Abalimi okwesikhashana: ukuthi wanika abantu ukuqedwa serfdom?

Manifesto 1961 kuze kube phakade waqeda serfdom eMbusweni Russian. Yini eyamenza washintsha lokhu kabusha abantu abavamile? Okokuqala, inqaba zokugcina, impahla wangaphambili zomninindawo, cishe into ozuza inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Okwesibili, wathola ilungelo nokuchitha impahla yabo bebodwa. Uye waba yini njalo ebaluleke kakhulu kumlimi? Yiqiniso, ezweni uyayondla futhi ikuvumela ukuba siphile ngomsebenzi wawo.

Umlimi ngamunye wathola kumnikazi wendawo silusebenzise, okuyiwona barshchina okubafaneleyo ukukhokha noma empeleni, kancane ezahlukene kusukela izibopho odlule. Ngakho, hhayi abantu abaphilayo, futhi kuzoba nenkululeko yabo ababesanda kuyithola ishintshile kakhulu. Ngokuvamile umlinyana okwesikhashana uthole i ingxenye ngisho lincane kusetshenzwe kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezinhle kwakungamadodana kulendawo, abantu balamukele ampofu, Stony nendawo esingesihle isayithi.

I kabusha bazitshela ukuthi abalimi okwesikhashana ngeke abe ngumnikazi isabelo yayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu kwakufanele 'akhokhe umninindlu izindleko estate ensimini iziza, ne eqolo kakhulu. Kwavela ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo yena okhokhela inkululeko yabo siqu. Isimo ngokushesha anikeze imali kulendawo, futhi abantu abavamile babengenayo iminyaka engu-49 ukumkhokhela imali ephelele futhi okweqa 6% ngonyaka ukusetshenziswa imalimboleko.

Umastende ngenxa kabusha kubonakala belahlekelwa impahla yayo - serfs, kodwa wathengisa izingxenye lalibhekisela endaweni yayo ezikhulu, okuyinto ezingaphezu kuka kwavuzwa ngokulahlekelwa kwakhe. Labo cha athenge izwe, ukukhokhela ukusetshenziswa kwalo imisebenzi elindeleke noma ngasebenza master wangaphambili.

I ongumlimi okwesikhashana wabizwa ngokuthi "umnikazi" ka esiqeshini sendawo ngokushesha ngemva kuthengiselana wokuhlengwa waphetha. Nokho, umnikazi walo agcwele, waba kuphela ngemuva kokukhokha bonke kweletu. Singasho ukuthi Ngaleso sikhathi nje wayeka inqaba, wayesemshadweni ngolunye usuku khulula, ngoba engaphansi ngokuphelele phezu kwezwe, awasalayo izandla ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe.

Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi iminyaka engu-20, njalo umlimi lo ukunikeza okwesikhashana imali umninindlu ngoba uyisabelo sabo. Nokho, izinsuku ngqo baye asikasethwa, abaningi babengenandaba ekujaheni ukuthatha imalimboleko, Ngokuqhubeka barshchina noma imisebenzi elindeleke ukukhokha umnikazi ukusetshenziswa ezweni. Ngu 1870 eyathengwa aphume ezweni ingxenye kuphela. Kuyo yonke le minyaka nanye esilandelayo, inombolo yabo liye landa 85%. Kwakukhona ukuqedwa we okwesikhashana abalimi isimo. 1881 kwabe kungunyaka lapho mthetho ukuhlengwa esiyisibopho umhlaba isabelo ngoba kule minyaka emibili ezayo. Noma ubani akwenziwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi kuthengiselana lokuhlenga, balahlekelwa indawo yabo. Ngakho, ekugcineni, lesi sigaba sabantu wanyamalala ngo-1883.

Manifesto of 1861 anikezwe abalimi nenkululeko ngaphandle izimo, kodwa inkokhelo loan kusuka isimo kwaholela yokuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, u-40% wabo empeleni zazingu-semi serf, ngokuqhubeka basebenzele kulendawo ukukhokha izikweletu. State isikhathi eyathatha le okwesikhashana abalimi isimo, kuphela ukuthengiselana namazwe iziza inzuzo ruble abangaba yizigidi ezingu-700.