Lokuzaliswa - Iyini? Yiziphi izindlela futhi Izitho zokuzala?

Omunye izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, engaqondakali futhi othakazelisayo ngokwemvelo - kuba ukubuyabuyelela. Kubalulekile kakhulu, futhi ngoba isekela ukuphila ngokuphelele zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukuze uqale ahlaziye kabanzi ukuthi kuyini. Lokuzaliswa - yikhono zonke izidalwa eziphilayo uyozala eziphilayo ezifana ngokwabo. Ngaphandle leli khono, akukho ukuphila imvelo omele ayikwazanga abahlala emhlabeni.

zizalela Izindlela

Manje cabanga zonke izinhlobo ukukhiqizwa kabusha, zingabantu ezimbili kuphela. Ziyahlukahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinto ezincane awuwona yini ongelutho kunayo, ungabona ezifana ngazo.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual

Lokuzaliswa eziphilayo ezifana lenyama, isikhunta, ama-bacterium, coelenterates ulele, ama-sponge tunicates, bryozoans nezitshalo semithambo libizwa asexual.

Ifomu elula yokuzalana akunakubangelwa amagciwane. Kule nqubo, zidlala indima ebalulekile acid nucleic, kanye nekhono yezinhlayiya ukuzithiba ukubuyelela kabili. Enye kusekelwe hydrogen izibopho ethambile phakathi ama-nucleotide.

Kunezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha asexual eziphilayo - vegetative kanye spore ukwakheka ngenxa.

Okokuqala, cabanga ngelithi vegetative. ukukhiqizwa kabusha okunjalo - ukuthuthukiswa ephilayo entsha ingxenye, okuyinto ohlukaniswe kunina. Indlela efanayo kuyinto ekwandeni eziphilayo unicellular futhi amaningi, kodwa kuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Lapho vegetative esiphelweni division zemizimba yabo iqala izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi zibe izingxenye alinganayo, khona-ke kusukela kuba eziphilayo. Ngokufanayo, inani labantu asekelwe flatworms nemerteans, izipanji, hydras, nezinye izidalwa eziningi. Nokho kukhona into efana nezilwane polyembryony. Kule nqubo, i-embryo ngesikhathi esithile kokuba yizinqamu ukuthi kamuva yaba umzimba ehlukile. Inkambo enjalo ukukhiqizwa kabusha ebonwe armadillos. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuphela ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokobulili.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha vegetative ka unicellular has izinhlobo eziningana - luthela, division nokuhlukanisa amaningi.

division Multiple libizwa schizogony, kulesi simo, umongo ihlukaniswe bese cytoplasm inqanyuliwe ngaphandle.

Inqubo division elula ukuqoqwa mitotic unhlangothi lapho warping kwenzeka cytoplasm ngaphezulu.

Manje siza luthela asexual. ukukhiqizwa kabusha okunjalo - kuyinto ukuvela amaseli akhethekile noma ezinhlamvu equkethe umongo. Banezinhliziyo isikhumba aminyene futhi isikhathi eside ngokwanele angaphila enqabayo iningi izimo. Libuye libe nethonya elikhulu isiphetho sabo esikhathini esizayo. Lolu hlobo ukuveza nobuntu wona, isikhunta, ulwelwe, ama-bacterium Izinhlobo. Kukhona kungenzeka kwetinhlavu zoospores green algae amaseli ezithile.

Animal ukukhiqizwa kabusha sporulation zingatholakala ku plasmodium umalaleveva Sporozoa.

eziphilayo eziningi zingahlangana ukukhiqizwa kabusha asexual ukuba ngokobulili.

syngenesis

ukuzala - inqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukugeleza umnyuziki kudinga abantu ababili, owesilisa nowesifazane. Ngokuhamba idatha zakhe zofuzo benana nge gametes (lokhu -germ cells). Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi gametogenesis.

Kulokhu kakhulu, kukhona izigaba eziningana: owumphumela eziphilayo ekubumbaneni futhi germ cells ezifana sperm amaqanda. Kule nqubo, kukhona zygote, kwakhiwa kusukela lapho umzimba omusha. Uma esefinyelele ukuvuthwa, uqala ukudlala ku gametes yabo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ukuzala, ezibangela ezihlukahlukene sezitokisi, bese kuthi Izitho zokuzala.

Amafomu kanye nezinhlobo zizalela

Udinga sihlole kabanzi inqubo ngamunye, ngoba bonke babe elisekela ezahlukene zidlule.

Mayelana gametogenesis okukhulunywe ngaye ekuqaleni, ngakho ngeke ukuphinda.

Isogamy futhi anisogamy

Kulezi ezimbili izinhlobo amaseli ukuthatha amabili ingxenye, kodwa isogamy libhekisela iseli efanayo isakhiwo, kodwa owehla evela abazali ezahlukene. Anisogamy lakhela phezu germ cells ahlukahlukene - futhi microgamete macrogametes, okuyinto ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu.

Iqanda nesidoda

Ngakho ngokuthi iduna nensikazi germ cells. Basuke kwakheka umthondo abantu efanele.

Iqanda siqukethe Ama-chromosomes e Halide futhi ngeke ukwazi ukwabelana eyakho.

Isidoda amaseli amaseli zesifazane mncane. Banesimiso isakhiwo amazing, ibanikeze ukunyakaza asebenzayo. Ukuba khona enzyme ezithile axoplasm sihlinzekela cleavage odongeni esibelethweni Ukungena kanye kokukhulelwa olwengeziwe. gamete ngasinye siqukethe ingxenye ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo zabazali enzalweni esizayo.

parthenogenesis ozikhethela

ukukhiqizwa kabusha okunjalo - akuyona inqubo ngokobulili ejwayelekile. Kungaphawulwa ushintsho ukukhiqizwa kabusha ejwayelekile futhi atypical. Insikazi ikhulela amaqanda avundiswa, futhi owesilisa - kusukela unfertilized. Ngakho kukhona labantu ukwanda bee.

Kukhona futhi ezinye izinhlobo zamakhiwane parthenogenesis, okungukuthi njalo futhi cyclical. Esimweni sokuqala, inzalo ukuthuthukisa kusuka amaqanda, awekho ngaphansi kokukhulelwa. Lokhu kungavuka abantu abanjalo, abazali babo bomshado zokugaya abakwazi ukuhlangana.

Endabeni parthenogenesis eyindilinga zidlala indima izimo ezibalulekile kwemvelo. Ngosizo lwawo kukhona alternation of zizalela ejwayelekile nge parthenogenesis.

Lonke ulwazi olunikeziwe kuphela ingxenye encane incazelo yenqubo emangalisayo kakhulu futhi engaqondakali phansi - zokuzalela. Siyabonga kuye, zikhona manje zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi izitshalo. Uma kuphela umzuzwana ucabange indlela yonke le nqubo ngokucophelela, ngokuhlakanipha futhi ucabangisise ahlelwe, kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele amandla wonke imvelo. Ezingeni molecule Ama-chromosomes e kunezinto akumangalisi ukuthi abantu abavamile, okunzima ukuyiqonda.