imiphumela womuntu ongabazisayo. Ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela ukuthi ukuhamba block ngalinye kumele libe namashumi ambalwa abantu, kodwa cishe ndawo ukubeka ngezizathu emincane futhi embankments.

Ngo-1978, abalandeli komlando waseGibhithe lasendulo Japan ukuzama ukwakha usebenzisa bushelelezi futhi ngesiduli mbhoshongo ukuphakama kwamamitha 11 kuphela. Qeda ukwakhiwa abazange bakwazi, simema ngosizo ubuchwepheshe besimanje.

Kubonakala sengathi abantu ne inqubo, elalisendlini Endulo, efana akakwazi ukukwenza. Noma babengesibo nawabantu? Ubani owakhela amaKhaladi amaphiramidi olukhulu Giza?

Njengabafokazi Nezakhamuzi noma Atlanteans?

Le nguqulo ukuthi ocijile omkhulu yakhiwa abameleli uhlanga, naphezu kwesimo sayo kumnandi, kuyinto ngezizathu ngempela okunengqondo.

Okokuqala, kuyangabazeka ukuthi abantu ababehlala e-Bronze Age, ephethwe amathuluzi kanye nobuchwepheshe letitabavumela ukusingatha array ezifana lamatshe eligoqiwe aphume ke ephelele, ngokuya geometry, isakhiwo enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angaphezu esigidini amathani.

Okwesibili, Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu zakhiwa zaba phakathi III yeminyaka BC. e., kuyinto debatable. It wazwakalisa uHerodotus efanayo, owayevakashela Egypt ekhulwini V. BC futhi wachaza imibhoshongo baseGibhithe, ogama ukwakha kwathatha cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kokuhambela kwakhe. Emibhalweni yakhe wamane walandisa ngalokho akutshela abapristi.

Kukhona iziphakamiso ezakhiwa lezi zakhiwo cyclopean ngisemncane kakhulu, mhlawumbe izinkulungwane 8-12 edlule, futhi mhlawumbe zonke 80. Lezi ezizathwini zisekelwe yokuthi, ngokusobala, imibhoshongo, le Sphinx namathempeli emhlabeni kuzo eyasinda phakathi nenkathi yezikhukhula. Lokhu kufakazelwa iminonjana ukuguguleka komhlabathi, okuyinto atholakele ezansi esifanekisweni we Sphinx kanye eziyizitezi engezansi mbhoshongo.

Okwesithathu, imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu ngokucacile izinto ngandlela-thile ezihlobene astronomy kanye isikhala. Futhi lena umsebenzi wabo kubaluleke ngaphezu umsebenzi ovela emathuneni. khumbula nje ukuthi azikho amathuna kuzo, yize kukhona yini somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo shayela sarcophagi.

Theory Lokudabuka ezisemkhathini imibhoshongo ku 60s yawenza by Swiss Erich von Däniken. Nokho, ubufakazi bakhe - kunalokho isithelo umcabango yomlobi, kuka umphumela ucwaningo sina.

Uma sicabanga ukuthi njengabafokazi ezisemkhathini baye bahlela ukuba kwakhiwe le isibizo, isithombe kufanele izobukeka isithombe posted ngezansi.

Akunabalandeli esingemnandi inguqulo "Atlantis." Ngokwalo mbono, mbhoshongo eside ngaphambi ngempucuko yasendulo baseGibhithe lakhiwa abameleli ezinye uhlanga, ukuba noma ubuchwepheshe overdeveloped noma ikhono ukuhambisa ezinkulukazi amandla block zamatshe emoyeni. Just like Yoda kusukela movie adumile "Star Wars."

Ukuze afakazele kanye bonisa lokhu kusikisela, izindlela zesayensi cishe kungenakwenzeka. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, umbuzo kutsi ngubani lowakhe sakhiwo imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu, kukhona impendulo ngaphansi fabulous? Kungani-ke angibange ngisakwazi ukwenza nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, ngolwazi ahlukahlukene kwezinye izindawo? Kukhona ocatshangelwayo ezithakazelisayo ukuthi kususa isihenqo izimfihlo eziphathelene nokuthandana ukwakhiwa Mbhoshongo Omkhulu.

okufushane ukhonkolo

Uma ukuhamba nokucutshungulwa multi-ton amabhlogo itshe ngakho isikhathi esiningi, ayikwazanga ukuthi abakhi basendulo babesebenzisa indlela kulula ethela ukhonkolo?

Lo mbono ngenkuthalo ukuvikela futhi afakazele idlanzana lososayensi owaziwa, nge amakhono ehlukene.

French Himik Iosif Davidovich, okwenza ahlukahlukene okuhlaziya amakhemikhali amabhlogo we indaba kusuka lapho isibizo Yakhiwa, uveza ukuthi lesi akusona itshe yemvelo, ukhonkolo kanye nokusungulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Wenziwe ngesisekelo idwala nepepper, futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi geopolymer ukhonkolo. okutholakele Davidovich BakaJehova babebizwa kuqinisekiswa eziningi abacwaningi American.

Academician AG Fomenko, sihlola izindawo okwakubulawelwa kuzo amabhlogo, okuyiqembu isibizo Yakhiwa, ukholelwa ukuthi "version eziphathekayo" ozwakalayo kakhulu. Abakhi umane nepepper okweqa itshe etholakalayo, binders ungeze ukungcola ezifana lime, nokuvusa isisekelo ukhonkolo emaqomeni esakhiweni futhi kukhona kakade ukulayishwa ibe formwork futhi buhlanjululwe ngamanzi. Lapho ingxube lukhuni, formwork adiliza futhi idluliselwe kwenye indawo.

Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ukhonkolo onomfutho ukuze babe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana kusuka itshe yemvelo.

It kuvela ukuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo yaseGibhithe omkhulu hhayi yasetshenziswa itshe futhi zikasimende? Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi le nguqulo kuba ngempela okunengqondo futhi uchaza izimfihlakalo eziningi ukwakhiwa imibhoshongo basendulo, kuhlanganise nama eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthutha kanye nekhwalithi processing units. Kodwa unobuthakathaka nezici zayo, kanye nezindaba ke kuphakamisa akukho esingaphansi neminye.

Okokuqala, kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi abakhi lasendulo ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bakwazi ugaye amathani angaphezu kuka-6 million edwaleni. Ngempela, sinjalo isisindo mbhoshongo ka Cheops.

Okwesibili, kuyangabazeka ukuthi kungenzeka usebenzisa formwork lokhuni eGibhithe, lapho esihlahleni ubelokhu bewazisa kakhulu kakhulu. Ngisho oFaro isikebhe elenziwe ngesitshalo sebungu.

Okwesithathu, abakhi lasendulo, yebo, kungaba cabanga ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo. Kodwa kuphakama umbuzo: lapho ke kwenzeka ukuba lolu lwazi? Kungakapheli amakhulu ambalwa eminyaka ngemva ukwakhiwa Elikhulu Pyramid wabo esehambile. Amathuna yalolu hlobo ezakhiwa okwamanje, kodwa babengesibo kuphela lowo mkhaya uphinde uphile esidabukisayo labo ume ithafa Giza. Futhi kude imibhoshongo kwesikhathi kamuva zazivame izinqwaba shapeless.

Ngenxa yalokho, asikwazi ngokuqiniseka indlela imibhoshongo ecijile emikhulu ezakhiwa izimfihlo ukuthi namanje abazange kudalulwe.

Akukhona nje eGibhithe lasendulo, kodwa futhi nakwezinye izizwe yesikhathi esidlule ubambe eziningi eziyimfihlakalo ezenza ajwayelane ngomlando wabo Liyindawo ohambweni oluthakazelisayo ku esedlule.